Translation Strategies Used by Translator in Translating Linguistic Terms: A Study on Analisis Wacana

DHINI AULIA Politeknik Negeri Padang, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, Sumatera Barat

E-mail : dhini@polinpdg.ac.id

MUKHAIYAR Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Sumatera Barat

ABSTRACT

Translation is needed in the development of knowledge. The knowledge which is developed outside of a country can be known and followed by the people in the country. Here, the role of a translator was significant in delivering the ideas from source language to target language. Translation strategies which he or she used will determine the success of translation result. The qualitative research about translation strategies used by translator in translating linguistic terms has been conducted to Analisis Wacana. Data were collected by using two categories; boldface style and italic style of writing. It was 142 linguistic terms found based on the category. After analyzing the data it was found 8 translation strategies in Analisis Wacana. The strategies were: transference, naturalization, addition, expansion, shift, couplets and triplets, modulation, and through-translation (literal translation). From 8 strategies, there were 3 strategies mostly used by translator: naturalization, couplets and through-translation (literal translation). Based on analysis these strategies were the safest strategies which can be used in translating linguistic terms by the translator. The translator did not want to loose the authors’ intention of the words. Ambiguity was also found in Analisis Wacana. The ambiguity occurred since the translator put punctuation in inappropriate place. The reader might misinterpret about the meaning of the words which contained ambiguity. In conclusion, in general, this book is useful enough to be read in order to get knowledge about discourse analysis study. However, the researcher agrees to the translator that the reader of this book should have comprehended about linguistic study in order to assist the comprehension. Keywords: Translation strategies; linguistic terms; Analisis Wacana

INTRODUCTION The main purpose of translation is to deliver the meaning contained in source language into target language. However, this work sometime mislead so the target language reader get the wrong information. The following statement may give such explanation about translation problem, especially English – Indonesia translation. Effendi (2004) says that many Indonesian readers can hardly understand a lot of Indonesian books translated from English by many unprofessional Indonesian translators, rather than to comprehend the original ones. He says that it may be the effect of that many Indonesian translators who have been proficient in English and familiar with various styles of English, fail to see aspects of translation works when the source language is English and the target language is Indonesian language. It implies that not all translated books succeed to give comprehension and satisfaction to the reader.

To yield a good product of translation, a translator needs to apply the translation strategies in doing translation process. Different from method which relates to translate the

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whole text, strategy is one of significant aspects in translating sentences and the smaller units of language. The process of translation can be effective and efficient when a translator applies the translation strategies.

There are many terms which explain about the ways to translate. For example, Newmark (1988) called it procedure, Bell (1991) named it model, Baker (1991) and Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003) prefer using term strategies. And this study also prefers using the terms used by the two last experts, that is, the term strategy. Although it was different, the experts have the same purpose in proposing the ways of translation, that is, to accommodate the translator to do a process of translation. It is, again, intended to produce a good result.

The followings are some strategies proposed by some experts: naturalisation, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, modulation, addition, borrowing, etc. The strategy used will be effective when they are used in appropriate way, context and purpose. For example, literal translation as a strategy might not appropriate to translate a literature or poetry which cultural equivalent might be more appropriate. It might be suitable for technical sentences. However, what strategies that will be used in translating depend on the translator. The theories about strategy of translation proposed by experts are only as a guide for him. The most important is that translator has to know what kind of text he will translate and what for so he can decide what strategies that is appropriate to do that.

The strategies proposed by some experts of translation might be also used by the translator of Analisis Wacana, I Soetikno (1996). The source book of Analisis Wacana is Discourse Analysis written by Brown and Yule (1983). This book may be considered as one of the best book discussed about discourse analysis study. As a result, it is translated into Indonesian language in order to help language students who have lack ability in understanding the source book. However, the question may be raised toward this book; do the students who read the translated book understand well the content of this book? This question can be answered by doing some research.

There may be two general problems exist in this book. The first problem may come from the book itself and the second may come from the reader, in this case the students. This research would study about the first problem since it is researchable. In addition, there are two kinds of problems that might appear to the result of translated book Analisis Wacana. Firstly, it is possible that the source book is hard to understand which affect the translated book. Secondly, there might be problems in the process of translation which affect the result.

From the problems identified, the researcher chose the translation problem. Then since translation problem is still broad, the researcher needed to limit the problem. One of the problems is about translation strategy. In this research, the researcher studied about strategies used by translator in translating word or term, not text.

