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Transcript of Transmission for PP for E.S
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1 PTCL Training Center Karachi
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g
2 PTCL Training Center Karachi
PRESENTATION COMPILED BY
RIAZ AHMEDB.E (Electronics)
M.Sc (Electronics)
*M.E (Telecommunication)Email: riaz.ahme!"#tcl.net.#$
In the su#er%ision o&
'aeem Ahme TunioSenior Manaer
T +arachi
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EL COME
to
Introduction toTRANSMISSION COURSE
( For Pre-promotion E.S to AE)
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Transmission Line Concept
Power
Plant
Consumer Home
Power Frequency (f) is @
60 Hz Wae!en"#$ ( ) is %× &06
'( Oer &00 Mi!es)
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5 PTCL Training Center Karachi
I*+,OD-C+IO*
#o +rans'ission Me.ia
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T y p e s o f T r a n s m i s s i o n e d i a
Guided Transmission Media
Unguided TransmissionMedia
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G u i d e d T r a n s m i s si o n e d i a
solid medium copper t!isted
p"ir co"#i"l c"$le optic"l %i$er
d"t" r"te m"inl& determined $&
medium
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U n g u i d e d T r a n s m i s s i o n e d i a
"tmosp'ere outer sp"ce!ireless tr"nsmissionlo! %reuencies omni direction"l ("ll
directions)'i*' %reuencies possi$le to %ocus
si*n"l
tr"nsmission c'"r"cteristicsdetermined $& $"nd!idt'
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+$ere are #$ree /asic
ways #o #rans'i#infor'a#ion
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•E!ec#ric Curren#
•,1DIO•LI2H+
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Electric Current is usuallytransmitted over copper wires,as in parts of the phone system,or an Ethernet network.Electric Current transmitted ona copper wire faces resistance from the wire and this resistancecan distort the signal. Thisdistortion, or noise reduces the
maximum capacit of the wire
E!ec#ric Curren#
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,1DIO
!adio communication lin"s can bedivided into t#o very broad
groups.
+erres#ria!
*on3+erres#ria!
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Terrestrial radio systems are usually usedfor telephone, cellular, GS and !CSphones, television, pagers, Citi"ens #andradios, $i%&i Ethernet, #lue tooth and
generally anything else that bills itself aswireless that has any appreciable range.'adio communication is possible between
points on the globe that are #ithin lineof sight from each other.
+erres#ria!
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*on3+erres#ria! *on3#erres#ria!sys#e's are use. #o
co''unica#e wi#$41+ELLI+E
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LI2H+
+$ere are #$ree for's of !i"$#3/aco''unica#ion in use #o.ay•Laser•5roa.cas# Infrare.•Fi/er O#ics
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Laser based systems fre a tightly
o!used" high#$owered laser beam romone $oint to another% The beam $assesthrough the air" and is blo!&ed by
$hysi!al ob'e!ts in it(s $ath% )asers !analso be blo!&ed or de*e!ted by water inthe atmos$here +og and rain,% All light
!an be bent by di-eren!es inatmos$heri! density !aused bytem$erature di-eren!es
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$roadcast %nfrared is commonplace today.
(n infrared signal is transmitted through theair in a general direction. )our televisionremote uses it, your infrared port on your!ersonal *ata (ssistant uses it, yourcomputer even has an infrared port. 'atherthan focus the beam at a speci+c target, aninfrared signal is transmitted in all directions
or in one general direction
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&i'er (ptics doesnt su-er from either line of
sight or absorption under normalcircumstances. &iber optic systems use a laserbeam +red into a special glass or plastic +berwith a transparent core. The +ber is designed
to allow light to be transmitted along itslength. t is specially made to re/ect light thatreaches the outer edge of its core, and gentlyde/ect the light wave back to the center of the
+ber.
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The bandwidth is a measure of
the amount of information thatcan be carried through acommunications channel.
Band Width
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Classes of Transmission
Media
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Transmission Terminology
Data transmission occurs between a transmitter &
receiver via some medium
Guided Medium
– eg. twisted air! coa"ia# cab#e! otica# $iber
%nguided 'ire#ess Medium
– eg. air! water! vacuum
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Transmission Terminology
Direct #in(
– no intermeiate e%ices
Point)to)oint
– irect lin$
– onl, ! e%ices share lin$
Mu#ti)oint
– more than t-o e%ices share the lin$
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Transmission Terminology
*im#e"
– one irectione. tele%ision
+a#$ du#e"
– either irection /ut onl, one -a, at a timee. #olice raio
,u## du#e"
– /oth irections at the same timee. tele#hone
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Frequency, pectrum and !and"idt#
Time omain conce#ts
– -na#og signa#various in a smooth wa over time
– Digita# signa#
maintains a constant #eve# then changes to anotherconstant #eve#
– Periodic signa#attern reeated over time
– -eriodic signa#attern not reeated over time
$ l &i i l i l
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$nalogue % &igital ignals
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'eriodic
ignals
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ine Wa(e
#ea$ am#litue (A)
– ma"imum strength o$ signa#
– vo#ts
&re0uenc, (&)
– rate o$ change o$ signa# – +ert/ 0+/1 or cc#es er second
– eriod 2 time $or one reetition 0T1
– T 2 3$
#hase (φ
)
– re#ative osition in time
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)arying ine Wa(ess*t+ $ sin*-πft .Φ+
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Wa(elengt# *λ+
is istance occu#ie /, one c,cle /et-een t-o #oints o& corres#onin #hase
in t-o consecuti%e c,cles
assumin sinal %elocit, v ha%e = vT
or e0ui%alentl, f = v
es#eciall, -hen v=c
c 2 45367 ms)3 0seed o$ #ight in $ree sace1
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Frequency &omain Concepts
sinal are mae u# o& man, &re0uencies
com#onents are sine -a%es
1ourier anal,sis can sho-n that an, sinal is
mae u# o& com#onent sine -a%es
can #lot &re0uenc, omain &unctions
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$ddition ofFrequency
Components
*T/0f+
c is sum o& f & 3f
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Frequency
&omain1epresentations
&re0 omain &unc o&1i 2.3c
&re0 omain &unc o&sinle s0uare #ulse
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$nalog and &igital &ata Transmission
ata – entities that conve meaning
sinals 4 sinalin
– e#ectric or e#ectromagnetic reresentations o$data! hsica## roagates a#ong medium
transmission
– communication o$ data b roagation and
rocessing o$ signa#s
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$udio ignals &re0 rane !5Hz6!5$Hz (s#eech 755Hz68$Hz)
easil, con%erte into electromanetic sinals %ar,in %olume con%erte to %ar,in %oltae
can limit &re0uenc, rane &or %oice channel to 25562355Hz
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)ideo ignals
9SA 6 32 lines #er &rame at &rames #er sec
– have 898 #ines but :9 #ost during vertica# retrace
;!; lines < 25 scans = 7;8;5 lines #er sec
– ;4.8µs er #ine
– 33µs $or retrace! so 89.8 µs er video #ine ma< &re0uenc, i& line alternates /lac$ an -hite
horizontal resolution is a/out 3;5 lines i%in !!;
c,cles o& -a%e in ;!.; µs
ma< &re0uenc, o& 3.!MHz
&i i l &
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&igital &ata
as enerate /, com#uters etc.
has t-o c com#onents /an-ith e#ens on ata rate
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$nalog ignals
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&igital ignals
$d t &i d t f &i it l i l
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$d(antages % &isad(antages of &igital ignals
chea#er
less susce#ti/le to noise
/ut reater attenuation
iital no- #re&erre choice
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Transmission 2mpairments
sinal recei%e ma, i&&er &rom sinaltransmitte causin:
– ana#og ) degradation o$ signa# <ua#it
– digita# ) bit errors
most sini&icant im#airments are – attenuation and attenuation distortion
– de#a distortion
– noise
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$ttenuation -here sinal strenth &alls o&& -ith istance
e#ens on meium recei%e sinal strenth must /e:
– strong enough to be detected
– su$$icient# higher than noise to receive without error
so increase strenth usin am#li&iers>re#eaters
is also an increasin &unction o& &re0uenc,
so e0ualize attenuation across /an o& &re0uencies
use
– eg. using #oading coi#s or am#i$iers
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3oise
aitional sinals inserte /et-een
transmitter an recei%er thermal
– due to therma# agitation o$ e#ectrons
– uni$orm# distributed – white noise
Inter?moulation
– signa#s that are the sum and di$$erence o$origina# $re<uencies sharing a medium
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3oise
crosstal$
– a signa# $rom one #ine is ic(ed u b another
im#ulse
– irregu#ar u#ses or si(es
eg. e"terna# e#ectromagnetic inter$erence – short duration
– high am#itude
– a minor annoance $or ana#og signa#s
– but a ma=or source o$ error in digita# dataa noise si(e cou#d corrut man bits
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C#annel Capacity
ma< #ossi/le ata rate on comms channel
is a &unction o&
– data rate ) in bits er second
– bandwidth ) in cc#es er second or +ert/
– noise ) on comms #in(
– error rate ) o$ corruted bits
limitations ue to #h,sical #ro#erties
-ant most e&&icient use o& ca#acit,
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#annon Capacity Formula
consier relation o& ata rate noise 4 error rate
– $aster data rate shortens each bit so bursts o$ noisea$$ects more bits
– given noise #eve#! higher rates means higher errors
Shannon e%elo#e &ormula relatin these to sinal
to noise ratio (in eci/els)
S'R/=75 lo75 (sinal>noise)
a#acit, =B lo!(7@S'R)
–theoretica# ma"imum caacit
– get #ower in ractise
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$nalog
Modulation
Tec#niques
Am#litue
Moulation 1re0uenc,
Moulation
hase Moulation
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Transmission Media
Communication channels in the animal world include touch,
sound, sight, and scent. Electric eels even use electric pulses.
Ravens also are very expressive. By a combination voice,
patterns of feather erection and body posture ravens communicate so clearly that an experienced observer can
identify anger, affection, hunger, curiosity, playfulness,
fright, boldness, and depression. — Mind of the Raven,
Bernd Heinrich
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O(er(ie"
uie 6 -ire > o#tical &i/re
unuie 6 -ireless
characteristics an 0ualit, etermine /,
meium an sinal – in unguided media ) bandwidth roduced b
the antenna is more imortant
– in guided media ) medium is more imortant
$e, concerns are ata rate an istance
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&esign Factors
/an-ith
– higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
transmission im#airments
– eg. attenuation
inter&erence
num/er o& recei%ers in uie meia
– more receivers introduces more attenuation
Electromagnetic pectrum
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Electromagnetic pectrum
T i i C# i i f G id d M di
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Transmission C#aracteristics of Guided Media
&re)uenc
!ange
*pical
+ttenuation
*pical
,ela
!epeater
-pacing
Twisted pair1withloading2
3 to 4.5 k6" 3.7 d#8km 9: k6"
53 ;s8km 7 km
Twistedpairs 1multi%pair cables2
3 to : 6" 3.< d#8km 9: k6"
5 ;s8km 7 km
Coa=ialcable
3 to 5336"
< d#8km 9:3 6"
> ;s8km : to ? km
@ptical +ber :AB to 4<3 T6"
3.7 to 3.5d#8km
5 ;s8km >3 km
T i d ' i
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T"isted 'air
T i d ' i T i i C# i i
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T"isted 'air 4 Transmission C#aracteristics
analo – needs am#i$iers ever 8(m to ;(m
iital
– can use either ana#og or digita# signa#s
– needs a reeater ever 9)4(m limite istance
limite /an-ith (7MHz)
limite ata rate (755MHz)
susce#ti/le to inter&erence an noise
U #i ld d #i ld d T'
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Uns#ielded (s #ielded T'
unshiele T-iste air (9T) – ordinar te#ehone wire
– cheaest
– easiest to insta##
– su$$ers $rom e"terna# >M inter$erence shiele T-iste air (ST)
– meta# braid or sheathing that reduces inter$erence
– more e"ensive
– harder to hand#e 0thic(! heav1 in a %ariet, o& cateories 6 see EIA6;
UT' C t i
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UT' Categories
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Comparison of #ielded and Uns#ielded
T"isted 'air
3 E d C t l5
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3ear End Crosstal5
cou#lin o& sinal &rom one #air to another
occurs -hen transmit sinal enterin the lin$
cou#les /ac$ to recei%in #air
ie. near transmitte sinal is #ic$e u# /,near recei%in #air
Coa ial Ca7le
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Coa6ial Ca7le
Coa6ial Ca7le Transmission C#aracteristics
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Coa6ial Ca7le 4 Transmission C#aracteristics
su#erior &re0uenc, characteristics to T
#er&ormance limite /, attenuation 4 noise
analo sinals
– am#i$iers ever $ew (m
– c#oser i$ higher $re<uenc – u to 866M+/
iital sinals
–reeater ever 3(m – c#oser $or higher data rates
Optical Fi7er
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Optical Fi7er
Optical Fi7er !enefits
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Optical Fi7er 4 !enefits
reater ca#acit,
– data rates o$ hundreds o$ Gbs
smaller size 4 -eiht
lo-er attenuation
electromanetic isolation
reater re#eater s#acin
– 36s o$ (m at #east
Optical Fi7er Transmission C#aracteristics
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Optical Fi7er 4 Transmission C#aracteristics
uses total internal re&lection to transmit liht
– e$$ective# acts as wave guide $or 363: to 3638 +/
can use se%eral i&&erent liht sources
–Light >mitting Diode 0L>D1cheaer! wider oerating tem range! #asts #onger
– ?n=ection Laser Diode 0?LD1more e$$icient! has greater data rate
relation o& -a%elenth t,#e 4 ata rate
Optical Fi7er Transmission Modes
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Optical Fi7er Transmission Modes
Frequency Utili8ation for Fi7er $pplications
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Frequency Utili8ation for Fi7er $pplications
$ttenuation in Guided Media
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Wireless Transmission Frequencies
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Wireless Transmission Frequencies
!Hz to 35Hz
– microwave – high# directiona#
– oint to oint
– sate##ite
25MHz to 7Hz – omnidirectiona#
– broadcast radio
2 < 7577 to ! < 7573
– in$rared
– #oca#
$ntennas
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$ntennas electrical conuctor use to raiate or collect
electromanetic ener,
transmission antenna – radio $re<uenc energ $rom transmitter
– converted to e#ectromagnetic energ b antenna
– radiated into surrounding environment
rece#tion antenna
– e#ectromagnetic energ iminging on antenna
– converted to radio $re<uenc e#ectrica# energ
– $ed to receiver same antenna is o&ten use &or /oth #ur#oses
1adiation 'attern
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1adiation 'attern
#o-er raiate in all irections
not same #er&ormance in all irections
– as seen in a radiation attern diagram
an isotro#ic antenna is a (theoretical) #oint in
s#ace
– radiates in a## directions e<ua##
– with a sherica# radiation attern
'ara7olic 1eflecti(e $ntenna
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'ara7olic 1eflecti(e $ntenna
$ntenna Gain
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$ntenna Gain
measure o& irectionalit, o& antenna #o-er out#ut in #articular irection %erses
that #rouce /, an isotro#ic antenna
measure in eci/els (B)
results in loss in #o-er in another irection
e&&ecti%e area relates to size an sha#e
– re#ated to gain
Terrestrial Micro"a(e
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Terrestrial Micro"a(e
use &or lon haul telecommunications
an short #oint6to6#oint lin$s
re0uires &e-er re#eaters /ut line o& siht
use a #ara/olic ish to &ocus a narro- /eam onto arecei%er antenna
7635Hz &re0uencies hiher &re0uencies i%e hiher ata rates
main source o& loss is attenuation
– distance! rain$a##
also inter&erence
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atellite Micro"a(e satellite is rela, station
recei%es on one &re0uenc, am#li&ies or re#eatssinal an transmits on another &re0uenc,
– eg. u#in( 8.@98);.:98 G+/ & down#in( 4.A):.9 G+/
t,#icall, re0uires eo6stationar, or/it
– height o$ 48!A7:(m – saced at #east 4): aart
t,#ical uses
– te#evision
– #ong distance te#ehone – rivate business networ(s
– g#oba# ositioning
atellite 'oint to 'oint Lin5
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atellite 'oint to 'oint Lin5
atellite !roadcast Lin5
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atellite !roadcast Lin5
!roadcast 1adio
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!roadcast 1adio
raio is 2$Hz to 255Hz use /roacast raio 25MHz 6 7Hz &or:
– ,M radio
– %+, and +, te#evision is omniirectional
still nee line o& siht
su&&ers &rom multi#ath inter&erence
– re$#ections $rom #and! water! other ob=ects
2nfrared
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2nfrared
moulate noncoherent in&rare liht
en line o& siht (or re&lection)
are /loc$e /, -alls
no licenses re0uire
t,#ical uses – T remote contro#
– ?D ort
Wireless 'ropagation Ground Wa(e
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Wireless 'ropagation Ground Wa(e
Wireless 'ropagation 5y Wa(e
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Wireless 'ropagation 5y Wa(e
Wireless 'ropagation Line of ig#t
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Wireless 'ropagation Line of ig#t
1efraction
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1efraction
%elocit, o& electromanetic -a%e is a &unction o&ensit, o& material
E4 " 367 ms in vacuum! #ess in anthing e#se
s#ee chanes as mo%e /et-een meia
Ine< o& re&raction (re&racti%e ine<) is
– sin(incidence)/sin(refraction)
– varies with wave#ength
ha%e raual /enin i& meium ensit, %aries
– densit o$ atmoshere decreases with height
– resu#ts in bending towards earth o$ radio waves
– hence otica# and radio hori/ons di$$er
Line of ig#t Transmission
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Line of ig#t Transmission
1ree s#ace loss – #oss o$ signa# with distance
Atmos#heric A/sor#tion
– $rom water vaour and o"gen absortion
Multi#ath
– mu#ti#e inter$ering signa#s $rom re$#ections
Re&raction
– bending signa# awa $rom receiver
Free pace Loss
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Multipat# 2nterference
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Multipat# 2nterference
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PULSE CODE
MODULATION (PCM)
PAM
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Pulse amplitude modulation has some Pulse amplitude modulation has some
appliations! "ut it is not used "# itsel$appliations! "ut it is not used "# itsel$
in data ommuniation% &o'ee! it isin data ommuniation% &o'ee! it isthe $ist step in anothe e# populathe $ist step in anothe e# popula
onesion method alledonesion method alled
pulse ode modulation% pulse ode modulation%
Note: Note:
Sampling
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The sampling theorem is used to determine the minimum rateat which an analog signal can be sampled without information
being lost, when the original signal is recovered.
