Translation
-
Upload
mgettenberg -
Category
Education
-
view
36 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Translation
![Page 1: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.
![Page 2: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
RNA carries DNA’s instructions.
• The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins.
![Page 3: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
• The central dogma includes three processes.
• RNA is a link between DNA and proteins.
replication
transcription
translation
– Replication– Transcription– Translation
![Page 4: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
• RNA differs from DNA in three major ways.
– RNA has a ribose sugar.– RNA has uracil instead of thymine.– RNA is a single-stranded structure.
![Page 5: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
Transcription makes three types of RNA.
• Transcription copies DNA to make a strand of RNA.
![Page 6: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
• Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.
– RNA polymerase and other proteins form a transcription complex.
– The transcription complex recognizes the start of a gene and unwinds a segment of it.
start site
nucleotides
transcription complex
![Page 7: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
– RNA polymerase bonds the nucleotides together.– The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed.
– Nucleotides pair with one strand of the DNA.
DNA
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA
![Page 8: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
– The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene is transcribed.
RNA
![Page 9: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
• Transcription makes three types of RNA.
– Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein.
– Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made.
– Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome.
![Page 10: Translation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba21504a7959b2308b45bc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8.4 Transcription
The transcription process is similar to replication.
• Transcription and replication both involve complex enzymes and complementary base pairing.
• The two processes have different end results.– Replication copies
all the DNA;transcription copiesa gene.
– Replication makesone copy;transcription canmake many copies.
growing RNA strands
DNA
onegene