The formulation of this research was: “What strategies are used by the translator to translate the linguistics terms in the translated book Analisis Wacana?” Furthermore, the purposes of the study is to find out and describe the strategies used by the translator to translate linguistics terms from source language to target language. In addition, this research is expected to show that there might problem dealing with translation in Analisis Wacana that affect reader’s comprehension toward the knowledge contained in this book. The result of this study will be expected to give emphasis that the translation strategies used by a translator can determine the success of a product of translation. It also would give contribution for language students who take translation subject, for the lecturers, and for the translator as the significant agent to yield translation product. Then, this study is expected to enrich kind of research in academic fields, especially for those who are interested in doing research about translation study.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

TRANSLATION

CONCEPT

There are many theories defined by experts who have worked in translation study. Catford (in Hatim, 2001) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. Larson (1984:3) explained larger about translation, that is, the process of studying the lexicon, the grammatical structure, and the communication situation of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine the meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the natural forms of the receptor language. Here, the translator seeks lexical equivalents between the source language and the receptor language.

It means that translation is the process of replacing meanings in one language into another language by concerning some points. A translation process should consider about lexicon, grammar, and situation in source language text and then transfer them into target language with the same meaning by considering the naturalness of target language. Thus, the equivalence between source language and target language should be fulfilled in order to avoid misinterpretation by the reader in the target language.

EQUIVALENCE AND THE PROBLEM

It is important to discuss equivalence here since the main purpose of translation is to make the target text and the source text equivalent. There are many terms of equivalence proposed by experts of translation. Catfort (1965) in Hatim (2001) introduced formal and textual equivalence. It closely corresponds to the linguistic form of the source text. It covers formal relationships which exist when ‘a TL category can be found have the same place in the SL category – e.g. translating an adjective by an adjective. And when it can be done which the source text is translated by considering the linguistic form of the source text, so textual equivalence is needed. It is done when any TL text or portion of text is ‘observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text’ – e.g. translating an adjective by an adverbial phrase. It means that, to get the appropriate equivalence in TL, a translator first try to see the linguistic form of the source text and then find the words with same linguistic form in target language. For example, the word lazy (adjective) is translated into Bahasa Indonesia with word malas (adjective). Here, what Catford says about formal equivalence can be met. Although Catfort does not touch on the term of meaning in his explanation about equivalence, it can be concluded that, according to Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003), textual material can be equivalent in its meaning, length, style, or even quality of printing.

TRANSLATION STRATEGY

Translation strategy can be said as instruments to help translator in doing translation process. Different from translation method which concern to the process of translation as the whole text, translation strategy more concern to the process of translation word (Newmark, 1988:81). Before discussing about strategies of translation, it is needed to discuss the reason why strategies are need. The main reason is about the equivalence problem, especially the word equivalence.

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EQUIVALENCE PROBLEM OF WORD In translation, word is important. It is the smallest and seems to be the most significant unit dealing with translation process. Newmark (1988: 193) says that it was deception for the translator who thinks that you should never translate the words, you translate sentences or ideas or messages. The SL text consists of words on the page. Furthermore, base on this present study word as the unit of translation is very important thing to be considered. How the translator translate the word becomes important to be studied since word will form a sentence and sentence will form a text.

In addition, Bell (1991: 83) has own concept in explaining the word in translation process. He says that the major problem for a translator may derive from that there are words in the text which are new to the translator and he or she does not know the meaning. He adds that although the meaning of words are problematic in themselves (there is no one-to-one correspondence between the items of one language and those of another), the greater problem is meaning which derives from the relationship of word to word rather than that which relates to word in isolation. A translator may be able to find the meaning of one word in dictionary. However, when it is used in the text, it may be not appropriate and the meaning become weird. It is as he says above that the big problem is when the word should be related to the others word in the text. Furthermore, here, a translator should have strategy how to deliver the meaning of the word in target language appropriately.

THE STRATEGIES

By identifying the problems of equivalence that may occur in translation process, the treatment to the words contained problems may be solved by applying some strategies. There are some strategies suggested by some experts. Newmark (1988) has some strategies – he uses term procedure – that may help the translator in doing translation process.

1. Transference: the process of transferring a SL word to a TL as a translation procedure. Other expert named it loan word. The translator use SL word for his text. It usually is done in translating name, place, title, etc., e.g. Hilary Clinton, New York, Armageddon (title of a film), etc.

2. Naturalization: adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL, e.g. aktif from active.

3. Cultural equivalent: a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word. It is usually occur in translating idiom. ‘I am in blue’, for example, is translated into ‘Saya jatuh cinta’ (I fall in love).

4. Functional equivalent: requires the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term.

5. Descriptive equivalent: sometimes has to be weighed against the function. For example, Samurai is described as ‘the Japanese aristocracy from eleventh to the nineteen century.’

6. Synonymy: is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text. A synonymy is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not important enough for componential analysis.

7. Through-translation: the literal translation for common collocation, names of organizations, the component of compounds and perhaps phrases. Normally, through translation should be used only when they are already recognized terms.

8. Shift or transposition: Newmark (1988) gives long explanation about this strategy. There are five types of shift and transposition. First type is that shift is a translation

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procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL. The second type, it is required when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but not accord with natural usage in the TL. The fourth type is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. The last point is that they illustrate a frequent tension between grammar and stress.