1.The Voice Signal must be band limited.
2. The sampling frequency (f ! must be more than twice the
highest frequency contained in the analog signal (f S!.
f " 2f S.
T # 1 $ f # 1 $ %&&& ' # 12) us.
Sampling Theorem
*uanti+ed PAM si,nal
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*uanti+ed PAM si,nal
*uanti+in, "# usin, si,n and ma,nitude
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*uanti+in, "# usin, si,n and ma,nitude
PCM
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PCM
Generation of !(
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Generation of !(Signals
SubscriberTelephone signal
Band limitedTelephone Signal
Sampling frequency f A
= 8000 Hz
TA = 1 f A =
1!" us #$A%&
'o( $ass )ilter *lectronic S(itch
tt t
-om analo, si,nal to PCM di,ital ode
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Aodin, to the N#.uist theoem! the Aodin, to the N#.uist theoem! the
samplin, ate must "e at least / timessamplin, ate must "e at least / times
the hi,hest $e.uen#%the hi,hest $e.uen#%
Note: Note:
N#.uist theoem
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#.
E0ample E0ample
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What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a
bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?
Solution Solution
The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in
the signal:
Sampling rate = 2 x (11,! = 22, samples"sSampling rate = 2 x (11,! = 22, samples"s
E0ample E0ample
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We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,
assuming 8 bits per sample?
Solution Solution
The human #oice normally contains frequencies from to $ %&'
Sampling rate = $ x 2 = samples"sSampling rate = $ x 2 = samples"s
)it rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample)it rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample
= x = *$, bps = *$ +bps= x = *$, bps = *$ +bps
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Note that 'e an al'a#s han,e a Note that 'e an al'a#s han,e a
"and1pass si,nal to a lo'1pass si,nal"and1pass si,nal to a lo'1pass si,nal
"e$oe samplin,% In this ase! the"e$oe samplin,% In this ase! the
samplin, ate is t'ie the "and'idth%samplin, ate is t'ie the "and'idth%
Note: Note:
*+ -& +h. Structure.
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0 1 1+ 1" 1, 1- 18 . /1
1 ! / + " , - 8
.. .
1. )AS in odd frames for Synch.
# 0 0 1 1 0 1 1&
Telephone hannelsTelephone hannels
Signaling hannel
/! 8 bits =!", bits
1!" us
!. Ser2ice 3ord in *2en frames
# 1 4 5 6 6 6 6 &
1 ! / + " , - 8
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Transmission MoeTransmission Moe
Paallel Tansmission
Seial Tansmission
Data tansmission
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Data tansmission
Paallel tansmission
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Paallel tansmission
Seial tansmission
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Seial tansmission
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In as#nhonous tansmission! 'e In as#nhonous tansmission! 'e
send 2 stat "it (3) at the "e,innin,send 2 stat "it (3) at the "e,innin,
and 2 o moe stop "its (2s) at the endand 2 o moe stop "its (2s) at the end
o$ eah "#te% Thee ma# "e a ,apo$ eah "#te% Thee ma# "e a ,ap
"et'een eah "#te%"et'een eah "#te%
Note: Note:
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As#nhonous hee means As#nhonous hee means
4as#nhonous at the "#te leel!5 "ut4as#nhonous at the "#te leel!5 "ut
the "its ae still s#nhoni+ed6 theithe "its ae still s#nhoni+ed6 thei
duations ae the same%duations ae the same%
Note: Note:
As#nhonous tansmission
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As#nhonous tansmission
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In s#nhonous tansmission! In s#nhonous tansmission!
'e send "its one a$te anothe 'ithout'e send "its one a$te anothe 'ithout
stat7stop "its o ,aps%stat7stop "its o ,aps%
It is the esponsi"ilit# o$ the eeie to It is the esponsi"ilit# o$ the eeie to
,oup the "its% ,oup the "its%
Note: Note:
S#nhonous tansmission
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S#nhonous tansmission
Carriers, Frequency, $nd 'ropagation
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Man, lon6istance communication s,stems use a
oscillatin electromanetic -a%e calle a carrier The s,stem ma$es small chanes to the carrier that
re#resent in&ormation /ein sent
The &re0uenc, o& electromanetic ener, etermines
ho- the ener, #ro#aates
Cne moti%ation &or the use o& carriers arises &rom
the esire to select a &re0uenc, that -ill #ro#aate
-ell
– indeendent o$ the rate that data is being sent
$nalog Modulation c#emes th t l ti t & t h i i
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e use the term moulation to re&er to chanes mae in a carrier
– according to the in$ormation being sent
Moulation ta$es t-o in#uts – a carrier
– and a signa#
Then it enerates a moulate carrier as out#ut as in 1iure 75.7
In essence a sener must chane one o& the &unamental
characteristics o& the -a%e There are three #rimar, techni0ues that moulate an electromanetic
carrier accorin to a sinal:
– -m#itude modu#ation
– ,re<uenc modu#ation
– Phase shi$t modu#ation
The &irst t-o methos o& moulation are the most &amiliar an ha%e
/een use e<tensi%el,
$nalog Modulation c#emes
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$mplitude Modulation *$M+
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AM %aries the am#litue o& a carrier in #ro#ortion to the in&ormation/ein sent (i.e. accorin to a sinal)
– The carrier continues osci##ating at a $i"ed $re<uenc! but theam#itude o$ the wave varies
1iure 75.! illustrates
– an unmodu#ated carrier wave
– an ana#og in$ormation signa#
–and the resu#ting am#itude modu#ated carrier
As it is seen &rom the &iure:
– on# the am#itude 0i.e.! magnitude1 o$ the sine wave is modi$ied
– a time)domain grah o$ a modu#ated carrier has a shae simi#ar to thesigna# that was used
– imagine an enve#oe consisting o$ a curve that connects the ea(s o$the sine wave in ,igure 36.9c the resu#ting curve has the same shae as the signa# in ,igure
36.9b
$mplitude Modulation
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Frequency Modulation *FM+ In 1M the am#litue o& the carrier remains &i<e
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In 1M &re0uenc, chanes accorin to the sinal:
– when the signa# is stronger! the carrier $re<uenc increases
s#ight#!
– and when the signa# is wea(er! the carrier $re<uenc
decreases s#ight#
1iure 75.2 illustrates an e<am#le o& 1M &or an in&o sinal
1M is more i&&icult to %isualize
– because s#ight changes in $re<uenc are not as c#ear#
visib#e
– +owever! one can notice that the modu#ated wave has
higher $re<uencies when the signa# used $or modu#ation is
stronger
Frequency Modulation
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'#ase Modulation *'M+
C & th t & i i it h th && t
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Cne o& the #ro#ert, o& a sine -a%e is its #hase the o&&set
&rom a re&erence time at -hich the sine -a%e /eins
It is #ossi/le to use chanes in #hase to re#resent asinal
e use the term #hase shi&t to characterize such chanes
I& #hase chanes a&ter c,cle $ the ne<t sine -a%e -ill
start slihtl, later than the time at -hich c,cle $com#letes
– - s#ight de#a resemb#es a change in $re<uenc
M can /e thouht o& as a s#ecial &orm o& &re0uenc,
moulation
– +owever! hase shi$ts are imortant when a digita# signa#
is used to modu#ate a carrier
$mplitude Modulation $nd #annon9s T#eorem 1iure 75.!c sho-s the am#litue %ar,in &rom a ma<imum to
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almost zero
The &iure is slihtl, misleain:
– in ractice! modu#ation on# changes the am#itude o$ a carriers#ight#! deending on a constant (nown as the modu#ation inde"
ractical s,stems o not allo- &or a moulate sinal to
a##roach zero
onsier Shannons Theorem – assuming the amount o$ noise is constant
the signa#)to)noise ratio wi## aroach /ero as the signa#
aroaches /ero
+ee#in the carrier -a%e near ma<imum insures that the
sinal6to6noise ratio remains as lare as #ossi/le
– This ermits the trans$er o$ more bits er second
Modulation, &igital 2nput, $nd #ift :eying Ho- can iital in#ut /e use in moulationF
M i&i ti t th l ti h i/ /
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Moi&ications to the moulation schemes escri/e a/o%e are
neee:
– instead o$ modu#ation that is roortiona# to a continuous signa#!digita# schemes use discrete va#ues
To istinuish /et-een analo an iital moulation
– we use the term shi$t (eing rather than modu#ation
Shi&t $e,in o#erates similar to analo moulation
– ?nstead o$ a continuum o$ ossib#e va#ues! digita# shi$t (eing has
a $i"ed set
– ,or e"am#e! -M a##ows the am#itude o$ a carrier to var b
arbitrari# sma## amounts in resonse to a change in the signa#
?n contrast! am#itude shi$t (eing uses a $i"ed set o$ ossib#eam#itudes
1iure 75.3 illustrates conce#t &or AS+ an 1S+
1iure ?##ustration o$
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0a1 a carrier wave
0b1 a digita# inut
signa#
0c1 am#itude shi$t
(eing
0d1 $re<uenc shi$t
(eing
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S/ 0
Course Outline 343/ 5467T574
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343/ 5467T574
54ST//T574 4 8554
+74659T574S
:/7+; 5 3S+5*T574
43T87; T7*7/753S
/54; +74659T574 V5 /+T
/77* :+;S 4 /S
43T87; S9*3V5S574
*T' +/+9/T574
3<95*34T +74659T574 V5 /+T
Micro a e
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Micro"a(e
GE3E1$L 23FO1M$T2O3
1$L ;&
'&< 1adio
$ccess % Mo7ile $pplications
1$L ;& ystem Configurations
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(7@5)!<(7@5)
(7@7) Hot Stan/,
(7@7) &re0. > ol. Di%ersit,
A > Dro# Re#eater
BS
BTS
BTS
BTSBTS
MS
ore
'et-or$
BS
BTSBTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BS
star multi6ro#
rin
MS
Suita/le &or e%er, net-or$ to#olo,
$rc#itecture C#ange from 1$ L to 1$L ;&
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Result: Sinle ID9 &or rotecte on&iuration (/est in class com#actness)
Aggregated Aggregated Baseband Signal Baseband Signal
n<E7
Base Ban
n<E7
Base Ban
320 / 70 MHz If 320 / 70 MHz If SA !SA !
SA! "#SA! "#
M$de%M$de%
1$L ;& $rc#itecture
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ID9 Basic &unctions:
S,stem inter&ace to e<ternal -orl.
Base /an iital sinal #rocessin.
ID96CD9 ca/le inter&ace manaement.
S,stem su#er%ision an
con&iuration Mant. E0ui#ment #o-er su##l,.
CD9 Basic &unctions:
Moulation o& /ase /an sinal.
9#6con%ersion to R1 sinal.
Do-n6con%ersion o& recei%e R1
sinal.
Demoulation to /ase /an sinal. CD9 su#er%ision an con&i. Mant.
ID96CD9 ca/le inter&ace Mant.
1+0 Terminals
Aggregated
Baseband Signal
1+01+1 Terminals
Aggregated
Baseband Signal
Access
9nit
ontroller
9nitBBG7
Access
9nit
ontroller
9nit BBG!BBG7
Access
9nit
ontroller
9nit BBG!BBG7
Add and Drop Terminals
OUT&OO1 U32T
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.igh ,ensit/.igherformance (,
ormal ,ensit (,
%,((! %*-
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in%,
-ingle $oard %,
lugin %,
1$L ;& 'roduct line
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'ormal Densit, 'ormal an Hih Densit,
ID9 Sinle Boar Basic con&iurations
ID9 lu6in &ull set o& con&iurations
MinID9 Interate into BS>'B
eneral purposeapplication
-iemens $*-/ode$application
$ccess 1adio Catalogue = E(olution1$L ;& = Main features
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&re0uenc, /ans:
F 0A – 471 G+/ traditiona#
$re<uenc bands
F 97! 49! 89 G+/ new bands
a,loa inter&ace:
F 9)3;">3F >4
F 36366 Base T 0L- bridging1
Aitional &eatures:
F +igh orma# Densit oeration
03: 97 M+/ $or 3;">3caacit1
F >3 Cross Connect caabi#it
1$L ;& O&U 3&
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F Moulation &ormat: 3 M ('ormal Densit,)
F R1 /ans: 8 6 72 Hz7;6 2 Hz! Hz 'e- Entr,
F S,stem #er&ormance in line -ith SRA (7 B /etter)
F Attenuation rane: !3 B u# to !2 Hz!5 B ! 6 2 Hz
F AT ri%en /, R< o-er an BER
F $t re'laceable (it) SA ! *#+ ,%$de% in
*#+-
F f.ll c$%'atible it) SA ! antennas1
s.''$rting fra%e and cable
F Dimensions: !25<!25<775 mm
F eiht: 3.2 +
1$L ;&O&U <&0<'
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Moulation &ormat: 7 TM (Hih Densit,)
(S selecta/le) 3 AM (Hih er&ormance)
; B /etter than 7 TM R1 /ans: 8 6 2 Hz
! Hz 'e- Entr, S,stem ain 7 TM: Similler to SRA
(eas, miration &rom <E7 SRA
to 7<E7 HD /, usein o& same
antennas)
Attenuation rane: !5 B
AT Dri%en /, R< o-er an BER Im#ro%e R1 tuna/ilit, (as o& CD9 'D) om#ati/ilit, 1ull, com#ati/le -ith SRA
antennas su##ortin
&rame an ca/le Dimensions: !85<!85<7;5 m eiht: 8.; + Re#lacea/ilit, 'ot re#lacea/le -ith SRA
CD9
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1$L ;&2&U ingle !oard+
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Monolithic 9nit once#t
F 'o #lu6in cars
F Re#lacea/ilit,: &ull ID9F 'o u#rae o& har-are in6&iel
A%aila/ilit, (3 main %ersions)
F ID9 SB u#:to E7 (7@5)
F ID9 SB u# to 7E7 (7@5)
F ID9 SB u# to E7 (7@7) H>S
F ID9 SB u# to 7E7 (7@7) H>S
S,stem con&iuration constraints
F (7@7) HSB, -> CD9 reunanc, onl,
F &re0. Di%ersit, not #ossia/leF !<(7@5)>AD Re#eater not #ossia/le
Dimensions: 79 hih e%en &or (7@7) an
!<(7@5)
o-er su##l, 63J ±!5K
Tri/utar, inter&ace o#tions:
– *ub)D 86c 396 I
– Jcoa" A8 I – Lemo 396 I
79
1$L ;& 2&U ingle !oard *-+ S &ull, o-nloaa/le (CD9 inclue)
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&eatures ena/le %ia S licence &ee:
F Caacit
F Con$iguration
F $ channe#s densit 0orma# +igh1
&eature u#raaation %ia S licence &ee (-ithin H constraint)
Memor, $e, -ith s,stem settins (&or ID9 &ast re#lacement)
Built6in <6Aa#ter @ Alarm 9nit @ J.77 ar SRA li$e &unctionalit,:
F >thernet inter$ace towards M*
F -#arm co##ection
F ;:K .33 M* channe# 0De"t1 %ser Channe#
Joice Ser%ice hannel %ia JoI ('etMeetin or I #hone)
Stanar T > I stac$ &or 'MS tra&&ic (easier inter-or$in -ith D' routers)
SRA li$e T > I stac$ &or inter-or$in -ith SRA e0ui#ment
1$L ;& 2&U ingle !oard = 2nterfaces
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o-er Su##l,
oa< &or ID96CD9 lin$
1 i>& (RS6!2!)
