THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN POPE FRANCIS’S SPEECH

TEXT ADDRESSED TO U. S. CONGRESS

A Research Paper

Submitted to the School of Foreign Languages

Tourism Foundation of Indonesia – ABA Bandung

As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree (Strata 1)

by:

Yusep Ardiansyah

2012.111.080

English Department

THE SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

TOURISM FOUNDATION OF INDONESIA – ABA BANDUNG

2016

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN POPE FRANCIS’S SPEECH

TEXT ADDRESSED TO U. S. CONGRESS

by:

Yusep Ardiansyah

2012.111.080

English Department

Approved by:

Drs. H. Mundari Muhada, Dipl. TEFL Dra. Hj. Lilis Rianita, M.Pd

Supervisor I Supervisor II

Dra. Hj. Iim Rogayah D., M.Hum Dra. Em Endang S. S., M.Hum

Dean of STBA YAPARI-ABA Bandung Chairperson of English Department

ABSTRACT

This research analyzes the transitivity processes, a part of Systemic Functional

Grammar (SFG), in a speech text of Pope Francis on his Apostolic Journey to U.

S. (19-28 September 2015). The method used in this research is qualitative-

descriptive method. The research finds out five transitivity processes and their

uses. They are material process, relational process, mental process, behavioral

process, and verbal process. The dominant process in the data is material process

(52 processes), followed by relational process (14 processes), behavioral process

(12 processes), mental process (11 processes), and verbal process (1 process). The

use of material processes are regularly to convey what is going and what should

have done. Most of the relational processes are used to reveal identities and define

responsibilities of Pope Francis and the addresses of the speech. Mental processes

are generally used to think, sense, describe a situation and express feelings.

Behavioral processes are used to show some actions out of consciousness, and

verbal process is used as the marker of who says the remarks.

Keywords: Transitivity, Systemic Functional Grammar

PREFACE

All praises and the foremost gratitude be to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta‟ala,

for his abundant blessings and endless helps so the writer could finish this

research paper entitled The Analysis Of Transitivity In Pope Francis‘s Speech

Text Addressed To U. S. Congress on time. This research paper is completed to

fulfill the requirements for bachelor degree (Strata 1), in English Language,

English Department of STBA YAPARI – ABA Bandung.

The writer realizes that he did not work by himself to finish this research

paper, so the writer, on this page, would humbly like to convey his gratitude to

those who have helped, guided, and motivated the writer throughout the writing

process of the research paper.

The greatest gratitude goes to his beloved family, for the sacrifices that

make the writer able to reach this level of education and finish it very well.

The utmost gratitude is given to his supervisors, Drs. H. Mundari Muhada

Dipl. TEFL and Dra Hj. Lilis Rianita M. Pd., for the advices and guidance during

the writing process of the research paper.

The sincere gratitude to the Dean of STBA YAPARI – ABA Bandung,

Dra Hj. Iim Rogayah Danasaputra, M.Hum and Chairperson of English

Department, Dra. Em Endang Srisulastri, M.Hum, for every opportunity given to

the writer; All the lecturers who have taught, not only the lectures but also life-

lessons, to the writer, especially Dr. Ahmad Yani, M.A. and Ms. Yuliani Kusuma

Putri for helping the writer initiate this research from the scratch, lending him

some books, being a discussion partner, and an inspiration.

The warmest gratitude to all of his friends; Hanna Sara, for always being

there in the ups and downs; Isabella Natasha, for the good company in the past

four years; Wachana Group: Debora Oktavia, Intan Aswin, Lusiana Sinurat, Indra

Sasterawijaya, Larasdinda Sofiani, and Bunga Naminali for being such a cure

when it comes to boredom and for the laughter in the past two years; Donald

Hasibuan and Sarah Gracia for the good times; his across-the-borders friends,

Carlos Alexandre and Massimo Hu, for the supports, good conversations, and

diversions; B Class 2012 for being wonderful classmates for the past four years;

and anyone who cannot be mentioned one by one here, the writer cannot thank

enough for what you all have done. May God always keep pouring his kindness to

you all.

