Transmutation
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Transcript of Transmutation
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R e p o r t e r :
G i l l i a n M a e L .
R e s u l l a r
I V – B o h r
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Topic Outline* D e f i n i t i
o n (Wh a t
i s
T r a n s m u t
a t i o n )
* H i s t o r y
* A l c h e m y
* M o d e r n
T r a n s m u
t a t i o n
* T y p e s
* H o w d o e s
i t w o r k ?
(T r a n s m u t
a t i o n )
* T r a n s m u t
a t i o n i n
t h e
U n i v e r s e
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What the FACT?!Transmutation
* N u c l e a r
T r a n s mu t a t i o n : (n o u n )
t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f
o n e e l e m e n t o r
n u c l i d e i n t o
a n o t h e r e i t h e r
n a t u r a l l y o r
a r t i f i c i a l l y .
* A n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n
(i n w h i c h a n o u t s i d e
p a r t i c l e r e a c t s
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History: Alchemy -> Transmutation (Timeline)
* The term t r a n s m u t a t i o n dates
back to a l c h e m y .
* P h i l o s o p h e r ’s S t o n e ->
c h r y s o p o e i a (t h e transformation
of base metals i n t o g o l d ).
* F a l s e a s s u m p t i o n s o f
t u r n i n g b a s i c m e t a l s
i n t o g o l d .
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History: Alchemy -> Transmutation (Timeline)
* B y t h e 1720s , t h e r e w e r e
n o l o n g e r a n y
r e s p e c t a b l e f i g u r e s
p u r s u i n g t h e p h y s i c a l
t r a n s m u t a t i o n o f
s u b s t a n c e s i n t o g o l d .
* A n t o i n e L a v o i s i e r :
* 18t h c e n t u r y
* r e p l a c e d the alchemical theory of
elements w i t h t h e m o d e r nt h e o r y o f c h e m i c a l
e l e m e n t s .
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History: Alchemy -> Transmutation (Timeline)
* F r e d e r i c k S o d d y +
E r n e s t R u t h e r f o r d
* 1901
* D i s c o v e r e d t h a t
r a d i o a c t i v e
t h o r i u m was converting itself
into radium i n 1901
* D i s c o v e r y o f
n u c l e a r f i s s i o n a n d
f u s i o n
* (20t h c e n t u r y )
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Artificial Transmutation
* M a y o c c u r i n
m a c h i n e r y t h a t h a s
e n o u g h e n e r g y t o
c a u s e c h a n g e s i n t h e
n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e
o f t h e e l e m e n t s .
* M a c h i n e s t h a t c a n
c a u s e a r t i f i c i a l
t r a n s m u t a t i o n
i n c l u d e p a r t i c l e
a c c e l e r a t o r s
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Artificial Transmutation
* Conventional fission power reactors also
cause artificial transmutation, not from the
power of the machine, but by exposing
elements to neutrons produced by a fission
from an artificially
produced n u c l e a r c h a i nr e a c t i o n .
* A r t i f i c i a l n u c l e a r
t r a n s m u t a t i o n h a s
b e e n c o n s i d e r e d a s a
p o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m
f o r r e d u c i n g t h e
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Natural Transmutation
* R e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e
c r e a t i o n o f a l l t h e
c h e m i c a l e l e m e n t s
w e o b s e r v e
n a t u r a l l y .
* One type of natural transmutation
observable in the present occurs when
certain radioactive elements p r e s e n ti n n a t u r e
s p o n t a n e o u s l y d e c a y
b y a p r o c e s s t h a t
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How?* N a t u r a l , o r
s p o n t a n e o u s , t r a n s m u
t a t i o n o c c u r s i n
u n s t a b l e , r a d i o a c t i v
e e l e m e n t s , w h i c h
d e c a y i n t o a s e r i e s
o f o t h e r e l e m e n t s
u n t i l a s t a b l e
e l e m e n t i s f o r m e d .
* A r t i f i c i a l , o r
i n d u c e d , t r a n s m u t a t i
o n o c c u r s w h e n a t o m s
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How?
* M o s t n u c l e a r
r e a c t i o n s i n v o l v e
a r t i f i c i a l l y
t r a n s m u t i n g
e l e m e n t s , a l t h o u g h
s u c h r e a c t i o n s a r e
u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o
b y t e r m s d e n o t i n g
t h e s p e c i f i c n a t u r e
o f t h e p r o c e s s
(f i s s i o n , f u s i o n , i r r
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How?
* P a r t i c l e a c c e l e r a t o r s
m a y b e u s e d t o b o m b a r d
e l e m e n t s w i t h a l p h a
p a r t i c l e s (t w o p r o t o n s
a n d t w o
n e u t r o n s ), d e u t e r o n s
(o n e p r o t o n a n d o n e
n e u t r o n ), o r n u c l e i o f
a t o m s o f e l e m e n t s s u c h
a s c a r b o n o r b o r o n . I n
t h e s e c a s e s , s o m e o r a l l
o f t h e p r o t o n s i n t h e
b o m b a r d i n g p a r t i c l e s
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How?
* I n a n u c l e a r
r e a c t o r , t h e t a r g e t
n u c l e u s i s
b o m b a r d e d w i t h
n e u t r o n s , c a u s i n g
t h e n u c l e i t o
f i s s i o n (s p l i t ) o r
m e r e l y t o b e c o m e
r a d i o a c t i v e . (T h e
r a d i o a c t i v e n u c l e i
t h e n t r a n s m u t e
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Transmutation in the Universe
* T h e B i g B a n g =
t h o u g h t to the be the origin of
the hydrogen (including
all d e u t e r i u m ) a n dh e l i u m i n t h e
u n i v e r s e .
* T h e Big Bang also produced small
amounts of lithium, beryllium and
perhaps b o r o n . M o r el i t h i u m , b e r y l l i u m
a n d b o r o n w e r e
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Transmutation in the Universe
* The Solar System i s t h o u g h t t oh a v e c o n d e n s e d
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4.6
b i l l i o n y e a r s b e f o r e
t h e p r e s e n t , f r o m a
c l o u d o f h y d r o g e n a n d
h e l i u m c o n t a i n i n g
h e a v i e r e l e m e n t s i n
d u s t g r a i n s f o r m e d
p r e v i o u s l y b y a l a r g e
n u m b e r o f s u c h s t a r s .
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Transmutation in the Universe
* Most natural transmutation on the Earth today
is mediated by c o s m i c r a y s
a n d by the radioactive decay of
radioactive primordial nuclides l e f to v e r f r o m t h e i n i t i a l
f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
s o l a r s y s t e m (s u c h a s
p o t a s s i u m -40, u r a n i u m
a n d t h o r i u m ), p l u s t h e
r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y o f
p r o d u c t s o f t h e s e
n u c l i d e s
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