(#B f$r !$cal 45 )
TM' i>& (75>755 BaseT)
(2689 c$nnect$rs)
Dais, hain amon ID9s
an irect access to 'MS
9ser>D e<t channel
(J.77 co>contra)
(#B c$nnect$r )Alarm inter&ace
(#B:9 c$nnect$r )
Tri/utaries inter&ace
326 c$a6 (8; CHM)or
26#B90 (7!5 CHM)
Memor, +e,
*ower switch
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1$L ;&upporting frame for 1emote Mounting
A ne- su##ortin &rame %ersion re#laces
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A ne- su##ortin &rame %ersion re#laces
the #resent one use &or remote mountinremote mountin
o& CD9 in (7@7) Hot Stan/,(7@7) Hot Stan/, This Su##ortin &rame is eri%e &rom theeri%e &rom the
ne-ne- su##ortinsu##ortin & & rame &or interaterame &or interate
mountinmountin.
It has the same structure -ith in aitionthe #ro#er material &or #ole or -all
mountin. In this case the -a%e6uie is
still necessar,.
A%aila/le &re0uenc, /ans: 7;7; 77 !2!2 !! 2 Hz2 Hz
872 Hz the #resent esin o&872 Hz the #resent esin o&
su##ortin &rame remains unchane.su##ortin &rame remains unchane.
1$ L Catalogue updateupporting frame for 2ntegrated Mounting
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As an alternati%e to #resent su##ortin
&rame &or remote mountin this ne-%ersion is suita/le &or interate mountininterate mountino& CD9s in (7@7) Hot Stan B,(7@7) Hot Stan B,con&iuration
'o nee &or -a%euie
The result o& this t,#e o& mountin is acom#act structurecom#act structurethat allo-s to hie theCD9s /ehin the antenna-ith a minimumminimumen%ironmental im#acten%ironmental im#act.
This solution is a%aila/le &or 7;7; 77 !2!2 !! 2 Hz2 Hz R& R& /ans/ans.
It is suita/le -ith SRA antennasantennas -ith-ith iameter 25 5 5 cm.iameter 25 5 5 cm.
1$L ;&Continuity "it# 1$ L 'roduct Line
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Same manaement s,stem ('etJie-er)
TM' com#ati/ilit,. Same D' alrea, installe can /e re6use.Same De%ices can /e connecte to SRA LD TM' inter&acean
SRA TM' inter&ace.
Same antennas an su##ortin &rames o& SRA (ientichalmechanical inter&aces):
ommon in%entor,. Same ID9>CD9 ca/le an connection $its:
ommon in%entor,.
7 TM s,stem ain in line -ith SRA :
Eas, miration &rom <E7 SRA to 7<E7 HD (same R& /an
occu#anc,) -ithout nee to increase antenna iameter. 'D CD9 on6air is com#ati/le -ith SRA 7<E7 (3M
moulation)
As,mmetrical lin$s are #ossi/le onl, -ith SRA ID9 9ni%ersal.
1$L ;&!enefits compared to 1$ L
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Reuce inoor room re0uirement. Reuce #o-er consum#tion (7; lo-er in 7@7
con&i.) Hih Densit, o#tion. Hih er&ormance o#tion (hih S,stem ain). Im#ro%e R1 tuna/ilit,.
Increase sementation o& #rouct &amil,. Reuce D' cost. Interate A' inter&ace &or 'MS (no nee &or Dual6
Aa#ter). Stanar T > I stac$ &or irect inter-or$in -ith
routers. Im#ro%e s,stem relia/ilit,. State o& the art technolo,.
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S/ 0
*EC.%C+ C.+!+C*E!%-*%C-
TEC6C(D C6('(CTE'STCS
l h t i ti
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eneral characteristics
Transmission capacity= 77 bit8s,>7bit8s,
A7 bit8s,:B7bit8s
ross bit rate of the transmitted signal=
• 77 bit8s 17=E:2 >.AB> bit8s
• >7 bit8s 1>=E:2 ?.<7A bit8s• A7 bit8s 1A=E:2 :?.>5B bit8s• :B7 bit8s 1:B=E:2 4A.?:7
bit8sodulation=
• 787=78>=78A=78:B=7 bit8s 1with @*F *2 > levels
C! • 787=78>=78A=78:B=7 bit8s 1with @*F 6*86! in 6! mode2 > levels (• A=78:B=7 bit8s 1with @*F 6*86! in 6* mode2 :B levels TC
emodulation=
• on coherent with 'eed Solomon &EC and Hiterbi decoding 1with @*F*2
•
.,/.
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- ).N/
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Channel arrangement: 0/ N/
2x2 bit"s 3 4 %&
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2x2 bit"s 3'4 %&$x2 bit"s 5 %&
x2 bit"s 1$ %&"13'54 %& (Note 1!1*x2 bit"s 2 %&"25'4 %& (Note 1!
0/ %/"%6%6 o7e 2x2 bit"s 3'4 %&
$x2 bit"s 5 %&x2 bit"s 1$ %&"13'54 %& (Note 1!1*x2 bit"s 2 %&"25'4 %& (Note 1!
%/ o7e x2 bit"s 5 %&
1*x2 bit"s 1$ %&"13'54 (Note 1!
Note : 13'54 %& an7 25'4 %& channelling is a#ailable for 1 8%& only'
@*F * Characteristics
*ransmitt
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*ransmitter
ax output po#er d$m:
po#er ad;ustment d$: (utput
$loc" diagram of *x !f side
@*F * characteristics
!eceiAe
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$loc" diagram of !x
side (,
ax< input po#er =$E!
10>??@ 20 d$m
ax< input po#er to preAent
from permanent damaging
= 10 d$m@
!x *hresholds d$m
!eceiAer
*F characteristics(perating mode I Switch hardware logic in hot standby con+guration
revertive8nonrevertive
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revertive8nonrevertive.ard#are alarm detection time failure alarm ≤ :ms
(perational s#itching time
T= '& switch for hot%stand%by < 53 ms
'= total recovery time 1failures2 J 433 ms 1ma=imum value2 J :33 ms
1typical value2
Characteristics of 2
'it/s tri'utar
interface =E1@
signal
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= yinterfaces
C* channel Channel type 4A > kbit8s asynchronous data channel
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C* channel I Channel type 4A.> kbit8s asynchronous data channel
I Electrical interface 'S%747C
B+ I Channel type EEE A37.4
I Electrical interface :3#(SE%T
ser channel I Channel type B> kbit8s synchronous data channel
I Electrical interface H.::
, channel =external@ I Channel type B> kbit8s synchronous data channelI Electrical interface H.::
+ I Channel type EEE A37.4 and A37.4FI Electrical interface :38:33#(SE%T
Electrical alarms interface %nput/(utput lines
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@!E8CD@SE* criteria
%nput lines
@!E criterion • %4H to K7H voltage to ground with = B3 kohm
series
CD@SE* criterion • %4H to K7H voltage to ground with = 733 ohm
series
(utput lines
@!E criterion • !otential negative8positive to ground1from
e=ternal source2 • a=. voltage <7H
• a=. sinking current = 3.: (
CD@SE* criterion • !otential negative8positive to ground 1from
e=ternal source2 • a=. voltage <7H
• a=. continuous current B3 m(
• 'esidual voltage 1on the contact2 = 7H
!ower supply characteristics % t lt 4A >H t 5< BH
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%nput Aoltage range %4A.>H to %5<.BH
+utomatic po#erup Aoltage %4<.5H L 3.5H
+utomatic shutdo#n Aoltage %4B.5H L 3.5H
rotection against reAersal of 'atter polarit yes
aximum current load D minimum input Aoltage >.5(
%nrush current during e)uipment startup = :3(
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S/ 0
IRI' A'D I'STAATIC'
!rimary !ower Supply Connections
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connec ons coa=.connector 2
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Brac(et $or >T*? ac(
Brac(et $or 3@ ac(
7 #it8s :73 ohm 1SF#%*2 from : to A TributaryConnections
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7 bit8s :73 ohm 1SF#%*2 from ? to :B Tributary Connections
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7 bit8s <5 ohm 1SF#%*2 from : to A TributaryConnections
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7 bit8s <5 ohm 1SF#%*2 from ? to :B TributaryConnections
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(larm connections
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B> k bit8s 1H.::2 service channel connectionMFSE'8* e=t 1FSE' :2
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B> k bit8s 1H::2 service channelconnection
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DCT connection 1'S 7472
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Cab#e) in)in
*eed) 47.:Kbits
cable
!-232C connecting ca'le 'et#een
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!- 232C connecting ca'le 'et#eenC* and radio e)uipment
*he communication to the ne# e)uipment =as -!+ 4 or -!+
,@ ta"es place at 7800 /s
/iscussion 0ut 9ine
Installation o& Rac$
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Installation o& Rac$
Installation C& Inoor 9nits
Antenna Installation
Installation C& Cut Door 9nits
rounin C& E0ui#ment 4 I& a/le
a,in C& I& a/le
Cutoor a/le Run-a,
Antenna Alinment
To-er rounin
nstallation 0f ac; " unways
M h i l I t ll ti
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Mechanical Installation
Installation C& 7″
an ETSI rac$:F AAnchor the /ottom #late -ith the
&loor /, means o& Ra-al lu an
anchor /olts.
F AAttach the rac$ to# -ith ca/lerun-a,s or>an -ith -all on the
/ac$ >sie o& the rac$ as #er site
re0uirement.F roun the rac$ -ith Run-a, earth
/, usin thim/les 4 !;mmφ roun
ca/le.
5nstallation 7f runway
5nstall the cable runway as per required
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y p q
lay out of the stations if the cable
tray$runways are not installed.
6i> the runways with walls using
brac?ets rg. 4o. (+@21ABC1)C@!.
*rovide the vertical supports using
profile (+@21ABC1)C+%1! to
strengthen the runways.
round the runways by using grounding
?it rg. 4o. (+@21ABC1)C2@! with
station ground.
9se cable of 2)mm2 (0Carea! (appro>.
Bmm dia! for grounding.
6ower /istribution
5nstall the power distributor in the rac? or on the wall with
available fastenings if already not installed
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176PTCL Training Center Karachi
available fastenings if already not installed.
2)mm2 ( 0C area! power cable may be used from the rectifier
fuse ()& mp!.
The provided cable should be used for power connectivity from
*ower distributor to 59 power input.
@ mp +ircuit brea?er should be used for single S/ 0
equipment (1D1! +onfiguration.
*rovide the ground with 2)mm2 cable if the ground bus bar is
provided in the power distributor.
5nstallation 7f 5ndoor 9nit
echanical nstallation
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• ount *F in the rackwith provided nut boltand washers in the :? orETS rack.
• ount the f Cable +=ingbracket with the rackusing given fastenings.
• nstall the earth Oumperon the f cable bracket.
• nstall the f Pumper cable
on the f cable brac;et'
1'/
2'Screw
3'f <able fixing brac;et
$'Screw
quipment 8roun7ing
8roun7ing 0f n7oor nit
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178PTCL Training Center Karachi
g
> 8roun7 resistance #alue ≤ 2
ohms'
> se 24mm! groun7 cable for
connecting the groun7 bar
with station groun7'> se *mm! groun7 cable for
connecting the / with
groun7 bar'
> se 24mm! groun7 cable
for connecting the f cable
brac;et with station groun7'
nstallation 0f 0ut /oor nit
! h i l 5 t ll ti
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179PTCL Training Center Karachi
! echanical 5nstallation
Antenna Mount
i#e Size (3 Inch Diameter)
lam#in
:! 5f +able +onnection
Mountin C& Anle
onnector &i<in C& R1 onnector
CD9
.ntenna " 0/ nstallation
Antenna Assem/lin
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• 'emove the cover.
• += the feed horn as perreNuired polari"ation.
• += the antenna dish with
the antenna +=ture byusing bolt washersprovided in the antennamounting assembly.
• Couple the antennasupport 1:2 with theantenna mounting +=ture.
• += the 'adome cover.
ntenna ount
The antenna mount #i#e
size shoul /e 3 inch ia
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181PTCL Training Center Karachi
size shoul /e 3 inch ia.
lam# the antenna mount-ith the To-er at the
re0uire heiht (as #er
lin$ enineerin).
lam# the antenna anthe &i<ture -ith antenna
mount.
&i< antenna su##ort -ith
the antenna mount #i#e. lam# the CD9 -ith the
antenna.
rounding connections, integrated solution
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rounding 7f 7ut oor 9nit
9se 2)mm2 grounding cable to
connect the 79 with the
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183PTCL Training Center Karachi
connect the 79 with the
common ground point on theantenna fi>ture.
9se thimbles nuts, bolts and
washers of proper dia to fasten
the common ground point and79 ground point.
9se ground ?it for grounding
the 5f cable.
9se 2)mm2 cable to couple thecommon ground with the
structure of tower.
0ut /oor <able unway
8idth 7f +able unway ( A
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8idth 7f +able unway ( ≥ A
inches! unway ngleCiron sie
should be1.)>1.)>-$B inches
'oriontal supports at every
12 inches
Vertical Supports at 1& feet
a>.
1 feet
/aying 7f 5f +ableS
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185PTCL Training Center Karachi
onnect the I& connectors -ith
the a/le
a, the a/le Cn a/le Run-a,
Bin the a/le at e%er, meter onthe Run-a, -ith the ca/le ties.
Bin the a/le Alon the to-er
aer at e%er, meter.
Ma$e a loo# o& I& a/le (;ma##ro<.) near the antenna heiht.
<! 8roun7ing 0f f <able from the <ablenlet 6oint
9se !;mm ca/le to
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186PTCL Training Center Karachi
9se !;mmφ
ca/le to
connect the I& ca/le -iththe station roun.
9se #ro#er tool to
remo%e the insulation
&rom the I& ca/le.
9se Earthin $it to
roun the ca/le.
ote?$ cab#e grounding in#et oint
must be done at #ightning rone
areas.
8roun7ing 0f f <able from the <able nlet 6oint
9se 2)mm2 cable to connect
th 5f bl ith th t ti
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187PTCL Training Center Karachi
the 5f cable with the station
ground.
9se proper tool to remove
the insulation from the 5f
cable.
9se 3arthing ?it to ground
the cable.
Note:
f cable groun7ing inlet point must
be 7one at lightning prone areas'S
Tower 8roun7ing
In ase C& SST all 3 es ma,
/e roune on a ommon
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188PTCL Training Center Karachi
/e roune on a ommon
roun. ihtenin arrester ma, /e
insulate &rom the to-er an /e
roune on a se#arate roun.
Insulate roun a/le ma, /euse &or Earthin The
ihtenin Arrester.