Bandung, June 2016

Yusep Ardiansyah

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...................................................... i

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ ii

PREFACE .............................................................................................. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1

A. Rationale ...................................................................................... 1

B. Research Questions ...................................................................... 3

C. Limitation of the Research ........................................................... 3

D. Objectives of the Research ........................................................... 3

E. Significances of the Research ...................................................... 4

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS ............................. 6

A. Discourse Analysis ....................................................................... 6

B. Speech .......................................................................................... 7

C. Transitivity ................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................. 15

A. Research Method ........................................................................ 15

B. Data Collecting Techniques ....................................................... 16

C. Data Analyzing Techniques ....................................................... 16

D. Research Object ......................................................................... 17

1. A brief Biography of Pope Francis ...................................... 17

2. The Apostolic Speech Text of Pope Francis ........................ 18

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DATA DISCUSSION ..................... 22

A. Finding ....................................................................................... 22

B. Types of Transitivity Processes and the Uses of Processes ....... 22

1. American Society and Politics (Paragraph 1 and 2)............. 22

2. Refugee and Immigrant Crisis (Paragraph 14 and 15) ......... 27

3. America and Its Figures (Paragraph 29 and 30)................... 39

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................... 43

A. Conclusion ................................................................................. 43

B. Suggestions ................................................................................ 44

SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................ 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 48

APPENDICES ...................................................................................... 50

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

People may have their own ways and media to utter what they firmly

hold and believe in their lives. Any kind of communication, either written or

spoken has been a medium of ideas and knowledge to become all-connected

series of utterances.

Discourse, in any forms, has many functions that the purpose of the

use of it might be different—depending on the speaker and the occasion. One

of the common functions of discourse is to covey new information, and to

communicate a content unknown to the addressees, reflecting the events and

experiences in both subjective and objective worlds (Wang, 2010), but in

social context, discourse is used as a form of social practice or action

(Fairlough 1995).

Speech is a discourse form that has long been used to express opinions

and thoughts, but sometimes, the information about what‘s happening around

and inside us is not uttered explicitly and some people cannot comprehend it

clearly.

As the rule, speech consists of linguistic features that cannot be apart

from the set of grammar that even the smallest unit of it can possibly has a

meaning. That notion is supported by Fairlough (1995) who states ―The

grammar of a language as systems of ‗options‘ amongst which speakers make

‗selections‘ according to social circumstances, assuming that formal options

have contrasting meanings, and that choices of forms are always meaningful‖

One of the grammatical units that has a meaning is clause. Gerrot and

Wignell (1994) confirm that clauses encode three aspects of meanings, one of

them is ideational meaning that has something to do with ideas and thing

realized in the linguistic forms, in this case, clauses of options from

transitivity—processes, participants, and circumstances.

This is to imply, in order to reveal the ideational meanings, one should

conduct transitivity analysis, especially to know the processes, because

participants and circumstances are unavoidable in the doings, the happenings,

the feelings, and doings. (Gerot and Wignell, 1994)

The previous study conducted with the focus transitivity analysis in

contextual speech was done by Sehrish Naz (2012) entitled Political language

of Benazir Bhutto: The Transitivity Analysis of her Speech „Democratization

in Pakistan. The writer focuses on the transitivity processes and the uses of

them in the speech of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan—Benazir Bhutto.

There are various processes and uses found in the speech, such as material

process that is used to depict her as a lady of action, mental process to dive

impact to the mass, and relational process to form a very soft image of herself.

Pope Francis is one of the most influential people in the world who has

delivered many speeches. Although he is a religious leader, he often speaks

beyond religious matters—politics and climate change for instance. During his

Apostolic Journey to U. S. (19-28 September 2015), he delivered a speech

talking about some different issues with different ‗goals‘ in front of U. S

Congress that there must be processes he used to deliver those ‗goals‘.

Based on the rationale above, the present research is to analyze the

transitivity in the speech text of Pope Francis addressed to U. S. Congress.

B. Research Questions

The study emphases on transitivity and the uses of it in the speech text,

with the following of the research:

1. What kinds of processes are found in the speech?

2. What are the uses of the transitivity processes in the speech text?

C. Objectives of the Research

There are several aims the writer hopes to obtain while conducting this

study. The aims are as follows:

1. to find out the transitivity processes used in the speech

2. to explain the uses of transitivity processes in the speech

D. Limitation of the Research

The research is to focus on discovering the transitivity processes and

the uses of them based on Halliday‘s theory compiled by Gerot and

Wignell (1994) in of Pope Francis‘s speech at The Joint Session of United

States Congress, on Thursday, 24 September 2015, in Unites States

Capitol, Washington, D. C., United States. The analysis is conducted using

the data from the speech text based on three topics highlighted in the

speech text, they are American Society and Politics, Refugee and

Immigrant Crisis, and America and Its Figures.

E. Significances of Research

The significances of the study are as follows:

1. For the Writer

This research gives the writer information and knowledge about

transitivity and Discourse Analysis (DA). Transitivity can function as a

tool to identify the ideational meanings in any form of communication,

especially written ones.

2. For the Readers or the Other Researchers

This research can be a source of information and a reference in

developing material and variety about transitivity and Discourse

Analysis (DA) for those who are interested in continuing the research

in the same field of the study.