9. Modulation: variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought. Standard modulations are recorded in bilingual dictionaries. Free modulations are used by translators ‘when the TL rejects literal translation.’

10. Recognized translation: usually use the official or generally accepted translation of any institutional term.

11. Translation label: a temporary translation, usually of a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation.

12. Compensation: occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence.

13. Componential analysis: the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components. 14. Reduction and expansion: kind of vague translation procedures, which the translator

practice intuitively in some cases, ad hoc in others. 15. Paraphrase: an extension or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text. It is

used in an ‘anonymous’ text when it is poorly written, or has important implications and omission.

16. Equivalence and adaptation: use of recognized equivalence between two situations. 17. Couplets: combine two procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem.

There are triplets – combine three procedures – and quadruplets – combine four procedures.

18. Notes, addition, glosses: the translator supply additional information in a translation. It is normally cultural (accounting for difference between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to topic) or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words), and is dependent on the requirement of readership. Additional information may take various forms:

a) Within the text. It can be added: as an alternative to the translated word, as an adjectival clause, as a noun in apposition, as a participial group, in the brackets – often for a literal translation of a transferred word, in parentheses – the longest form of addition, and classifier.

b) Notes at bottom of page c) Notes at end of chapter d) Notes or glossary at end of book.

There have been eighteen procedures proposed by Newmark to help a translator in doing translation. The procedures concern to the translation of word, collocation or term rather than to the text as a whole. In addition, Newmark (1988) reminds that it is important for the translator, especially those who translate an important book, to write a preface and notes to discuss the usage and meanings of the author’s terms.

LINGUISTICS TERM

Linguistics is the study of language. According to Matthews (1997), linguistics is defined in general dictionaries as ‘the science of language’ or ‘the scientific study of language’. Matthews (1997: vii) adds that linguistics is concerned with the lexical and grammatical

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categories of individual languages, with different between one type of language and another. It can be said that every language has own lexical and grammatical categories. Likely, the words under linguistics have own lexical and grammatical categories in every language. However, there may be language which does not appropriate words described about linguistics words since the linguistics study has not developed.

TRANSLATION CRITICISM Translation criticism is a method of analysis which link between theory of translation and its practice. It can be done by translation company, the client of who use translation product, the professional critic of a translation, the academic people who concern about translation (Surywinata and Haryanto 2001:179). According to Newmark (1988:184) translation criticism is an essential link between translation theory and its practice. He adds that the criticism is not to see how good the translation or why it was not more closely translated. Furthermore, there is no judge in translation criticism.

In addition, Newmark (1988: 185) suggests that the analyst of translation should not discuss the author’s life, other works, or general background, unless they are referred in the text– they may help to understand the text, but they are not likely to affect how the analyst appreciate or assess the translation. it can be concluded that to make the analysis more neutral, the analyst of a translation should not mention the author’s life. But Newmark (1988:187) says that people can analyze the translator purpose. He notes that in interpreting the translator’s intention and procedures, you are here not criticizing them but attempting to understand why he has used these procedures. Once more, the analyst of translation can not judge how well the translation product.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TYPE OF RESEARCH The researches about translation can be qualitative or quantitative. Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003: 173) state that translation study is always descriptive either it is qualitative or quantitative. Descriptive data are what is important to collect, and that analysis is best done inductively and on data- collection traditions (such as participant observation, unstructured, interviewing, and document analysis) (Bogdan and Biklen (1992:69). Based on the explanation above, this study is appropriate to use descriptive qualitative. More specific, this study will use kind of analytic induction.

The research about translation can be divided into three big groups. According to Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003: 173), the three groups are: (1) research dealing with process and result of translation; (2) research dealing with teaching of translation; (3) research dealt with translation as the instrument. This research dealt with the first group which it intent to describe the process translator applied in translating linguistic terms.

TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION

There is no standard technique in collecting data in the research of translation. Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003: 181) say that the researcher can design by him/herself the techniques that appropriate with the purpose of the research. The researcher of this study has tried to design her technique of data collection based on the theories of translation and the purpose of this research.

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The research focus on the analysis of translator strategies translating the linguistics terms in Analisis Wacana. The following procedures were applied:

1. The researcher read all the text in the SL book.

2. The researcher established the categories of linguistics terms. The categories are based on the researcher’s knowledge about linguistics. The researcher also used dictionary of linguistics both monolingual and bilingual.

3. Researcher decided to take every word in boldface and italic type of letter. The words printed in this type, base on general observation of the book, are the words or terms used in linguistics. The researcher could get varied linguistics terms by applying this technique.

4. The researcher noted all the linguistics terms base on the procedure no. 3 in a table.

5. The researcher read the TL book to note all the translation of linguistics terms which have been established in the previous procedure.