Minimum ;mm iameter ca/le
shoul /e use. Earth resistance %alue shoul
/e less than Chms. a7io tower
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S/ 0et#or"topologies
etwork topologies
BT*
BT* BT*
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190PTCL Training Center Karachi
-*+! topolog
=protected or unprotected lin"s@
(( topolog
=add/drop or 'ac"to'ac" lin"s@
BT* BT*BT*
BT*
BT*BT*
*%,!( topolog =add/drop or 'ac"to'ac" lin"s@
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191PTCL Training Center Karachi
BTS BTS BTS BTS
in$ 7 in$ ! in$ 2in$ in$ 3
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192PTCL Training Center Karachi
S/ 0 ConFgurations
$loc" ,iagrams ,escription
S'(D Q* eNuipment block diagram
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193PTCL Training Center Karachi
Con+guration1A=E:2
-!+ , i t 8 E1
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194PTCL Training Center Karachi
-!+ , e)uipment: 8xE1
=1G0@ conFguration
-!+ , e)uipment: 8xE1
=1G1@ ./- conFguration #ith
one antenna
Con+gurations1:B=E:2
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195PTCL Training Center Karachi
-!+ , e)uipment: 16HE1=1G0@ conFguration
-!+ , e)uipment: 16xE1
=1G1@ ./- #ith one antenna
conFguration
S'(D Q*M :B=E: 1:K:2 68S with two antennaecon+guration
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*F physical interfaces
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S/ 0%I C(&%!+*%( B%+ C*
DCT % radio link remote connectionon f interface
-D? *?D> MD>M
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199PTCL Training Center Karachi
Channe#
adio ><uiment adio ><uimentDC>
DC>DT>
T
PC *?D> MD>M
& inter&ace
& inter&ace
D?-L%P&L >
-*>
L?G>
!-232C
!-232C
'adio Dink anagement Hia DCT
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200PTCL Training Center Karachi
!adio lin" structure #ith
repeater
!adio lin" structure
D2
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201PTCL Training Center Karachi
1Q*2
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202PTCL Training Center Karachi
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203PTCL Training Center Karachi
S/ 0
(( $+CI- +, ++!-
9oop bac;s
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204PTCL Training Center Karachi
Local Terminal Remote Terminal
>3 N3?n
>3 N3ut
>3 N3?n
>3 N3ut
ID9ID9
CD9
Loca# Loobac(
Test Line
& Lin(
Loobac(
>3 N9ut
>3 N9?n
>3 N9?n
>3 N9ut
Doop%backs
JocalK loop'ac"=+@
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205PTCL Training Center Karachi
=+@
J!emoteK loop'ac"=$@
*he tri'utar signal can 'elooped 'ac" in the 'ase'and
unit at the input interface
leAel<*his tpe of loop'ac"
#hen actiAated allo#s testing
the integrit of the circuitr
related to line interface
access<
Each tri'utar stream can 'e
looped to#ards the remote
station<*his tpe of loop'ac"
#hen actiAated allo#s testing
connection integrit 'et#een
t#o terminals<
Summary of the front panel DE* sE, position on the front panel of the -ingle $oard %,
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206PTCL Training Center Karachi
E, 1 and E, 2 position on the front panel of the -ingle $oard %,
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207PTCL Training Center Karachi
S/ 0
'ETCR+ S9ERJISIC'
etwork supervision
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208PTCL Training Center Karachi
! (ddress Classi+cation
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209PTCL Training Center Karachi
,ecimal otation of the % +ddress
for example, the following Class B IP address:
10000000 00000011 00001001 00000001
is written as: 128.3.9.1
et%askA mask, known as Net-Mask, has to be specified for each address.This mask
is always composed of four bytes and it is subdivided into two parts (Net-
Part and Host-Part).
xample of etas" for Class $ % address
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210PTCL Training Center Karachi
xample of et as" for Class $ % address
*he !outing %nformation rotocol Aersion 1 re)uires the same etas" in the entire the
radio net#or"<
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S.9 ?/
Path Engineering
frequency offsets
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212PTCL Training Center Karachi
1T0
T0
0
0-
f requency difference (split! # 1&1&'
ntenna adiation *attern *ide Lobes
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Main Lobe
Note8 Most o$ po'e is onentated in the main lo"e
ntenna lignment
*ide Lobes
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214PTCL Training Center Karachi
Main Lobe
*ide Lobes
6 *ropagation
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215PTCL Training Center Karachi
1st fresnel Zone
Signal that arrives at 1800 ( λ /2)out of phase with the direct wavedetermines the boundar of first
fresnel !one("0# clearance re$uired)
*ath +alculation
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c
Link Performance
)A4* %A795The fade margin is a measure: indecibels #dB&: of ho( much additionalsignal attenuation the system can bear(ithout dropping belo( the requiredB*7 #bit error rate&.
The fade margin is the result of the
path calculation
ath Calculation
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217PTCL Training Center Karachi
Free Space Loss (FSL)
Fade Margin= Sstem !ain " Loss
FM = TSL#$!1#$!%#RSS&FSL
TS% &SS '2 '1
)S' = ;!.+ < !0 log #4 m& < !0 log #) Hz&
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T1$3'O1T
TEC<3OLOG2E
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219PTCL Training Center Karachi
I'TRCD9TIC'
Modern Telecom 3et"or5s
(,E-%Is
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220PTCL Training Center Karachi
Modern Te#ecom etwor(comrises o$
D>*
L?Ks
These are arranged so thatConverged ?,M-T?ma be assed $rom onenode to other and $romode to %ser
!asics of Telecom Transmission
Transmission is a sstem o$ L?Ks and odes that is used
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to carr ?,M-T? $rom one #ace to another!esecia## over #ong distance and with +igher Bandwidth0Data ate1.
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Modu#ation
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Manageabi#it! *ca#abi#it! have Ho* and ,astProtection is ca##ed OTransort etwor(
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Joice
*ata
Hideo
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'ropagation Modes
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Common Fi7re i8es
53 ;m B7 5 ;m :33 ;m A ;m
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:75 ;m
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)band 3!9;6–3!4;6 nm )))))))))) rigina#
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F -ttenuation
Limiting Factors
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231PTCL Training Center Karachi74:
F Disersion
$ttenuation
Due to imurities in g#ass
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232PTCL Training Center Karachi747
?n $abrication Bad connectors
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#imited b Disersion Two searate comonents o$ disersion
moda#
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: 3 : : 3 :
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-tep %ndex ultimode
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ystem Components
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Light *ource 0Transmitter1 Detector 0eceiver1
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PCM PD+
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&<
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&<
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Te#ecommunication %nion 0?T%1 ?t is documented in standard G.A6A and its
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$or snchronous data transmission over $iber oticnetwor(s.
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4 standards..>uroean! Qaanese! orth -merica
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PCMRR ;:Kbs >3RRR 9.6:7 Mbs 046 ";: Kbs1
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247PTCL Training Center Karachi
?mossib#e to interconnect three ?ncomatib#ePD+ standards
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– *TM)3 388.89 Mbs
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ADM
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252PTCL Training Center Karachi
>as to interconnect di$$erent sstems
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*D+ e"cet 7 Mbs 0>91 which has no container.
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Com#icated *D+ e<uiments due to varieto$ management tra$$ic tes and otions
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255PTCL Training Center Karachi
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256PTCL Training Center Karachi
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!E!E * 3 * 3
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Term
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)M*+– suervises each *TM)3 o$ *TM)
$rame
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+igher order 0+P+1
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management $unction $or di$$erent #aers#eve#s o$*TM) $rame
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RSOH
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Overhead
SOH
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MSOH
High Order POH
Low Order POH
'ayload
-here ser%ices are #ut in the STM6'
&
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&rame
9M! 4:M or 3:6M in$ormation is ac(ed
and ut in the a#oad. ?t is then carried b
*TM) signa# to send over *D+ nodes?$ we ta(e *TM) $rame as a truc(! the
a#oad section can be #oo(ed as the
carriage o$ the truc(
$dministrati(e Unit 'ointer *$U4'T1+
Locate #ower rate signa# inside a higher rate
signa# o$ a *TM $rame 0a #oad1
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signa# o$ a *TM) $rame 0a#oad1.
comrises o$ @ btes
The address range inside which the C): isab#e to $#oat starts right a$ter the -% ointer
b#oc( & e"tends unti# address A79 in the ne"t
*TM)3 $rame
$U4'T1
-%): ointer addresses on# ever 4rd a#oadbte.
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Last 4 btes 0+41 o$ -%)PT are rovided asadditiona# transmission caacit in order toe<ua#i/e c#oc( di$$erence.
Qusti$ication oeration 0ositive or negative1 can becarried out no more than once in ever 4rd *TM)3$rame.
Mapping *Mode % tructure+
Low ate *D+ +igh ate *D+ Bte ?nter#eave
PD+ *TM * h M #ti # i &
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PD+ *TM) *nchronous Mu#ti#e"ing &
,#e"ib#e Maing
– 3:6M*TM)
– 4:M*TM) – 9M*TM)
– o container $or >9 07 Mbs1
Containerontainer
Container is an in$ormation structure! main# in)
charge o$ adatation $unctions so that
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charge o$ adatation $unctions so thatcommon# used PD+ signa#s can occu $i"ed
sace
?T%)T G.A6@ recommendations have stiu#ated8 (inds o$ standard containers
C)33! C)39! C)9! C)4 & C):
)irtual Containerirtual Container
The digita# $#ow $rom the standard container
combined with ath overhead $orms a virtua#
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combined with ath overhead $orms a virtua#container 0C1.
C): U P+ 0@ btes1 2 C): 0@"9;3 btes1
C)4 U P+ 0@ btes1 2 C)4 0@"78 btes1
C)39 U P+ 03 bte1 2 C)39 048 btes1
?t is the most imortant in$ormation structure in
*D+ which suorts ath #aer connection.
$U % TUU % TU
The -dministration %nit 0-%1 is an in$ormation
structure that er$orms adatation $unctions $or
the high order ath #aer and mu#ti#e"ing
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the high order ath #aer and mu#ti#e"ing
segment #aer.
-%): 2 -%)PT U C):
The Tributar %nit 0T%1 is an in$ormation structurethat er$orms adatation $unctions $or the #ow
order ath #aer and high order ath #aer.
T%)4 2 C)4 U PT 04 btes1
T%)39 2 C)39 U PT 0one bte1
TU4? 'ointer
Consists o$ 4 ointer btes +3! +9! +4
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T%)4 2 C)4 U 4 btes ointer
TU4/- 'ointer
T%)39 2 PT 0one bte1 U C)39 048 btes1
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TUG % $UGUG % $UG
T%G)4 2 T%)4 U ; Qusti$ication Btes
T%G 9 2 4 " T% 39
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T%G)9 2 4 " T%)39T%G)4 2 A " T%G)9
ne or more -% with $i"ed #ocations in the *TM)
$rame $orm an -dministration %nit Grou
0-%G1. - sing#e -%): can $orm one
-dministration %nit Grou 0-%G1.
-%G is use$u# $or the -%)4 mu#ti#e"ing! butmeaning#ess $or -%): mu#ti#e"ing.
Mappingapping
- rocess used when tributaries are adated into
irtua# Containers 0Cs1 b adding =usti$ication
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irtua# Containers 0Cs1 b adding =usti$icationbits and Path verhead 0P+1 in$ormation
?ts essence is to ma(e the various tributar
signa#s snchroni/ed with re#ated virtua#
containers so that C can be an indeendent
entit in the transmission! mu#ti#e"ing and cross
connection
$lignmentlignment
This rocess ta(es #ace when a ointer is
inc#uded in a Tributar %nit 0T%1 or an-d i i i % i 0-%1 ## h $i b $
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inc#uded in a Tributar %nit 0T%1 or an -dministrative %nit 0-%1! to a##ow the $irst bte o$
the irtua# Container to be #ocated.
B setting the ointer! it can rovide a $#e"ib#e
and dnamic method $or a#ignment o$ C in theunit 0T% or -%):1 $rame.
Multiple6ing
This rocess is used when mu#ti#e #ower)order
ath #aer signa#s are adated into a higher
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ath #aer signa#s are adated into a higher)order ath signa#! or when the higher)order ath
signa#s are adated into a Mu#ti#e" *ection.
This te o$ mu#ti#e"ing comes under
snchronous mu#ti#e"ing categor
tuffing
'hen tributar signa#s are mu#ti#e"ed &#i d it i i d i
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'hen tributar signa#s are mu#ti#e"ed &a#igned! some sare caacit is re<uired in
*D+ $rames to rovide sace $or various
tributar rates
This sace caacit is $i##ed with V$i"ed stu$$ingVbits that carr no in$ormation! but are re<uired
to $i## u the articu#ar $rame.
app ng % u p e6 ng
'rocedures
x"Mu#t$%#ex$n&
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STM-N
xN x1C-12VC-12VC-4 TUG-2AUG-4 AU-4 TU-12 2Mb/s
Code rateadjustment
LO PO
TU PT!
AU PT!
x"Mu#t$%#ex$n&
x' Mu#t$%#ex$n&
O POxN Mu#t$%#ex$n&
TUG-"
%
Multiple6ing tructure
C Container
C irtua# Container
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C irtua# Container T% Tributar %nit
T%G Tributar %nit Grou
-% -dministrative %nit
-%G -dministrative %nit Grou
- M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
!ate+daptatio
n 1 4
1 $teath
(Aerhead=(.@ 1 4BCQ12
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CQ12
2 'ps -ignal
1
9
12) Es
1
9
BC 12
C12 -iRe: => col = ? rows2 I 7 4> #ytes
CQ12
(.
BC12 -iRe: => 'ows = ? Columns2 I : 45 #ytes
12) Es
BC12 S C%:7 K 1: #yte !@62
C12 &rame ,uration S :75 As
BC12 &rame ,uration S :75 As
There can be $ou di$$eent PO&
bytes for one <B12 C4, D2, E*, E5
- M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
ultiplexing x 3
1 1*Q21 4BCQ12
1 $te *ri'utarnit ointer
=**!@1 4*Q12
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2 1
9
* 2
*
12
12) Es
1
9
BC 12
CQ12
(.
12) Es
* 12
CQ12
(.
12) Es
*!
*
12
*
12
*2 siRe: 1:7 'ows = ? Columns2 :3A #ytes
*12 -iRe : 1:7 'ows = ? Columns2 4B #ytes
*12 S HC%:7 K 1: #yte TF%!T'2
*2 S TF%:7 K TF%:7 K TF%:7
*12 and *2 &rame ,uration S :75 As
- M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
1 1*Q2
ultiplexing x 7
1 8*Q3
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!!
2 1
9
* 2
*
12
12) Es
*
12
*
12
6 1
9
* 3
12) Es
*2
*2
*2
*2
*2
*2
*2
*3 -iRe S 1TFG%72 = < K ' 17 Columns2
*3 &rame ,uration S :75 As
- M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
1 86
*Q3
ultiplexing x 3
1 261BCQ4
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6 1
9
* 3
12) Es
!(.
1
9
BC 4
12) Es
*3
*3
*3
!
BC4 S TFG%4 K TFG%4 K TFG%4 K ' 17 Columns2 K !@6 1: Column2
BC4 &rame -iRe S ? 'ows = 7B: Columns 74>? #ytes
BC4 &rame ,uration S :75 As
- M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
+*!
ultiplexi
ng x 1
!-(.
and-(.
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BCQ41 261
1
9
12) Es
+Q4
BCQ4
1 2701
9
12) Es
+1 270
1
9
12) Es
-*1
1 2701
9
12) Es
+*!
BCQ4+*!
BCQ4+*!
-(.
!-(.
?@ M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
!ate+daptati
on1 8
41
ath(Aerhead =(.@
1 85
1!
BCQ3
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CQ3
34 'ps-ignal
9
12) Es
CQ3
9
12) Es
!@6
C3 &rame -iRe: ? rows = A> columns <5B #ytes
C3 &rame ,uration: :75 As
BC3 S C%4 K 1!@62 (. S ? 'ows = : Column ? #yte
BC3 &rame -iRe: ? 'ows = A5 Columns <B5 #ytes
BC3 &rame ,uration: :75 As
?@ M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
*ri'utarnit
ointer
1 86 1
&illing ap
1 86 1
'1
2
*Q3*Q3'1
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BCQ3
9
12) Es
9
12) Es
*Q3
'2
'-
* 3'2
'-
*3 S HC%4 K TF%!T' **! S 4 #yte !ointer 16:, 67 and 642
*3 S TF%4 K ' 1&illing Gap2 ! =&illing ap@ S B #ytes for +lling Gap
*3 and *3 &rame ,uration S :75 As
?@ M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
1 261
1BCQ4
ultiplexing
x 31 86 1'1 *Q3
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*Q3
1
9
12) Es
(.
' '
BC 4
*Q3
6 1
9
12) Es
'1
'2
'-
* 3
BC4 S TFG%4 K TFG%4 K TFG%4 K ' 17 Columns2 K !@6 1: Column2
BC4 &rame -iRe S ? 'ows = 7B: Columns 74>? #ytes
BC4 &rame ,uration S :75 As
*Q3
*Q3
?@ M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
+*!
ultiplexi
ng x 1
!-(.
and-(.
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BCQ41 261
1
9
12) Es
+Q4
BCQ4
1 2701
9
12) Es
+1 270
1
9
12) Es
-*1
1 2701
9
12) Es
+*!
BCQ4+*!
BCQ4+*!
-(.
!-(.
/@A M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
!ate+daptati
on1 260
1
ath(Aerhead =(.@
1 261
1
!
BCQ4
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BC4 S C%> K 1!@62 (. S ? 'ows = : Column ? #yte
BC4 &rame -iRe: ? 'ows = 7B: Columns 74>? #ytes
CQ4
140 'ps-ignal
9
12) Es
C4 &rame -iRe: ? rows = 7B3 columns 74>3 #ytes
C4 &rame ,uration: :75 As
CQ4
9
12) Es
!@6
!ate +daptation: The process of U#it stuVngW, to account fordi-erent clock rates of the signals coming from di-erent sources
/@A M! 2gnal Mapping 'rocedure
+
*!1 270
ultiplexi
ngx 11 9
1 2701 9+Q4 +Q4
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BCQ4
10
270
1
912) Es
x 1
+*!
+*!: ( ? byte pointer is inserted at 'ow o >
+Q4 -iRe: 1:=?2K1?=7B:2 745A #ytes
1 9
+ Q 4
10
270
1
9
12) Es
1 9
n case of :>3 b signal mapping in ST%:, (F%> and (FG areidentical
+4 and + &rame ,uration: :75 Xs
4
/@A M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure
!-(.and
-(.
1 2701 2701 9
+Q42701 +Q4
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-*1
1 270
1
9
12) Es
+ Q 4
10
2701
9
12) Es
1 9
!-(.
-(.
!-(. -iRe: 4 'ows = ? Columns 7< #ytes
-(. -iRe: 5 'ows = ? Columns >5 #ytes
-*1 -iRe: ? 'ows = 7<3 Columns 7>43 #ytes-*1 &rame -iRe: :75 Xs
3
5
+ Q 4
12) Es
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O)E1<E$&
O(er#ead = 1O<
-3 -3 -3 -9 -9 -9 Q6
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B3 >3 ,3
D3 D9 D4
O(er#ead = MO<
B9 B9 B9 K3 K9
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D: D8 D;
DA D7 D@
D36 D33 D39
*3 M3 >9
'at# O(er#ead *'O<+
The 6ath 0#erhea7 is generate7 only at the beginning
of a path an7 e#aluate7 at the en7 of a path'
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p p
There are three types of 6ath 0#erhea7:
F C<B$ 60%
F C<B3 60%
F C<B12 60%
)C=@ 'O<
Q3
B4
ath *race $te
ath $%8 $te
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C9
G3
,9+:
W4
W:
W8
-*1
BCQ4+*!
-(.
!-(. HC>
!@6
-ignal a'el$teath -tatus$teath ser Channel$teultiframe %ndicator$te
-pare $tes
)C = ? 'O<
Q3
B4
ath *race $te
ath $%8 $te
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-*1
+*!
-(.
!-(.HC4
!@6
HC4
!@6
HC4
!@6
HC%4 Y:
HC%4 Y7
HC%4 Y4
C9
G3
,9+:
W4
W:
W8
-ignal a'el$teath -tatus$teath ser Channel$teultiframe %ndicator$te
-pare $tes
TM4/ ection O(er#ead !ytes
A7
A7
A7 A! A! A!
N5
B7
E7
17
D7 D! D2
R
S
CH
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D7
D!
D2
- % ) P T
B! B! B! +7 +!
D3
D; D
D8 D D
D75
D77
D7!
S7
M7 E!
M
S
CH
(
!
O
)
2'* Co#umns
1rame Time=7!;Ts
Domestic 9se
Transmission Meia 9sae
Blan$ inicate 1uture 9se
User C#annel !ytesB F/, F-
Provide a ;: (bs data or voice channe# $or #oca#
maintenance urose to networ( oerator.
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n# transmitted in *TM)3 N3 o$ *TM) signa#.
&/&/- !ytes
Data Communication Channe# Btes D3ED39 These 39 btes are rovided $or the transort o$ monitoring &
contro# data in etwor( Management *stem. D3)D4 be#ongs to *+ bandwidth is 4";: (bs
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D3)D4 be#ongs to *+! bandwidth is 4";: (bs
D:)D39 be#ongs to M*+! bandwidth is @";: (bs
D3)D39 are transmitted in *TM)3N3 o$ *TM) on#.
@( assagesM performance,alarm, operation commandsetc.
,CC Channel
'MS
Order ire !ytesB E/ % E-
Provide ;: (bs digita# te#ehone channe#s
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g >3 transmit * order wire message
>9 transmit M* order wire message 0e"ress
channe#1 n# resent in *TM)3N3 o$ *TM)
:/ % :- !ytes
-utomatic Protection *witching 0-P*1 btes K3! K9
0bitsb3)b81
%sed $or networ( mu#ti#e" rotection switch $unction
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K3 & K9 on# transmitted in *TM)3 N3 o$ *TM)
Mu#ti#e" *ection emote De$ect ?ndication 0M*)D?1 K9
0b;)b71
– eturn a#arm message $rom " to T"
– ?ndicate " receiving a#arm
– K9 0b;)b71 va#ue is 336
Detect
K2 (b6~b8)
N
:/ % :- !ytes
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111
Generate MS-
AIS
Return MS-
RDI
Y
Normal
Operation
ync#roni8ation tatus Message *M+ !yteB /
**M indicates the status & <ua#it #eve# o$ *D+ signa#
a#ue indicates <ua#it #eve# o$ avai#ab#e c#oc( source 0b8)b71
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a#ue indicates <ua#it #eve# o$ avai#ab#e c#oc( source 0b8)b71
6636 2 G.733 2 >"terna# C#oc( 0Cesium1
6366 2 G.739 2 Transit >"change C#oc( *igna# 0ubidium1
3666 2 G.739 2 Loca# >"change C#oc( *igna# 0ubidium orCrsta#1
3633 2 G.734 2 ?nterna# C#oc( 0*>T*1 0Crsta#1
33332 ot *uitab#e $or snchroni/ation
n# transmitted in *TM)3 N3 o$ *TM)
<ig# Order 'at# O(er#ead
Q3B4
: 7B:
:
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C9
G3
,9
+:
,4
K4
3
C:
Structure of 6igh @rder !ath @verhead
?
Tu Location 2ndicator !yteB <@
• ndicate the multi%frame types and locationof the payload
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of the payload.• &or 7 !*6 to S*6 multiple=ing structure,6> indicates the current frame, which frame of
the multi%frame, allowing '= to +nd TF%!T' Rdrop 7 signals.
• 6>M 336%346
Lo" Order 'at# O(er#ead
C)39 P+F Location
,irst bte o$ each basic $rame in a mu#ti)$rame C i t $ $ b t
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Consist o$ $our btesF Monitoring C39 er$ormance during signa#
transmission
33
@
866us C39 Mu#ti)$rame
8 Q9 9
C39 C39C39
:K:
C39
E/ Mapping 2n )C@
T*N XU 4 0Y)31U 93 0W)31
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X2 T%G)4 Location 03)41
Y2 T%G)9 Location 03)A1
W2 T%)39 Location 03)41
?$ >3 #ocation is T% 9 : 4! $ind T*N
etwor( e#ements are snchroni/ed to a centra# c#oc(. This centra# c#oc(
is generated b a high)recision rimar re$erence c#oc( 0PC1 unit 0?T%)T
G.7331. This seci$ies an accurac o$ 3 " 36 e)33. This c#oc( signa# must be distributed throughout the entire networ(. -
hi hi # t t i d $ thi
&< ync#roni8ation Met#od
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hierarchica# structure is used $or this. ?mroer snchroni/ation causes degradation in networ( $unction! and
even tota# $ai#ure resu#ts
The sstem c#oc( distribution
The sstem timing signa# generation
ync#ronous Timing Unit
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The sstem timing signa# generation
> c#oc( wor(ing mode
ync#ronous Timing Unit
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Z orma# erating mode
[ +o#dover mode
\ ,ree)run mode
orma#
ab
b
c
d
+o#dover ,ree)run
> c#oc( rotection con$iguration
ync#ronous Timing Unit
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*3 bte used $or c#oc( rotection switching
C#oc( setting
rimar, station: set e"terna# and bui#t)in
c#oc(Ss riorit
Seconar, station: set #ine tracing and
bui#t)in c#oc(Ss riorit
ContinueDD
-## ma=or! minor and critica# a#arms o$ the networ( and
abnorma# events are monitored round the c#oc( andana#/ed
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Per$ormance events o$ *D+ sstems i.e egenerator*ection Bac(ground B#oc( >rror 0*BB>1! Mu#ti#e"*ection Bac(ground B#oc( >rror 0M*BB>1! -dministrator
%nit ointer Qusti$ication Count +igh 0-%PQC+1 etc aremonitored and in$ormed according# *ervices modi$ications i.e cross connections are made
as er #ans issued b the +HSs egiona# o$$ice as erre<uirement
1@ ointtooint et#or"
3et"or5 Topologies
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TM TM
TM
-+ 'oint4to4multi 'oint 3et"or5
TM
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TM -DM -DM
TM TM
?+ring 3et"or5
ADM-1
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ADM-4
ADM-3
ADM-2
@+ Mes# 3et"or5
-DM
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-DM
-DM
-DM
-DM
+ Composite 3et"or5
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elf4#ealing 3et"or5
?t is a networ( which can automatica## resume
its #oaded services within a ver short time incase o$ $au#t.
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?ts termina# users do not notice an service
interrution.
elf4#ealing !asic 'rinciple
'hen the wor(ing route $ai#s or e"erience
rob#ems! services wi## be switched to the rotecting
route automatica## within a ver short time 086ms1.
d d i # $ #$ h #i
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edundanc routes are essentia# $or se#$)hea#ing
networ(s.
$orking !ath
!rotection !ath
C#ain 3et"or5 'rotection Types
F 3U3 Path Protection
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F 3U3 Mu#ti#e" *ection Protection
F 33 Mu#ti#e" *ection Protection
C#ain 3et"or5 /./ 'at# 'rotection
TR
S
TR
S
C C
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C C
Recei%e CneSen Toether
C#ain 3et"or5 /./ 'at# 'rotection
-t sending end! the *TM) signa# is sent
simu#taneous# over both segments o$ the
( d t t
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wor( and rotect.
-t receiving side! on# one 0wor( or rotect1
ath is se#ected based on <ua#it.
*end Together eceive ne
C#ain 3et"or5 /./ Multiple6 ection
'rotection
(*!
(*!
work routeC- C-
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( (
(t sending end, the ST% signal is sentsimultaneously over both segments of the workand protect.
(t receiving side, only one 1work or protect2 pathis selected based on Nuality.-end *ogether !eceiAe (ne
protect route
work or protect
C#ain 3et"or5 /B/ Multiple6 ection
'rotection
@D
Lor"
C-
@D
C-Lor"
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@D @D
rotection The :M: structure is the subset of the :M 1where:2 structure.
t has the capacity to work in the :K: structureand to interconnect with the :K: structure of theother end.
rotection
elf4#ealing 3et"or5s
?n Mu#ti#e"ing segment 33 rotection The
wor(ing a#oad is transmitted through the
wor(ing ath whi#e the rotection ath can be
d t t # d hi h i $ i $ i
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used to carr e"tra a#oad which is o$ in$erior
c#ass.
'hen the wor(ing ath $ai#s! the e"tra a#oad onthe rotection ath wi## be suerseded b the
wor(ing a#oad according to -P* rotoco#. Thus
the wor(ing a#oad is rotected.
%nder norma# circumstances! 33 becomes 9U6.
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123G 3ET O1: '1OTECT2O3
!asic 1ing 3et"or5 'rotection Types
9)$iber %nidirectiona# Path Protection ing
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9)$iber Bidirectiona# Mu#ti#e" *ection
Protection ing
:)$iber Bidirectiona# Mu#ti#e" *ection
Protection ing
-4fi7er Unidirectional 'at# 'rotection 1ing
AC
+
$,
CA
W1
P1
C( (C
+
$,
W1
P1
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• %t adopts 1G1 protection modeN the s#itching criteria is +*.+%-N O+- protocol is not needed<
• +t the source EN the paload is send to the #or"ing path andprotection path simultaneousl< *he destination E detect and comparethe coming signal from 'oth pathsN then determine to receiAe thepaload of 'etter )ualit<
C+ +C
$
C
,
W1
P1
$C
,
P1
W1
C+ +C
switching
4
1ing
9 $iber Two $ibers between a air o$ nodes
Bi)direction *ervice between two >s use the
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same section o$ the networ( and are transmitted
b reverse direction
Mu#ti#e"ing *ection Protection based on M*!rotect the a#oad art! use -P* rotoco# $or
rotection.
or5ing 'rinciple
S7 >!
S!>7A or$in #ath
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BD
or$in #athS7 4 S!O uner normalsituations ser%ice are
transmitte o%er -or$in#ath. The &irst hal& o& one&i/er is -or$in #ath.Ta$in STM67 as ane<am#le 76 A93 are
use &or -or$in #ath.
or5ing 'rinciple
S7 >!
rotectin ath
7 4 !O ser%icestransmit alon#rotection #ath a&ter
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S! >7A
BD
#rotection #ath a&ters-itch o%er. The lasthal& #art o& the &i/er is
use as #rotectin#ath. Ta$in STM67 ase<am#le 67 A93 areuse as #rotectin#ath.
or5ing 'rinciple
S7 >!
S! >7A
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BD
Relationshi#/et-een -or$in 4
#rotectin #athsThe #rotectin #ath o&one irection #rotectthe -or$in #ath o&the other irection
i.e 7 #rotects S7 4! #rotects S!.
or5ing 'rinciple
Fse S: R S7 to transmitservices.
Service (C is sent in S:
A T<
S7>!
S! >7A
A R<
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through path (%]#%]C
Service C( is sent in S7
through path C%]#%](
!: and !7 can be used tosend e=tra service now.
BD
A R<A T<
"itc#ing Conditions
-uto *witch Conditions
L* L, M* -?* *i # D d
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L*! L,! M*)-?*! *igna# Degrade
"itc#ing 'rocedure
Switch : f the +berbetween # and C is
broken, switching occursin # and C
A T<S7>!
A R<
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# nodeM service (C
crosses from S: to !:,and sent through (%]#%](%]*%]C
C nodeM service C(crosses from S7 to !7,and sent through C%]*%](%]#%](
S! >7A
BD
A R<A T<
Multiple6 ection #ared 'rotection 1ing
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ormal state in --!%<• +4 P 18 used for #or"ingchannels
• +4P 916 used forprotection O can 'e used forlo# priorit traUc<
•*ime slots can 'e reused
•.igh net#or"
capacit VWW-*
•-#itching time
25ms
1ing
-dvantages Time s#ots between two nodes can be reused!
thus increasing the transmission caacit. *tandb ath P3
and P9 can be used to transmit e"tra services o$ in$eriorc#ass.
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Disadvantages #onger switching time due to -P* rotoco#.
umbers o$ ma"imum nodes suorted b -P* is #imited to3;.
Transmission caacit 0(91 " *TM) 0(2no. o$ nodes1.