6. The researcher wrote the linguistics terms both in SL book and TL into a table to be analyzed. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 is used in formatting the table. The advantage of using this program is that the repetition words can be minimized. So, the words that have been written before will not be re written.

INSTRUMENTS The instruments in this research were dictionaries of linguistics both in English and Indonesian language. The researcher used The concise oxford dictionary of linguistics written by Matthews (1997), Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics written by Richard et.al (1991) and Kamus Linguistik written by Kridalaksana (1993). Bilingual dictionary was also needed in this research. These were important to check the linguistics terms that have been drawn.

TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS There are some techniques can be applied in conducting a research concerning the result or the quality of translation. The common techniques are: (1) comparing SL text and TL text, (2) back-translation, (3) Cloze procedure, (4) the experiment of understanding and impression drawn by TL readers, and (5) comparing of understanding and impression drawn by both SL reader and TL reader (see Suryawinata and Haryanto, 2003: 176). This research used the first technique in analyzing the data. However, the researcher did not analyze and compare the text but the word.

There must be indicators to analyze the data. The indicators in this research were the theory of translation strategies proposed by expert. The researcher used strategies of translation belonged to Newmark (1988) because he explains more complete strategies than other experts. The procedures of analyzing data were:

1. Checking the every linguistics terms of selected chapter in SL book in bilingual

linguistic dictionary (English-Indonesia) to see the equivalence. 2. Comparing linguistics terms of SL and TL in every sentence or text. 3. Checking the terms in monolingual linguistic dictionary to understand the meaning.

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4. Researcher identified the strategies used by the translator in translating the linguistic terms in TL. The strategies were that proposed by Newmark (1988): transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through- translation, shift or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, adaptation, couplets, and addition. However, it was possible that the translator applied other strategies.

5. The researcher described the result of analysis in descriptive form.

OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH The object of this research was translated book Analisis Wacana. It is a translated academic book published in Indonesia. It is translated by I. Soetikno and published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 1996. The original book titled “Discourse Analysis” written by Gillian Brown and George Yule (1983). It is one of compulsory book suggested for language students who take Discourse Analysis class, both English and Bahasa Indonesia. In Graduate Program of The State University of Padang, this book is strongly suggested. While English students can use the original English book, the students of Bahasa Indonesia use the translated one.

Both “Discourse Analysis” and “Analisis Wacana” contain 271 text pages. The translator translated all texts in the book except every example which is not translated into Bahasa Indonesia. He gives reason that the reader should have adequate knowledge in linguistics especially English syntax and phonology before reading this book.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

FINDINGS

It was found 142 data of linguistics term based on the categories mentioned in technique of data collection in Analisis Wacana as object of the research. In noting the data into the table, it was convinced that there was no linguistics tem written two times. After doing analysis of the translation strategy, it was found the finding below:

TRANSFERENCE

Transference is the process of transferring the source word in the target language. It was found that there was one word which was translated by using pure transference by the translator. Other terms were translated by using combination – transference and other strategy. There was the term ‘genre’ which was translated by using transference by the translator. He transferred this term into target text. In Indonesian language there has not been an equivalent for this term.

SL: The remaining features of context which Hymes discusses (in 1964) include large-scale features like channel (how is contact between the participants in the event being maintained – by speech, writing, signing, smoke signals), code (what language, or dialect, or style of language is being used), message-form (what form is intended – chat, debate, sermon, fairy-tale, sonnet, love-letter, etc.) and event (the nature of the communicative event which a genre may embedded – thus a sermon or a prayer may be part of the larger event, a church service). (Chapter 2, page 38)

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TL: Ciri-ciri konteks yang masih ada yang masih dibicarakan Hymes (pada tahun 1964) meliputi cirri-ciri berskala besar seperti channel atau saluran (bagaimana hubungan antara para peserta dalam peristiwa dipelihara – dengan wicara, tulisan, tanda-tanda, tanda-tanda asap), code atau kode (bahasa, atau dialek, atau gaya bahasa apa yang dipakai), message-form atau bentuk pesan (bentuk apa yang dimaksudkan – obrolan, perdebatan, khotbah, dongeng, sonata, surat cinta, dsb.), dan event atau peristiwa (sifat komunikatif yang di dalamnya mungkin disisipkan suatu genre – jadi khotbah atau doa mungkin merupakan bagian dari peristiwa yang lebih besar, kebaktian di gereja). (Bab 2, halaman 39)

The translator used the term genre as same as the source text. Since he did not give any explanation about this term, it can be said that he has merely used strategy of transference.

In fact, there were some terms which were translated by using strategy of transference by the translator. However, they were not pure transference. It means that transference was only one of the strategies he used to translate one term. He added another strategy in translating the term that he had translated by using transference. The next, this kind of strategy would be discussed in part of strategy couplets and triplets.