*rotection Type 2f 9nidirectional **ing
2f :idirectional S* ing @f :idirectional S* ing
4o. of 4odes + + +
/ine Speed STBN STBN STBN
Transmission ST N +"2GST N ;GST N
Comparison Of 'rotection
c#emes
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Transmission+apacity
STBN +"2 STBN ; STBN
*S *rotocol No Hes Hes
Switching Time I3ms 4B2ms 4B2ms
+ost 9ow e7ium %igh
System +omple>ity Simple <omplex <omplex
6ield of pplication elay Networ;s
(<entrali&e7 Ser#ices!
9ong /istance Networ;s
(/istribution Ser#ices!
9ong /istance Networ;s
(/istribution Ser#ices!
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& &M
F 'DM verview
F tica# ,iber Transmission
characteristics
Course Outline
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F Ke techno#ogies o$ D'DM
F Technica# *eci$ications
F D'DM etwor( Design
J/
!ac5ground
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S/
T/
/J/
8'*@2
'&<, &< and & &M
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6/%
S/%144 *22 2'48 18
8'@45 8'*@1
6
6
.T
.T
S/%
S/% .T
.T 6
6 0ther
0ther
1elations#ip 7et"een & &M
and Ot#er er(ices
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S/%S/%
/J/6hysical -iber
/J/6hysical -iber
0pen 0ptical nterface0pen 0ptical nterface
&M &efinition
λ
λ1 λ1
λNλ2λ1
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DM technolo, is a &i/er communication technolo, transmittin
multi#le o#tical carriers -ith in&ormation (analo or iital) on one&i/er.
λN
λ2
λN
λ2
M% D%
-
&M Classification
F C'DM Coarse 'ave#ength Division Mu#ti#e"ing
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F D'DM Dense 'ave#ength Division Mu#ti#e"ing
3. *stems with more than 7 active wave#engths er $ibre
are genera## considered Dense 'DM 0D'DM1
sstems9. ?T%)T G.;@:.3 ,re<uenc Grid in 9669 has made it
easier to integrate 'DM with o#der but more standard
& &M
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easier to integrate 'DM with o#der but more standard
*D+ sstems.
4. 'DM wave#engths are ositioned in a grid having
e"act# 366 G+/ 0about 6.7nm1 sacing in otica#$re<uenc! with a re$erence $re<uenc $i"ed at [email protected]
T+/ 03889.89nm1.
:. Todas D'DM sstems use 86 G+/ or even 98 G+/
channe# sacing $or u to 3;6 channe# oeration.
3. *stems with $ewer than eight active wave#engths are
c#assed as coarse 'DM 0C'DM1.
C &M
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9. ?T% has standardi/ed a 96 nanometer channe#
sacing grid $or use with C'DM! using the
wave#engths between 3436 nm and 3;36 nm.
& &M Concept
6ower (7)m!
wa#elength inter#al : ~ 2nm
/ense wa#elength 7i#ision multiplexing (/J/!
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142@ B 14*nm K(nm!
wa#elength inter#al : ' 2nm
0T10T1
0T10T1
+nput
<h 1
<h N
<h 1
<h N
,,11
02 1
02 1 AA LALA PAPA
0/ 1
0/ 1
,,11
0T10T1
0T10T1
+
,s,s ,s,s ,s,s ,s,s
0utput
0ptical Transmitter 09.
0ptical ecei#er
& &M system
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<h N <h N
,,nn
0Tn0Tn0Tn0Tn,,nn
0Tn0Tn0Tn0Tn,s,s ,s,s ,s,s ,s,s
0S<0S<
0S<0S< 0S<0S<
S
Common 3E in & &M ystem
Client side Line side
λ1
λn
λ1
λn
Line sideLine side
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λn
OTM
Line sideLine side
OLA
Client side
Z3 Zn Z3 Zn
OADM
@TM @ptical Terminal ultiple=er
@D(M @ptical Dine (mpli+er
@(*M @ptical (dd8*rop ultiple=er
Operation a(elengt# 1ange
4
1'
1'4
2'
2'4
3'
9oss (7)";m!
L1$T%&
L4T%&
0%B absorption pea;
0%B absorption pea;
0%B absorption pea;
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O and Or$&$na# 12.*-1".* nm
and xtended 1".*-14.* nm
S and S0ort 14.*-1"* nm
C and Conent$ona# 1"*-1. nm
L and Lon& 1.-1.2 nm
U and U#tra#on& 1.2-1.' nm
'4
1 12 1$ 1*
Ja#elength (nm!
0 =S < 9
Wa(elengt# $llocation of @AG<0/AAG<8 2nter(al
C !and'o. entral 1re0uenc, (THz) a%elenth (nm)
7 7!.7 7;5.7
! 7!.! 7;;.8
2 7!.2 7;;.
3 7!.3 7;;.78
; 7!.; 7;;8.2
7!. 7;;.;;
8 7!.8 7;;;.8;
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7!. 7;;3.3
7!. 7;;3.72
75 72.5 7;;2.22
77 72.7 7;;!.;!
7! 72.! 7;;7.8!
72 72.2 7;;5.!
73 72.3 7;;5.7!
7; 72.; 7;3.2!
7 72. 7;3.;7
78 72.8 7;38.8!
7 72. 7;3.!
7 72. 7;3.7!
!5 73.5 7;3;.2!
Continue
!7 73.7 7;33.;2
!! 73.! 7;32.82
!2 73.2 7;3!.3
!3 73.3 7;3!.73
!; 73.; 7;37.2;
! 73. 7;35.;
!8 73.8 7;2.88
! 73. 7;2.
! 73. 7;2.7
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25 7;.5 7;28.35
27 7;.7 7;2.7
2! 7;.! 7;2;.!
22 7;.2 7;2;.53
23 7;.3 7;23.!;
2; 7;.; 7;22.38
2 7;. 7;2!.
28 7;.8 7;27.5
2 7;. 7;27.7!
2 7;. 7;25.22
35 7.5 7;!.;;
F G.;89 Characteristics o$ a sing#e)mode otica# $iber cab#e
F G.;88 Characteristics o$ a disersion)shi$ted *M,
F G.;;3G.;;9G.;;4 e#evant recommendation o$ -
F G.;A3 Characteristics o$ assive otica# comonents
F G.@8A tica# inter$aces re#ating to *D+ sstem
&M related 2TU 1ecommendations
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G.@8A tica# inter$aces re#ating to *D+ sstem
F G.;@3 tica# inter$aces $or sing#e channe# *TM);:!
*TM)98; sstems and other *D+ sstems with -
F G.;@9 tica# inter$aces $or mu#ti)channe# sstems with -
F M.4366 Generic networ( in$ormation modu#e
F G.otn Characteristics o$ tica# transmission networ(
G.B57 on%*ispersion Shifted Single ode &iber
G.B54 *ispersion Shifted &iber Single ode&iber *S&
Types of fi7ers = 2TU 1ecommendations
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&iber, *S&
G.B5> Cut%o- $avelength Shifted Singleode &iber
G.B55 on"ero *ispersion Shifted Single ode &iber
T
TR
R
λ1
Transmitter ecei#er lectrical egenerator
T/: lectrical egenerator for
Single Ja#elength
&ifference 7et"een & &M and &<
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lectrical ultiplex lectrical /emultiplexer
λN
λ2
λ1
λN
λ2
λ1
λNλ2λ1
0ptical ultiplexer 0ptical /emultiplexer
0.
/J/: ultiBwa#elength on Single
-iber, for 0ptical .mplification
& &M Features
Large transarent transmission caacit great# saves $iber resources.
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ach wa#elength can carry 7ifferent signal: S/% 2'48bps, 1 8bps,
.T, 6'
/J/ technology pro#i7es multiple #irtual fiber channels in one
physical fiber channel'
& &M Features
S/%
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/J/
lectrical egenerator
9ight .mplifier
Through superBlong 7istance transmission technologies, the transmission cost is
re7uce7'
& &M Features
32G18
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G2'48
32G2'48
1*G2'48
0Tλ3
λ9
λ
λ3
λ9
λ
& &M &e(elopment Trend
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0./
0?<XC
λi
λi
λ(
λ(
-ull optical networ; is the 7e#elopment tren7 of optical transport networ;'
F 'DM verview
F tica# ,iber Transmission characteristics
F Ke techno#ogies o$ D'DM
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F Ke techno#ogies o$ D'DM
F Technica# *eci$ications
F D'DM etwor( Design
tructure of Optical Fi7er
Coating Cladding Core
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n2 n1
tica# $iber consists o$ a c#indrica# g#ass core! a g#ass c#adding and
a #astic wear)resisting coating.
Transport C#aracteristics Of
Optical Fi7ers
-ttenuation 0Loss1
Disersion
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Disersion
on)#inear >$$ect
$ttenuation
?t is the reduction o$ signa# strength or #ight
ower over the #ength o$ the #ight)carring
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medium
,iber attenuation is measured in decibe#s
er (i#ometer 0dB(m1
$ttenuation
-bsorbenc -ttenuation
?ntrinsic -bsorbenc -ttenuation ?murit -bsorbenc -ttenuation
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*cattering -ttenuation
-dditiona# attenuation
&i(ision of Lo"4loss "indo"
2'
2'4
3'
9oss (7)";m!
L1$T%&
L4T%&
0%B absorption pea; 0%B absorption pea;
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'4
1'
1'4
1 12 1$ 1*Ja#elength (nm!
0%B absorption pea;
0 =S < 9
::: : : : :CC
Feature Comparison 7et"een Lo"4Loss
indo"s
'indow ? ?? ??? ?
Mar( 0nm1 786
3436 0
band1 3886 0C band1 3;66 0L band1
34;6 E 3846 0>
U * bands1
'ave#ength
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'ave#engthrange0nm1
;66E@66 39;6E34;6 3846E38;8 38;8E3;98 34;6E3846
,iber te MM,MM,G.;89
G.;84G.;89G.;84
G.;88G.;89G.;84
G.;88,u##)wave $iber
-#ications
*hortdistanceand #ow
rate
*hortdistanceand #ow
rate
Long distance and high rate
&ispersion
t$me
%o)erSM5
t$me
%o)er
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3n%ut o%t$a# %u#se Out%ut o%t$a# %u#se
.s the optical pulse signals are transmitte7 for long 7istance,
the pulse wa#e shape sprea7s by time at the fiber output en7,
this phenomenon is calle7 7ispersion'
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
InputTime
2nfluence of &ispersion
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1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Output
Time
∆τ(ps! = / (ps" nmG;m! G S (nm! G 9 (;m!
&ispersion Types
7. hromatic Dis#ersion
! olarization Moe Dis#ersion
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!. olarization Moe Dis#ersion
T
C#romatic &ispersion
tica# signa#s o$ di$$erent wave#ength have
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tica# signa#s o$ di$$erent wave#ength havedi$$erent seeds in the otica# $iber! and this wi##
cause a henomena ca##ed disersion.
Chromatic disersion is the resu#t o$ materia#disersion! waveguide disersion.
2nfluences of C#romatic &ispersion
31 Pu#se sreading
- ma=or in$#uence o$ chromatic disersion to sstem
er$ormance. 'hen transmission distance is #onger than$iber disersion #ength! u#se sreading is too #arge. -t this
time! the sstem wi## have serious inter)smbo#
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inter$erence and bit errors.
91 Chir e$$ect Disersion not on# resu#ts in u#se sreading but a#so
ma(es u#se generate hase modu#ation. *uch hase
modu#ation ma(es di$$erent arts o$ the u#se ma(e
di$$erent o$$set $rom the centra# $re<uenc with di$$erent$re<uencies.
C#irp
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T
Chirs can arise e.g. during roagation in amedium due to the e$$ects o$ disersion andnon#inearities.
?n #aser diodes! the shi$t o$ the #aserSs center
wave#ength during sing#e u#se durations.
&ispersion Tolerance
Parameter o$ disersion to#erance $or #aser source0Ds1
Disersion arameter $or otica# $iber 0D1
Longest transmission distance DsD
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>"am#e
?$ Ds 2 39766 snm! *M, 6 G.;89 7 disersion is D 2 96 s(mnm 8 and then the
#ongest transmission distance o$ this otica#source is ;:6(m.
Po#ari/ation is a roert o$ transverse waves whichdescribes the orientation o$ the osci##ations in the#ane erendicu#ar to the waves direction o$ trave#.
Longitudina# waves such as sound waves in #i<uidsand gases do not e"hibit o#ari/ation! because $orthese waves the direction o$ osci##ation is a#ong the
'olari8ation
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these waves the direction o$ osci##ation is a#ong thedirection o$ waves trave#.
The term o#ari/ation thus describes the ossib#eorientations o$ the osci##ator rocess in the #aneerendicu#ar to the transverse waves ath.
,or tica# *igna#s! o#ari/ation is the orientation o$
>#ectric ,ie#d in >#ectromagnetic tica# *igna#.
'olari8ation Mode &ispersion in
Fi7ers
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Detector
ower
*igna# resonse
• !olari"ation mode
dispersion 6 !* 7
• !olari"ation mode dispersion
coeVcient 9 ps8km:87
δτ *!* = 1D2:87
*!* !olari"ation ode *ispersion !arameter1ormally, for optical +bers *!* 3.35 to 3.:
ps8km:872
'olari8ation Mode &ispersion 2n Fi7ers
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ps8km 2D Dength of &iber
3onlinear Effects
3. *timu#ated Bri##ouin *cattering 0*B*1
9. *timu#ated aman *cattering 0**1
4. ,our 'ave Mi"ing 0,'M1:. *e#$)hase Modu#ation 0*PM1
8 Cross)hase Modu#ation 0XPM1
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8. Cross)hase Modu#ation 0XPM1
ingle '#ase Modulation *'M+
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/ue to 7epen7ency relationship between refracti#e in7ex an7 light intensity,refracti#e in7ex changes 7uring optical pulse continuance, with pulse pea;
phase 7elaye7 for both front an7 rear e7ges' Jith more transmission 7istance,
phase shift is accumulate7 continuously an7 represents large phase mo7ulation
upon certain 7istance' .s a result, spectrum sprea7ing results in pulse
sprea7ing, which is calle7 S6 '
Cross '#ase Modulation *;'M+
'hen two or more otica# waves with di$$erent
$re<uencies are simu#taneous# transmitted in a non)#inear
media! the am#itude modu#ation o$ each $re<uenc wave
wi## resu#t in the corresonding change o$ the $iber
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re$ractive inde"! resu#ting in non)#inear hase modu#ation
o$ the otica# wave with other $re<uencies! which is ca##ed
XPM.
timulated 1aman cattering *1+
6 6
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** a$$ect resu#ts in attenuation o$ signa#s with
short wave#ength and rein$orcement o$ signa#s with
#ong wave#ength.
3
n%ut
Out
%ut
λλ
Four a(e Mi6ing *F M+
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,'M re$ers to a hsica# rocess o$ energ e"changebetween mu#ti#e otica# carriers caused b the non)
#inear e$$ect o$ $iber! when mu#ti#e $re<uencies o$otica# carriers with high ower are simu#taneous#transmitted in the $iber.
,'M resu#ts in otica# signa# energ attenuation in
mu#ti#e"ing channe#s and channe# crossta#(.
Common Types of MF
G.;89 Disersion non)shi$ted $iber! has anomina# /ero)disersion wave#ength in the 3436and 3886 nm window.
G.;84 Disersion)shi$ted $iber! /erodisersion at 3886 nm window! eas to cause,'M
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,'M.
G.;88 on)/ero disersion $iber! used in
3886 nm window. Less disersion coe$$icient!disersion #imited transmission distance can behundreds o$ (m[ revent ,'M
/-.)an7wi7th
i o n ( d : $ ? m
!
'$
'
1'
1
2
( p s $ n m C ? m !
.ttenuation
S-
/S-
8'*42
8'*43
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1'2 1'3 1'$ 1'4 1'* 1'5
8avelength (nm!
t t e n u a t i
'1
'2
B2
B1 1 i s p e r s i o n (
NE/-M
NE/-B8'*44M
8'*44B
F 'DM verview
F tica# ,iber Transmission characteristics
F Ke techno#ogies o$ D'DM
Technica# *eci$ications
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F Technica# *eci$ications
F D'DM etwor( Design
0T10T1
0T10T1
+nput
<h 1
<h N
<h 1
<h N
,,11
,,nn
0Tn0Tn
0Tn0Tn
02 1
02 1 AA LALA PAPA
0/ 1
0/ 1
,,11
,,nn
0T10T1
0T10T1
+
0Tn0Tn
0Tn0Tn
,,ss
,,ss
,,ss
,,ss
0utput
0ptical Transmitter 09. 0ptical ecei#er
&W&M system
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0S<0S<
0S<0S< 0S<0S<
S
tica# source
tica# Muti#e"er -nd Demu#ti#e"er
tica# -m#i$iers
:ey tec#nologies of &W&M
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tica# -m#i$iers
The *uervision $ 'DM *stem
:ey tec#nologies of &W&M
Re.uirements o O$ti!al Sour!e
1' 9arger 7ispersion tolerance #alue
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2' Stan7ar7 an7 stable wa#elength'
Type of Optical ources
Laser Device 0LD1
Light)>mitting Diode 0L>D1
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Types of Modulation
3. Direct Modu#ation
9. ?ndirect Modu#ation
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&irect modulation
Electrical current Optical signal
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utut #aser is contro##ed b inut
current
Transmission rate\9.8Gbs
Transmission distance\366(m
( e
a # # l i e
HD EA
Electrical4a7sorption *E$+
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*uort #ong hau# transmission 09.8Gbs ];66(m1 Less chir
+igh Disersion to#erance09.8Gbs A966E39766snm1
+igh re#iabi#it
J
o l t a (
HD
4 4
7
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Long disersion #imited distance +igh cost
eg#igib#e chir
+igh disersion to#erance
T,#es DirectMoulator
EA Moulator M6Z Moulator
Ma".disersion to#eration
0snm1
3966E:666 A966E39766 ]39766
Comparison of Modulation
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Cost moderate e"ensive er e"ensive
'ave#ength *tabi#it good better best
Optical Muliple6er and &emultiple6er
ultiplexer /emultiplexer
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-iber
Optical $mplifier
?ts deve#oment overcame the biggest barrier on
high seed #ong distance transmission )
receiving otica# ower #imit
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?t am#i$ies a## the wave#ength at once and
without otica#)e#ectrica#)otica# conversion
Classifications of Optical $mplifier
Semicon7uctor 0.
esonance Type
6rogressi#e Ja#e Type
144 nm fiber amplifier (/-.!
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-iber amplifier
9anthanon /ope7 -.
NonBlinear -.
131 nm fiber amplifier (6/-.!aman -. (S.!
)rillouin -. (S).!
Er7ium &oped Fi7er $mplifier *E&F$+
^:
^7
• • @#(
^:
^7
^
• •
@D( @!(@D(
0
0
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>D,- inc#udes tica# Booster -m#i$ier 0B-1 ) high otica# outut ower tica# Line -m#i$ier 0L-1 ) comensate the #oss o$ the transmission #ine tica# Pre -m#i$ier 0P-1 ) #ow noise
^n •
^n •
:ey 'erformance 2ndices
Gain 0G1
The ratio between outut otica# signa# ower andinut otica# signa# ower.
oise ,igure 0,1The ratio between * at >D,- inut end and* at outut end.
B d idth
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Bandwidth
The wor(ing wave#ength range o$ D'DM sstemcovers C and L bands. The otica# am#i$ier needsto am#i$ a## the mu#ti#e"ing channe# signa#s o$the sstem! so its bandwidth shou#d be wideenough.
:ey 'erformance 2ndices *contd+
Gain $#atness
The a##owed $#uctuation o$ >D,- gain within the
seci$ied wor(ing band range. ,or the sa(e o$sound $#atness! a#uminum doed techno#og isusua## used in the >D,.
Tota# inutoutut ower range
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Tota# inutoutut ower range
The otica# ower range at the inutoutut endo$ the >D,- .
?nutoutut otica# re$#ectance
The ratio between otica# ower at the >D,-inutoutut end and re$#ection otica# ower.
OTM Optical Terminal Multiple6er
Transmitter EndMultiplex STM-N signals to M wavelengthsλ1 to
λMAmplify Optical powerAdd Optical Supervisory Channelλs(generally1510 )
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1510 nm)
Receiver EndExtract and process OSCAmplify Optical channels and Demultiplex intoM STM-N signals
OL$ Optical Line $mplifier
F Extract and process OSC
F Amplify the main Optical channel
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F Multiplex OSC back to the Optical channel
O$&M Optical $dd &rop Multiple6er
Static/Fixed OADM
–Can be implemented via a single board/unit
–Board/Unit capable of wavelength conversion–Capable of adding/dropping 1~8 wavelengths
Back to back OTM
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–More flexible compared to fixed OADM
–Can Add/Drop all M wavelengths at certain node
1EG Electrical 1egeneration Unit
No capability to Add/Drop service
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Used to elongate Dispersion limited distance
& &M 3ET O1: ELEME3T
?n terms o$ usage! D'DM e<uiment is
genera## c#assi$ied into $our testica# Termina# Mu#ti#e"er 0TM1.
tica# -dd Dro Mu#ti#e"er 0-DM1
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tica# -dd Dro Mu#ti#e"er 0-DM1
tica# Line -m#i$ier 0L-1>#ectrica# egenerator
& &M 3et"or5 &esign
Point-to-point Network
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Chain Network
Ring Network
3G&< % ET<E13ET
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3G&< % ET<E13ET
#at e ill Co(er
eme0LC-*1
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3G4&< = T#e !ac5ground
TodaSs te#ecommunications services are based
on a diverse combination o$ techno#ogies such
as >thernet! PD+! ?P! *-! etc
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Et#ernet
>thernet is the revai#ing techno#og $or L-
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CA AREA 'ETCR+
Et#ernet in Metro 3et"or5s
ow it is a#so being considered as a good
techno#og $or access and metro networ(s
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Metro
E
*.
E
!
E
* ET6E'ET
#y "orry a7out Et#ernetH
Ethernet the stanar technolo, &or l$cal
area net$r;s (A's) is: – Chea
– >as to use
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– -#was evo#ving toward higher rates
Et#ernet in Metro 3et"or5s
-,.
-,.
-,.
-,.
E*!( E*L(!I
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-,.
-,.-,.
-,.
-,.-,.
!ing1
-,.
!ing2
3G4&< = T#e !ac5ground
Carriers are #oo(ing at *D+ $or routing high vo#umes
o$ >thernet tra$$ic to get #ong hau# transort
Metro Metro
6ong .aul
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Metro
+
3G&<4 Et#ernet O(er &<
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Connectionless &ata Transport = $ 1eal
C#allenge
- number o$ architectures have been deve#oed$or connection#ess data transort 0Po*! -TM!
etc1
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These are #imited b cost! com#e"it or oore$$icienc
Connectionless &ata Transport
onnectionless ata trans#ort re0uires lon6
hauls net-or$s: – To encasu#ate data ac(ets
– The need to use bandwidth accurate#
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#y &< 2n Long4<aul 3et"or5sH
SDH>SC'ET net-or$s o&&er &eatures &or lon6
haul trans#ort that inclue: – esi#ienc
– e#iabi#it
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–*ca#abi#it
– Bui#t)in rotection
– Management
Trou7le "it# &<
The tra$$ic te is changing
Cha##engeR +ow to use bandwidth e$$icient# $orboth voice and data tra$$ic
Lac( o$ $ine granu#arit to accommodate a##
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g
otentia# c#ientsS stream rates
Trou7le "it# &<
The data ac(et transort 0>thernet! ?P! DB1 is
a cha##enge $or *D+
This is because the are connectionless! usest"tistic"l multiple#in* ! and can be $est-e%%ort
tec'nolo*ies
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This is the oosite o$ *D+ which is predict"$le
and based on time di+ision multiple#in* 0TDM1
3G &< = &ri(ers
The ri%e to SDH 'e<t eneration
e%elo#ment -as:
The desire to $ind one sim#e encasu#ation
method that was caab#e o$ accommodating
an data ac(et rotoco#s
*econd# the need to use bandwidth
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*econd#! the need to use bandwidth
accurate#Solution P A ne- ada'tati$n 'r$t$c$l la,er
is re0uire an a ne- %a''ing %ec)anis%
&or controllin /an-ith use
3e6t Generation &<
e"t)generation *D+ is the evo#ution and
enhancement o$ e"isting *D+ networ(s
?t imroves networ( e$$icienc and broadband
service otentia#
*D+ t G ti b# t ti d t
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*D+ e"t Generation enab#es transorting data
e$$icient#! without needing to re#ace theinsta##ed e<uiment base
3e6t Generation &<
The on# change needed to udate the networ(
is to re#ace the edge nodesThe networ( is then read to transort >thernet!PPP! DB or *- $rames
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3e6t Generation &<
Ho- ' SDH resol%e the #ro/lem
om#onents o& ' SDH:
– Generic ,raming Protoco# 0G,P1
– irtua# Concatenation 0C-T1
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– Lin( Caacit -d=ustment *cheme 0LC-*1
3e6t Generation &<
These $unctions are im#emented on the new
M**P nodes which are #ocated at the edges o$
the networ( The interact with the c#ient data ac(ets that
are aggregated over the *D+*>T bac(#ane
that contin es nchanged
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that continues unchanged
T'is me"ns t'"t t'e MSSPs represent t'e S,Ne#t ener"tion em$edded in t'e le*"c& S,
net!or/
3e6t Generation &<
The architectures are increasing# demanding
#ong hau# transort that toda can on# be
rovided b *D+D'DM having a massive
insta##ed base! deve#oed over recent decades
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3G4&< Features
G *D+ enab#es oerators to rovide more datatransort services whi#e increasing the e$$icienco$ insta##ed *D+ base
The techno#og is im#emented in the edgenodes on#! no need to insta## an over#a networ(
i ti ## th d
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or migrating a## the nodes
This reduces the cost er bit de#ivered! and wi##attract new customers whi#e (eeing #egacservices
3G &< 3odes
orTDMswitching
c tions
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3G &< 3odes
Multiser%ice Trans#ort 'oe (MST')
– -n M*PP with $eature)rich ac(et switchingMultiser%ice Access 'oe (MSA')
– -n M*PP designed $or customer access! #arge# via
i i Di it # * b ib Li 0D*L1
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coer airs carring Digita#)*ubscriber Line 0D*L1
services
GE3E12C F1$M23G '1OTOCOL
De$ined in ?T%)T G.A6:3
?ts a mechanism $or maing constant andvariab#e bit rate data over a transort networ(#i(e snchronous *D+ $rames
G,P suort man tes o$ rotoco#s inc#udingthose used in #oca# area networ( 0L-1 and
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0 1storage area networ( 0*-1
GE3E12C F1$M23G '1OTOCOL
?n an case G,P adds a ver #ow overhead toincrease the e$$icienc o$ the otica# #aer
The c#ient signa#s can be rotoco# data unit0PD%1 oriented 0#i(e ?PPPP or >thernet Media
-ccess Contro#1 or can be b#oc()code oriented0#i(e $iber channe#1
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GF'4F Modes
urrentl, t-o moes o& client sinal aa#tation aree&ine &or 1:
1rame6Ma##e 1 (161)
– ?ts a #aer 9 encasu#ation PD%)oriented adatation mode – G,P), entirel& m"ps one complete client %r"me into " sin*le FP
%r"me – ?d#e ac(ets are not transmitted resu#ting in more e$$icient
transort
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– G,P), is used where the c#ient signa# is $ramed or ac(eti/ed b
the c#ient rotoco# e.g.! >thernet! PPP?P and +DLC)#i(e rotoco#s – To er$orm the encasu#ation rocess it is necessar to receive
the com#ete c#ient ac(et! but this rocedure increases the#atenc
– *eci$ic mechanisms are re<uired to transort each te o$rotoco#
GF'4F Client &ata Mapping
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GF'4T
Trans#arent 1 (16T) – ?ts a #aer 3 encasu#ation or b#oc()code oriented adatation
mode – Transarent G,P 0G,P)T1 is a rotoco#)indeendent
encasu#ation method in which a## c#ient code words aredecoded and maed into G,P $rames
Th $ t itt d i di t # ith t iti $ th
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– The $rames are transmitted immediate# without waiting $or the
entire c#ient data ac(et to be received – ?t is used to adat b#oc()oriented c#ient data 0Gigabit >thernet!
,iber Channe# and Digita# ideo Broadcast 0DB11
– G,P)T can adat mu#ti#e rotoco#s as #ong as the are basedon 7B36B #ine coding
– This #ine codes are transcoded to ;:B;8B and thenencasu#ated into $i"ed si/e G,P)T $rames
Encapsulation mec#anism and t#e transport of t#e GF' frames into )C
containers
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GF' Frame Formats $nd 'rotocols
ore Heaer
a,loa Heaer
E<tension Heaer
P L ?
c+>C 0CC)3;1
> X ?
PT? P,? >X? Te
% P ?
t+>C 0CC)3;1
%M !*F Dength ndicator
c.ECM core 6EC protection
*%M !ayload Type denti+er&%M !ayload &CS ndicator
E% *peM E=tension 6eaderdenti+er
%M Fser !ayload denti+er
t.ECM Type 6EC protection
E%M E=tension 6eader
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(o#tional)
a,loa
hec$sum(o#tional
e+>C 0CC)3;1
Pa#oad
,C* 0CC)491
E%M E=tension 6eaderdenti+ere.ECM E=tension 6ECprotection
aloadM Space for framed!*F
p&C-M !ayload &CS
GF'4F and GF'4T Comparison
B,te 161 16T
Protoco# Transarenc Low +igh
>$$icienc +igh LowDe#a)sensitive rotoco#s o Yes
>ncasu#ation Protoco# Leve# Laer 9 Laer 3
timi/ed $or >thernet *- DB
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timi/ed $or >thernet *-! DB
*tatistica# mu#ti#e"ing o$severa# c#ient signa#s
Yes o
*- transort o Yes
>thernet transort timum Possib#e
Concatenation
Concatenation is the rocess o$ summing the bandwidth
o$ OX containers into a #arger container
?t is we## indicated $or the transort o$ big a#oads
re<uiring a container greater than C):!
But it is a#so ossib#e to concatenate #ow)caacit
containers! such as C)33 or C)39
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There are two concatenation methods – Contiguous concatenation
– irtua# concatenation
Contiguous Concatenation
?t creates big containers that cannot s#it into
sma##er ieces during transmission
,or this! each > must have a concatenation
$unctiona#it
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ContiguousConcatenatio
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n
)irtual concatenation
?t transorts the individua# Cs and aggregates
them at the end oint o$ the transmission ath
,or this! concatenation $unctiona#it is on#
needed at the ath termination e<uiment
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)irtual
Concatenation
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)irtual Concatenation
C<.T
No <oncatenation
2<5 'ps (C48/-*16 lo#
eUcienc
ig Ethernet=1<0/1<2 'ps@
1050 'ps
,ata
150 'ps
*,(C3/-*1=155 'ps@
155 'ps -*1high eUcienc
E-C(
=160/200 'ps@
196 'ps
-+
622 'ps (C23/-*4 lo#
eUcienc
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C<.T
2<5 'ps (C48/-*16pac"ed at
nearl 88XeUcienc
ig Ethernet=1<0/1<2 'ps@
-*-3c7A/BC47A=1050 'ps@
,ata
E-C(=160/200 'ps@
-*-14A/BC34A=196 'ps@
-+
-*-3/-*1=150 'ps@
*,
(C3/-*1
=155 'ps@
Contiguous and )irtual Concatenation
Comparison
Contiguous concatenation is #ess bandwidth)
e$$icient than virtua# concatenation
irtua# concatenation 0C-T1 is a so#ution that
a##ows granu#ar increments o$ bandwidth in
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a##ows granu#ar increments o$ bandwidth in
sing#e C)n units
Contiguous and )irtual Concatenation
Comparison
Ser%ice Bit Rate ontiuousoncatenation
Jirtualoncatenation
Ethernet 36 Mbs C)4 096^1 C)33)Av 07@^1
1ast Ethernet 366 Mbs C): 0;A^1 C)4)9v 0@@^1
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ia/it Ethernet 3666 Mbs C):)3;c0:9^1 C):)Av 0@8^1
1i/er hannel 3A66 Mbs C):)3;c0:9^1 C):)39v 0@6^1
Lin5 Capacity $dIustment c#eme
?t is standardi/ed b the ?T%)T as G.A6:9
LC-* is a signa#ing rotoco# $or si/ing virtua##
concatenated aths 'ith LC-*! CG can be resi/ed at an time
without disturbing networ( tra$$ic
LC-* can add and remove members o$ a CG
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LC-* can add and remove members o$ a CG
to match the variab#e bit rate atterns and the
burst nature o$ most data networ(s
Lin5 Capacity $dIustment c#eme
LC-* signa#ing messages are e"changed to
change the number o$ C between the source
and the destination o$ the ath The number o$ C can be increased or
decreased without an $rames #ost there$ore
increasing or decreasing the caacit o$ the CG
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increasing or decreasing the caacit o$ the CG
#in(
Transmission Of Frames
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Et#ernet
?>>> 769.4
>thernet is the most widesread #aer 9
$rame based comuter networ(ing techno#og
$or L-Ss.