NATURALIZATION

Naturalization is the strategy of translation which adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL. In chapter one, there were three terms which got naturalization. Transactional becoming ‘transaksional’, interactional becoming ‘interaksional’, and interpretive becoming ‘interpretif’, were the linguistic terms which naturalized by the translator in Indonesian language.

SL: That function which language serves in the expression of ‘content’ we will describe as transactional, and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we will describe as interactional. (Chapter 1, page 1)

TL: Fungsi bahasa untuk mengungkapkan ‘isi’ akan kami deskripsikan sebagai transaksional, dan fungsi bahasa yang terlibat dalam pengungkapan hubungan-hubungan sosial dan sikap-sikap pribadi akan kami deskripsikan sebagai interaksional. (Bab 1, halaman 1)

ADDITION

Addition can be put within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter and at the end of the book. The translator supply additional information in his translation. In Analisis Wacana, the translator only used addition strategy within the text. Additional information put within the text also consisted of some strategies. This study found that there was one term which was translated by using this strategy by the translator. It was term definiteness (chapter 5) which was translated into ketakrifan (definiteness atau bentuk ‘tentu).

SL: Chafe goes on to suggest that what Havilans & Clark are concerned with is not givenness (as the term is used by Chafe), but definiteness (1976:42). (Chapter 5, page 181)

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TL: Chafe selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa apa yang diperhatikan Haviland & Clark bukanlah status menjadi latar (seperti istilah yang dipakai oleh Chafe), melainkan ketakrifan (definiteness atau bentuk ‘tentu’) (1976:42). (Bab 5, halaman 180-181)

Here, the translator gave alternative equivalent of the term definiteness. He put the additional translation in the bracket after he put the source word (transference).

EXPANSION

Expansion occurred in translating two linguistics terms. There was term givenness which lexically is single (one word). The translator translated this term becoming two word: menjadi latar. ‘Givennes’ is linguistics term derived from word ‘given’ which in Indonesian language means latar.

SL: Chafe goes on to suggest that what Haviland & Clark are concerned with is not givenness (as the term is used by Chafe), but definiteness (1976:42). (Chapter 6, page 181)

TL: Chafe selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa apa yang diperhatikan Haviland & Clark bukanlah status menjadi latar (seperti istilah yang dipakai oleh Chafe), melainkan ketakrifan (definiteness atau bentuk ‘tentu’) (1976:42). (Bab 6, hal 181)

The term givenness does not have equivalence in Indonesian language. It was also not recorded in English dictionary. However, the translator tried to find the words which might be equivalent to the meaning of source word. As a result, the strategy of expansion was used to translate this word. How the translator decided that the equivalent of givenness in Indonesian language was menjadi latar can be identified by the translation of the term given. In linguistic dictionary of Indonesia given means latar. From this meaning and because there was no equivalent recorded about the term givenness, the translator then decided to translate givenness into menjadi latar.

Other terms were the term ‘current textual’ which was translated with ditimbulkan text dan berlaku and the term ‘current evoked’ which was translated into ditimbulkan dan berlaku. These two terms were identified using expansion because there were additional words to complete the meaning of the terms.

SHIFT OR TRANSPOSITION

Shift concerns about grammatical structure. There are five types of shift proposed by Newmark (1988). In this study, the first type of shift – a change in grammar from SL to TL – occurred. The changes were the noun phrase in SL translated into dependent clause e.g. pause-defined units (chapter 5) had the translation satuan-satuan yang ditentukan oleh jeda (units which are defined by pause). Other cases were the terms current given entity and displace given entity which sequentially were translated by wujud latar yang berlaku (given entity which occur) and wujud latar yang diganti (given entity which is displaced or changed).

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SL: We can distinguish an expression referring to the most recently introduced entity before the new entity. We shall call this the expression referring to a current given entity. (Chapter 5, page 173)

TL: Kami dapat membedakan ungkapan yang mengacu kepada wujud yang paling belakangan dikemukakan sebelum wujud yang baru. Ini akan kami sebut ungkapan yang mengacu kepada wujud latar yang berlaku (current given entity). (Bab 5, halaman 172)

Current was adjective modifying entity as noun. Current given entity was a phrase. Since there was no phrase in Indonesian language that equal to the phrase in the source text, the translator change the form into adjective clause to make it equivalent. Furthermore, the translator had used strategy of shift in translating this term.

COUPLETS AND TRIPLETS

Couplets is one of translation strategies which combine two strategies for single problem (Newmark, 1988). This was the strategy that mostly used by the translator. Many terms were translated by using transference and through translation. The term mot juste, post hoc and ab initio were transferred by the translator from the source language, but the translator attempted to give the Indonesian equivalence of these words in the bracket.