>thernet transort services can run over
a#most an in$rastructure #i(e *D+!'DM!
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wire#ess and even coer $aci#ities.
Et#ernet $nd Transport 1ate
Con(ergence
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Et#ernet4lo" 'rice
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Et#ernet
B,tes:7! (min.) 8 7 ! 3 67;55 3
I ream/le S1D DA SA >T Data 1S
inimal 64
?PG ?nter)Pac(et Ga
Preamb#e - A)octet $ie#d used $or snchroni/ation
•Carrier -ense ultiple +ccessMDisten for traVc and send only when
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inimal 64Preamb#e - A octet $ie#d! used $or snchroni/ation
*,D *tart o$ the $rame.
D- Destination M-C address
*- *ource M-C address
LT Lengthte $ie#d
Data M-C c#ient data
,C* ,rame chec( se<uence
Disten for traVc and send only when
there is no traVc
•Collision ,etection: if your signalcollides with another when youtransmit, then stop, wait a randomamount of time, and transmit if the lineis still free
Et#ernet Features
>thernet #aer 9 switching $unction
Mu#ticast and broadcast ac(et caabi#it
*anning tree rotoco# 0*TP1 ?>>> 769.3D -uto negotiation
The highest seed avai#ab#e to both nodes is
chosen
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chosen.
,u## du#e" wi## be used! i$ ossib#e.
Et#ernet Limitations
•oops
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Et#ernet Limitations
Long restoration time in case o$ $ai#ure 0tens o$
seconds1
Lac( o$ $airness
?nabi#it to transort TDM)based services over
it.
Lac( o$ -M o overhead caabi#ities to
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monitor in)service B> and L* Limited sca#abi#it ?nsu$$icient number o$
L- tags_ :6@;`
olutionH
G *D+ is not e$$icient $or ac(t services
>thernet based architecture does not rovide
carrier c#ass so#ution
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1'1
-cala'ilit• Services and #andwidth• &rom bps to =:3Gbps
rotection• 53ms !rotection• End to End !ath !rotection• (ggregated Dine R ode
!rotectiono-• Guaranteed end to end
SD(• End to End C' and E'• #usiness, obile,
'esidential
!!
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*, -upport• Seamless integration of T*• Support e=isting voice applicatio
-erAiceanagement• &ast service creation• Carrier class @( capabilities
• Customer etwork anagement 1C2
GLO$1J
D9 – ?n$ormation that is de#ivered as a unit among eer entities o$ a networ( and that ma contain contro# in$ormation! address
in$ormation! or data.
– PD%s are re#evant in re#ation to one o$ the $irst : #aers o$ the *? mode# as $o##ows
The Laer 3 PD% is the bit
The Laer 9 PD% is the $rame
The Laer 4 PD% is the ac(et
The Laer : PD% is the segment 0e.g. TCP segment1
tHE – +>C is +eader >rror Contro#Chec(
– t+>C contains error contro# code to rotect the contents o$ the te $ie#d
1S
– ,rame Chec( *e<uence
– ,C* is a CC to rotect the contents o$ G,P Pa#oad
oS
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– Pac(et ver *D+[ a rotoco# $or transorting ac(eti/ed data in the $orm o$ oint)to)oint 0PPP1 over *D+
ESC'
– >nterrise *stems Connections[ a data connection $or main$rame to erihera# communication
DJB
– Digita# ideo Broadcasting a suite o$ standards $or digita# te#evision
SA'
– *torage -rea etwor(s[ an architecture to attach remote comuter storage devices 0Dis( arras! tae #ibraries1 to servers
STS
– *nchronous Transort *igna#[ *>T data rate 0*T*)3! *T*)4 etc1
1E2L2E3T '$C:ET 123G
*1'1+
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460PTCL Training Center Karachi>B3
Today…• Broadcast multichannel video (analog or digital)
• Fast Internet
• Telephony
… and coming
• (More) Fast Internet
• Increasing demand for bandwidth due to evolution of web based
applications
Today er(ice &emands
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applications
• !"
• Films on demand# $ubscription !"…
• %ill be the ma&or forward bandwidth driver of the coming years
• Business services
• 'igher speedsgreater bandwidth $*s
Legacy !ac57one Tec#nologies
/egacy
service
/egacy
equirements
Technology
today3volution
Fultiple>ing
F*lesiochronous to
synchronous hierarchy
Feliability
F/ow delayF6i>ed :8 S'
Telephony
Fedium sharing
F:est effort
FSpeed
FSpeed increase
Figration from /4
into 4
5*$3thernet
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Speed into 4
ata
Figration from
nalog to digital in
bac?bone
F'igh :8
F4o switching
(:roadcast!
igital video
transport
Video
'resent Transmission Tec#nologies in
M$3
*>T*D+ 0 circuit)switched 1
>thernet 0 ac(et)switched 1
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&< 0 O3ET
ADJA'TAES:
– Point)to)oint circuits among ring nodes
– Provide guaranteed bandwidth
– Provide $ast recover time $rom $au#ts sma##er than
86ms
DISADJA'TAES:
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DISADJA'TAES:
– ,i"ed circuits 0 circuit)based1
– Bandwidth ine$$icienc
– n# one node can transmit at a time
:;:
3G4&<
ADJA'TAES:
– ?nter$aces $or mu#ti#e ac(et techno#ogies 0PPP! >thernet! *-1
– More >$$ective# bandwidth uti#i/ation through C & LC-*
– e<uires changes on# at edge nodes
DISADJA'TAES:
– timi/ed $or oice! not $or Data
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– Com#icated service rovisioning. 0Creating an end)to)end circuit ta(es man stes1
– >ther rates do not match *D+
– Bandwidth ine$$icienc
:;8
Et#ernet
-D-T-G>*
– Low cost
– >ase o$ manageabi#it
– *im#e integration with e"isting e<uiment
– Pac(et based
– -uto negotiation
D?*-D-T-G>*
– Lac(s a distributed $airness a#gorithm which can resu#t in
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undesirab#e distributions o$ bandwidth among nodes – 'hen a #in( or node $ai#s! an >thernet ring re<uires
recomutation o$ the sanning tree 0*TP1! o se#$ hea#ing
– 'ea( er Poor &M
– Limited *ca#abi#it
:;;
SDH > SC'ET %ie-e to ha%e #ro/lems -ith – ><uiment e"ense
– erationa# di$$icu#t
– Provisioning #ag time
– >$$icienc
Ethernet %ie-e to ha%e #ro/lems -ith*ervice Leve# -greement 0*L-1
W#y need 1'1H
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– *ervice Leve# -greement 0*L-1
– esi#ienc
– ,airness
Both
– Limitations in hsica# #aers
1'1 (s O3ET0&< % Et#ernet
*imi#ar to *>T*D+ rings! P rovides $ast
recover $rom sing#e #in( or node $ai#ure within 86
ms & carries #egac TDM tra$$ic with high)#eve#
Ho*
*imi#ar to >thernet! P e"hibits imroved
bandwidth uti#i/ation due to statistica# mu#ti#e"ing
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%n#i(e *>T*D+ rings! P uti#i/es $u## ringbandwidth under norma# 0$ai#ure)$ree1 oeration
%n#i(e >thernet! P rovides $airness
>BA
1esilient 'ac5et 1ing *1'1+
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#at is t#e olution
Protection 086ms! end to end ath rotection1
*ca#abi#it 0di$$erent *ervices & Bandwidth1
*ervice Management 0,ast service creation!-M1
Hua#it o$ *ervice 0Ho*! guaranteed and to end
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*L-1 TDM *uort 0*uort e"isting oice -#ication1
1esilient 'ac5et 1ing *1'1+
RR is a ual rin net-or$
– Pac(et based
– Data and contro# tra$$ic $#ow on both ring#ets – *atia# reuse through destination striing
Stanarize as IEEE 5!.78
– De$ines a M-C rotoco# 0#i(e 769 4 769 33 1
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De$ines a M-C rotoco# 0#i(e 769.4! 769.33R1
Intene &or use in Metro#olitan an ie
Area
Alternati%e to TDM an Mesh net-or$s
Features D
Resilienc,
– *ub 86 ms detect and reair
– Loss#ess
– o sing#e oint o$ $ai#ure
E&&icienc,
– *atia# reuse
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– Temora# reuse Real Ser%ice e%el Areement (SA)
– >ach c#ass o$ tra$$ic guaranteed its needs
– ot re#ative Ho*
Features *continued+
1airness
– 'eighted $airness
ot necessari# e<ua#it lu6an6#la,
– o sing#e oint o$ contro#
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– Too#og $#e"ib#e – Caabi#it $#e"ib#e
1'1 Layer Model
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M$C &atapat#
chec( is to determine when $rames are to bestried
transit <ueues ho#d $rames received waiting tobe transmitted on the same ring#et
Primar Transit Hueue 0PTH1 tica## on# a $ewMT%s in si/e
*econdar Transit Hueue 0*TH1 is otiona#im#ementation and when it e"ists! it is tica##
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much #arger than PTH
1ing tructure
Dua# ring#ets with unidirectiona#! counter)rotating
Connection between ad=acent stations is a #in(
Comosed o$ unidirectiona# #in(s transmitting in
oosite directions is a san - set o$ contiguous stations a$$ected b a common
$airness cho(e oint is a congestion domain
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tation tructure
Station is com#ose o& one client entit, one MAentit, an t-o HQ entities – P+Y is associated with a san shared with neighboring station
– M-C entit contains one M-C contro# entit and two M-C
dataath entities! each o$ which is associated with a ring#et – P+Y transmitting on ring#et6 and receiving on ring#et3 is >ast
P+Y! reverse# as 'est P+Y
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$ddressing
9nicast
Multicast
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1esiliency
hoice o& t-o su/6;5 ms #rotection
mechanisms
– *teering otimi/ed $or minimi/ing ac(et re)
ordering $or TDM and video services and to
reserve bandwidth uti#i/ationDe$au#t rotection method that is a#was suorted
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– 'raing otimi/ed to minimi/e immediateac(et)#oss $or data servicestiona# rotection method that ma be suorted
'rotection in 1'1
>ach station (ees too#og image
P has two rotection mechanisms
– 'raing
– *teering
?n order de#iver re<uired 0out o$ order otiona#1
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Topology $"are 'rotection
(
E#
$rapping Topology informationused at edges
Fnplanned useduring protection
Continued useduring protection
@riginal path from # to*
#reak in path from # to*
$rapped path wraps at both (and E
Steered path is steered
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*CSteering
Topology information
used at source
Fnplanned useduring protection
at #
Efficiency
S#atial reuse
– Pac(ets removed $rom the ring at destination
– emainder o$ ring not occuied with wastedtra$$ic
Tem#oral reuse
– %nused B' rec#aimed and distributed
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1eal L$s
B allocations restore u#on eman
– C#ass based rioriti/ation a##ows restoration
within de#a and =itter re<uirements $or *L-s
– -##ows $u## uti#i/ation and hard *L-s
without reserving B'
1R>ATM6eri%e classes o& ser%ice+lass of service <uality of service
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< y
4ame 3>ample use Subclass uaranteedbandwidth
elay$Gitter :andwidthtype
:andwidthsubtype
class. real time subclass. yes low allocate7 reser#e7
subclass.1 reclaimable
class) near real time class)B< yes boun7e7 allocate7
class)B no unboun7e7 opportunistic
class< best effort
Fairness
:3 b8s> b8s
S:B
b8s
S7B
b8s
S4B
b8s
3b8s
S:B
b8s
S7B
b8s
S4B
b8s
4.4b8s
w w w
eNualweightedshapers
S:B
b8s
S7B
b8s
S4B
b8s
7
Bw
uneNualweightedshapers
7w 7w
7b8s
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availablecapacity
Fnfairness
Bb8s
ENual&airness
4.4b8s
4.4 b8sb8s
$eighted&airness
b8s
B b8s
Fairness Concepts
Fairness rate advertising downstream uncongested (advertisedRate == FULL_RATE)
Fairness rate advertising downstream congested (advertisedRate < FULL_RATE)
data frame
KEY
S0 S1 S5
congestiondomain A
ringlet0 data
S2 S3 S4
headtail
Congestion Pointlocal stationHops To Congestion
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S254 S6
ringlet0 fairnessmessage feedback
S9 S8
tail
S7
head
not partof anycongestiondomain
congestion
domain B
not partof anycongestiondomain
patial 1euse and Fairness
Increase utilization
o& &i/er /, re6usin
/an-ith on all
rin s#ans – Destination striing
– ing sans $o##owing
destination are
6
GC
#
(
Congestionnoti+cation
ode (reduces redtraVc, not
blue traVc
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avai#ab#e $or additiona#tra$$ic
&E
*
odeCreducesgreentraVc
ode Ce=perience
scongestion
!and"idt# #aring0c#eduling
!
!
!
*edicated #$services
!
!
!
Shared #$ SD(based services
n%!ro+le1C'2
@ut%@f%!ro+le1E'2
Shared #$ beste-ort services
LithinproAisioned rates
LithinproAisioned rates
Lithinfairusage
Send(#
C
(C%client
Send
Send
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! !( #&_
Congestionmessage
&air usagee=pected
Class_
!T
ST
(
# R C K
:
74
5
>'inglet '= 'inglet T
(C C
$dditional Fairness 1ules
• Scheduled only ifM
I o imminentloss in ST
• Scheduled to fairrate ifM
I Congestionpresentdownstream
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• Scheduled to fullrate whenM
I (boveconditionsdon`t e=ist
'lug4$nd4'lay
E%er, station on a rin $no-s:
– 'hat other stations are on the ring
– The too#og o$ the ring
– The rotection status o$ a## the stations
– The attributes o$ a## the stations
Time critical in&ormation sent %ia T &rames
ess time6critical in&ormation sent on chanes an
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#erioicall, %ia ATD &rame (: s)
Cn recei#t o& T or ATD &rames
local ata/ase u#ate -ith ne- in&ormation
rin6-ie %alues calculate
1'1 Features 4'lug $nd 'lay
6
#
( C
6
#
(
C
E
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FDisconnect the &i/er rin -ill -ra# on A an FZero interru#tion &or ser%iceFonnect the &i/er a&ter TR(-ait to restore) ra# is cleare RR rin
reco%er to ual6rin structure the to#olo, in&ormation -ill not ha%e
'oe B :
** E
Topology 'rotocol
*end #oca# in$ormation on change & eriodica##
via shared use o$ TP $rame
%date database with new received in$ormation!
and ca#cu#ate hos awa! reachab#e! va#id! etc. a#idate database
– Consistenc 0e.g.! i$ -)B)C on ring#et6 then C)B)-
on ring#et31
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– -## reachab#e stations va#id
– ,ewer than M-X*T-T?*
Comare chec(sum with neighbor during va#idation
0$or conte"t containment1
$utomatic Topology &isco(ery
(
E#
Docal topologyinformation is
broadcastperiodically and
triggered on change
Topology and !rotection1T!2 framesprovide localinformation
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*CEach station computes
full topologyindependently and
compares with
neighbors periodicallyand triggered on
change
TopologyChecksum 1TC2frames
provide localview of topology
Conclusion
F Ps abi#it to o$$er sub)86 ms recover $or strictorder tra$$ic is hamered b mechanism used torevent reordering
F Three $eatures resi#ience! $airness and automatictoo#og discover
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Th k