SL: There is, as Levelt reminds us, an ordo naturalis, whereby it is assumed that, if there is no cue to the contrary, the first-mentioned event happened first and the second-mentioned event followed it. (Chapter 4, page 125)

TL: Levelt mengingatkan kita bahwa ada ordo naturalis (urutan yang wajar) yang dengan itu dianggap bahwa jika tidak ada tanda yang menunjukkan sesuatu yang berlawanan, peristiwa yang pertama-tama disebut terjadi lebih dahulu dan yang kedua disebut terjadi sesudahnya. (Bab 4, halaman 124)

This kind of strategy appeared in all chapters of the book. The translator often combined transference and through-translation as the strategy in his translation.

Triplets is combining of three strategies for a single problem. There was one term in the Analisis Wacana in which the translator used this strategy. It happened to the term “inference”. The translator (1) naturalized the term becoming inferens then (2) wrote the literal translation penarikan kesimpulan, and the last (3) added the SL word in the bracket. However, there was ambiguity in this translated term. The translator wrote the translation as this: inferens/penarikan, kesimpulan (inference). It would discuss in the part of ambiguity.

MODULATION

There was one word that can be included into modulation procedure. The word pool in the term presupposition pool was translated into cadangan by the translator. Here, the translator had his own view concerning this word since literally pool does not equivalent with cadangan in Indonesian language.

SL: What we have described as a topic framework has much in common with Venneman’s proposal that, for a discourse, there is a presupposition pool

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which contains information ‘constituted from general knowledge, from the situative context of the discourse, and from the completed part of the discourse itself’ (Venneman, 1975:314). (Chapter 3, page 79-80).

TL: Apa yang telah kami deskripsikan sebagai kerangka topik banyak persamaannya dengan usul Venneman bahwa suatu wacana ada cadangan praanggapan (presupposition pool) yang mengandung informasi yang ‘terbentuk dari pengetahuan umum, dari konteks situasi wacana, dan bagian yang dilengkapi dari wacana itu sendiri’ (Venneman, 1975:314). (Bab 3, halaman 79).

Based on the context of discourse analysis the term ‘pool’ followed by term ‘presupposition’ does not have appropriate equivalent when one of the meaning proposed by Echols and Shadily (1988) in bilingual dictionary was used. Here, it was appropriate by the translator using strategy of modulation. It means that the translator had own view in translating this term and used it in his translation.

THROUGH-TRANSLATION

Through-translation is the literal translation for common collocation, names of organizations, the component of compounds and perhaps phrases. Every chapter had this strategy in linguistics terms translation (See Appendix). Literal translation means here that the translator use the words recorded in bilingual dictionary. There was an example in which the translator used this strategy in translating the term. The term was ‘background knowledge’ (Chapter 7, page 236) which was translated into Indonesian language with the equivalent of pengetahuan latar belakang. This term only appeared once in the text. It was one of the sub topics – ‘7.6 Representing background knowledge’ – in this chapter. So it can not be analyzed base on the context. However, this is a popular term dealing with knowledge. Many fields used this term. But the equivalence that the translator was used seemed not popular. In general, people were familiar with the term latar belakang pengetahuan. This term was more popular.

The translator translated literally the terms bottom-up processing and top-down processing.

SL: In one part of the processing, we work out the meanings of the words and structure of a sentence and build up a composite meaning for the sentence (i.e. bottom-up processing). At the same time, we are predicting, on the basis of the context plus the composite meaning of the sentences already processed, what the nest sentence is most likely to mean (i.e. top-down processing).

TL: Pada satu pihak pemrosesan, kita berusaha menemukan arti kata-kata dan struktur kalimat dan membentuk arti gabungan kalimat itu (pemrosesan dari bawah ke atas). Pada waktu itu juga, kita meramalkan, berdasarkan konteks plus arti gabungan kalimat-kalimat yang telah diproses, apa kemungkinan besar arti kalimat berikutnya (pemrosesan dari atas ke bawah).

As be seen that bottom-up processing and top-down processing were the terms which were phrases. It might be better for the translator to find the appropriate terms equal to the terms in source language. Literally, the translation of these terms was understandable enough.

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However, when they were not like terms. They were more defined as phrases that have meaning.

AMBIGUITY

It was found two cases of ambiguity in translated linguistics terms in Analisis Wacana. They occurred in chapter 2. There were the translated terms of “presupposition” and “inference” containing ambiguity. The translator translated the term “presupposition” into praanggapan presupposition. There was no bracket to separate SL word. It can be concluded that the meaning of presupposition in this book was praanggapan presupposition. However in other chapter, the translator only wrote praanggapan as the equivalent.

For the term “inference”, the ambiguity might occur because there was coma in the translated term. The translator wrote the translation of “inference” into inferens/penarikan, kesimpulan (inference). Reading this term without knowing the source text, it made sense that this consisted of two terms: inferens and kesimpulan. The place of coma which was not in the right place might be the reason of this ambiguity.

DISCUSSION

This study found eight translation strategies used by translator in translating linguistics terms in Analisis Wacana. The strategy mostly used by the translator was naturalization. There were about 42 terms translated by using this strategy. Naturalization approaches to the source word. Naturalization is the extended strategy of transference. The translator might use this strategy to give sense for the reader toward source book. Some of the words included in naturalization have been recorded in bilingual dictionary.

Naturalization can be included into loan word (Suryawinata and Haryanto, 2003). However, the writing system and pronunciation has been adjusted into target language. It can be analyzed why the translator used this strategy. We can reflect to the problem propose by Baker (1991) where there are many problems that were found dealing with the non equivalence word. Some words which were translated by using this strategy may be faced the problem of the complexity of source word semantic. It means that when the translator tried to translate a word in to target language, he could not find the appropriate one equivalence word in target language. Furthermore, naturalization might be the best strategy to solve this problem.

However, a false friend or faux amie can occur in naturalization. Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003) say that false friend occur when there are two words that almost the same but the have different meaning. False friend also was found in Analisis Wacana. The word reference was translated into referensi by the translator. However, the sense of these two words, actually, was different. Referensi in Indonesian language refers to a kind of letter and bibliography.

Most terms which have been written in naturalization form, were added by SL word in the bracket after the translation. These occurred when the translator translated the words which first appeared in the text. When the words were repeated in the chapter, the translator did not use the bracket anymore. He used the words which have been naturalized in target language. These might reflect two reasons. First, as mentioned above, the translator wanted to give sense for the target reader of the source book. The second problem might as Newmark (1988: 101) says that when the translator add SL word in brackets after attempting a translation, he signals his inability to find the right TL word and invites the reader to envisage the gap mentally. It implied that the translator was afraid of misinterpretation by the reader about the linguistics terms which had been translated. Furthermore, naturalization seems to be the best and the safest way for the translator in translating the terms in linguistic study.

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Meanwhile, it was identified that 31 linguistics terms using couplets. Couplets is the strategy in which the translator combined two strategies of translation a word (Newmark 1998). In Analisis Wacana, the translator often combined strategy transference as the main strategy with other strategy like through translation, expansion, modulation etc. Although some terms were popular and used in daily life, the translator kept adding the SL word either in the bracket or by putting the word atau. The term topic, for example, was translated into topic atau topik (Chapter 3). There are no other meanings that can explain about this word in Indonesian language. It can be analyzed about the reason why the translator used addition to translate this word.

These cases also happened in the other texts where the translator used couplets (transference and the translation) to emphasize the words that he thought important to be added. He only used couplets for the words which were typed in boldface by the author. It can be concluded that the source author wanted to give emphasis to these words so that he typed them with different style. The translator could interpret the author intention and treated these words as the author intention.

Through-translation was also the strategy mostly used by translator in translating linguistics terms. It was found 53 terms using this strategy. Through translation is the literal translation for common collocation, names of organizations, the component of compounds and perhaps phrases. It is normally used when the terms are already recognized. Literal translation here meant that the word was translated literally. The translator did not attempt to find the equivalent that might be appropriate according to the linguistics study in Indonesian language. According to Newmark (1988), literal translation must not be avoided, if it secures referential and pragmatic equivalence to the original. In this case, literal translation might be appropriate to use in translating some terms, but it made the translated word not natural. For example, there was a term bottom-up processing in linguistics study. Since there was no equivalent term in Indonesian language about this term, so the translator translated this term literally. The translated word was pemrosesan dari bawah ke atas.

It can be analyzed that the equivalences of some terms in Analisis Wacana have not been found appropriately by the translator. Some terms might be translated by using naturalization. Other terms were impossible to be treated by this strategy. Furthermore, the translator chose literal translation as the strategy.

Comparing with other strategies, literal translation was the strategy that was used by the translator in translating linguistic terms. It implied that the translator was afraid of loosing the literal meaning of the source words that have been emphasized by the author. However, the target reader who read his translation might need to make herself or himself to be used to reading the terms since those were rigid.

The rest of the data used expansion (3 terms), shift (3 terms), modulation (2 terms), transference (1 terms), and addition (1 term). Braveness were needed when a translator use the strategies such as expansion, shift and modulation. Expansion needed more explanation about the words which is translated. Haryanto (2007) found that it was not very significant when the translator translate a cultural text. However, in Analisis Wacana this strategy became significant since the translator needed to expand the words which did not have appropriate equivalent in Indonesian language.

In addition, since there were no appropriate equivalents in Indonesian language which can explain the phrase of some terms in Anliasis Wacana, shift was needed to be employ. Beside that, Baker (1991) says that the terms might not have high frequency of use in target language. In addition, the differences of linguistic system of source language and target language made shift was important to be used. As mentioned in finding, shift occurred when the translator changed the phrase into clause in target language.

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Modulation is a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought (Vinay and Darbelnet in Newmark, 1991:88). Some words in Analisis Wacana were translated by using modulation. It was clear that the translator needed use modulation since the literal translation was not appropriate equivalent base on the context of discourse analysis study. The term assignment coordinate and presupposition pool got modulation. It can be seen that these two words have been translated base on the translator point of view. He decided that all of the meanings recorded in dictionary were not equivalent with the context of discourse analysis study. It can be said there were new terms explaining these two words. It can be concluded that the translator translate these words close to the context rather than the literal meaning.

Transference was used by translator for the words that might also were transferred by the author from another language. There was one word which was used transference alone. Other words got combination named by couplets and triplets. The translator emphasized the word genre in his translation although the author did not do that. It can be analyzed that the term genre has not had equivalence in Indonesian language and the translator might want to introduce this term to the reader.

THREATS OF THE RESEARCH

This research described the strategies used by the translator in translating linguistic terms. The strategies were analyzed based on the theory proposed by the expert. The communication between the researcher and the translator would support this research. However, since the translator was inaccessible, it became the threats of the research.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

CONCLUSION

After getting the result of the research, the writer drew several conclusions: There were 8 strategies used by the translator in translating linguistic terms in Analisis Wacana – transference, naturalization, addition, expansion, shift, couplets and triplets, modulation, and through-translation. The translator mostly used naturalization, couplets and through-translation as the strategy in translating linguistics terms. Naturalization strategy that was used by translator can be concluded as the safest way in translating the terms in order to close to the source text. It was indicated by the frequency of using this strategy by the translator. However, faux amie occurred in some terms. The translator did not avoid through-translation or literal translation since as he mentioned in the preface that he did not want to loose the authors’ intention about the terms.

Couplets can be useful to the reader of target language to comprehend the specific terms dealing with linguistic study. There were two terms in which modulation was used by the translator. Fortunately, the terms that had been translated by using this strategy were appropriate base on the context. The translator seems appropriate of using transference for the word which might also transfer from other language by the writer of source book. In addition, it was also very helpful for the reader when the translator attempted to give the Indonesian translation in the bracket. The translator might not pay to much attention to the punctuation of some words as a result the ambiguity could not be avoided.

SUGGESTIONS

It is suggested for the translator to be careful with the way of placing punctuation. The wrong place of punctuation can cause misunderstanding for the reader. The translator can use other

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strategy proposed by the experts in order to produce the best translation. It also might be useful to make the translation more communicative and natural.

It is suggested for the translator to be more careful in choosing good equivalence for the new term that might be firstly appear in linguistic study. For example the term ‘givenness’. The translator translated this term into menjadi latar. There might other equivalence of this term that might be more natural and not weird. Penglataran was suggested as the translation of the term ‘givenness’.

For the reader, it is suggested that the reader should have adequate knowledge about discourse analysis before reading this book in order to avoid misunderstanding. It, actually, has been reminded by the translator at the preface. However, for the student who has good ability in reading English book, it is suggested that it is better to read the source book. In general, this book is helpful enough in comprehending discourse analysis study.

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Utama. Chesterman, Andrew. 2001. Empirical research methods in Translation Studies.

http://www.helsinki.fi/~chastrm/Selpubs.html retrieved on May, 2007. Echols, John M and Hassan Shadily. 1998. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Garamedia. Effendi, Rachmat. 2004. Cara mudah menulis dan menerjemahkan. Jakarta: Hapsa et Studia. Hatim, Basil 2001. Teaching and researching translation. Harlow: Pearson Education. Hariyanto, Sugeng. 2007. The Implication of Culture on Translation Theory and Practice.

www.translationdirectory.com retrieved on March 2007. Jianzhong, Xu. 2004. A study on Nida’s translation theory. Beijing: Foreign language teaching and research

press, 250 p. www.transstudy.com retrieved on March 2007. Karimi, Lotfollah. 2007. Equivalence in translation. www.translationdirectory.com retrieved on May 6, 2007. Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1993. Kamus Linguistik (edisi ketiga). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Larson, L Mildred. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. Boston, University Press of America. Matthews, Peter. 1997. The concise oxford dictionary of linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Newmark, Peter. 1988. A textbook of translation. New York: Prentice Hall. Newmark, Peter. 1991. About Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matter, Ltd. Richard, Jack C., John Platt, and Heidi Platt. 1991. Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied

linguistics. New York: Longman. Shi, Aiwei. 2007. Hermeneutics and translation theory. www.transaltiondirectory.com retrieved on May 6,

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Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Vallejo, Juan Daniel Pérez. 2007. Translation Theory. www.translationdirectory.com. Retrieved on March 2007. Yusuf, Suhendra. 1994. Teori Terjemahan: Pengantar ke arah pendekatan linguistik dan sosiolingistik. Bandung:

Mandar Maju. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2007. Translation. www.wikipeadia.com retrieved on March 2007. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2007. Content Analysis. www.wikipeadia.com retrieved on May, 2007

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