3. For Institution

This research enriches the variety of the researches in the library of

the institution, especially for the research material about transitivity

and Discourse Analysis (DA).

4. For the Lecturers

This research can be a material for teaching in grammar and

Discourse Analysis. This result of the research can also be a good

reference for lecturers in giving example about the variety of the use of

grammar in discourse used in social context.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS

A. Discourse Analysis

In term of communication, people might have their own preferences in

expressing their thoughts, either by words, talks, or conversations. Concisely,

since discourse denotes any unit of connected speech or writing longer than a

sentence, it can be utilized by many people to let their voice be heard.

The definition of discourse itself is broad, due to its wide-ranging use from

linguistics, philosophy, sociology and other disciplines. For the purpose of the

present research, the writer discusses discourse in the range of Fairlough‘s

(1995) which refers discourse to ―extended sample of spoken dialogue‖ and

Cook‘s (1982. in Cutting 2012) says ―discourse is the use of language, and

text, or pieces of spoken or written discourse, concentrating on how stretches

of language become meaningful and unified for the users‖.

Fairlough (1995) also states that discourse represents some certain view

towards the world, social relation between people, ways of acting and

interacting, ways of being, and addressees of the text dialectically.

Discourse can be analyzed in the use of written, vocal, or sign language,

using the approaches named Discourse Analysis.

Discourse analysis, based on Paltridge (2006), is a way of analyzing

connected speech or writing with two main interests: the investigation of

language beyond the level of the sentence and the relationship between

linguistic and non-linguistic elements shaped the discourse itself. This analysis

is also the way of describing how language features are distributed within text

and the ways how they are combined in particular kinds and style of text.

Since discourse is not about sharing meanings, they also have got

characteristics linguistic features associated with them, so the meanings and

their realizations are the central interests of discourse analysis.

Paltridge (2006) also adds that:

―Discourse analysis is also a view of language in use; that is, how,

through the use of language, people achieve certain communicative

goals, perform certain communicative acts, participate in certain

communicative events and present themselves to others. Discourse

analysis considers how people manage interactions with each

other, how people communicate within particular groups and

societies, as well as how they communicate with other groups, and

with other cultures. It also focuses on how people do things beyond

language, and the ideas and beliefs that they communicate as they

use language.‖

To be concluded, discourse analysis is concerned about the use of

language requiring the interaction of a speaker and the addressees within

particular context and how ‗discourse makers‘ use language and non-linguistic

objects to shape the discourse.

B. Speech

Speech is a form of spoken language consisting of coherent set of

utterances delivered by a speaker to people as the addressees on particular

occasions.

Speech, referring to Schaffner (1997), is ―part of larger, more extensive

communicative process, and that it can be characterized as a strategic move in

an overreaching communicative plan. It can therefore be assessed properly

only if the larger context is taken into account‖.

In classical rhetoric, a speech is considered as a singular event that can be

qualified by the unity of time, space, the sequential unity of information,

audience.

Speech is mostly utilized to be a representative of something.

Representative speech is restricted to the specific persons with the specific

functions, may be made by a head of a group, a party, or even a state, and

made on specific occasions that must deserve the speech.

There are some functions of speech in general such as to make believe the

present audience the correctness of orator‘s opinions, advices, or the

plausibilities and to persuade the present audience to, at least, decide

according to what the orator has spoken and outlined.

To be concluded, speech text is one of the realizations of discourse,

particularly written discourse. It can be functioned as a representation of the

speaker to convince or influence the hearer to follow speaker‘s traces of

opinions and belief.

C. Transitivity

Grammar is the study of language about organizational set of rules in

putting the linguistic compositions together and making them work. The study

of grammar is divided into three kinds; traditional grammar, formal grammar,

and functional grammar. The terms process and participant could be found in

functional grammar.

Gerrott and Wignell (1994) say functional grammar sees language as a

source for making meaning and representation. In the representation and

meaning could be analyzed through the system of transitivity. This system

explores clauses in its who-does-what-to-whom, who-or-what-is-what-or-who,

when, where, why, or how they function.

There are three semantics category which explain generally how

phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistics structures. They are

circumstances, processes, and participants.

Circumstances are the answer of such questions as why, where, when,

how, and how many. They realize meaning about time, place, manner, cause

accompaniment, matter, and role.

Processes are very essential to transitivity and they are realized by verbs.

Since participants and circumstances are incumbent upon doing, happening,

being, and feeling. This is to suggest that there are different going-ons which

necessarily require different participants in various circumstances.

Gerott and Wignell (1994) confirm there are seven process types identified

by Halliday.

The first is material process. It is a material process doing, expressing the

notion that some entity physically does something to some other entity. Clause

with material process has a doing (process) and doer (participant). The entity

who or which does something is actor the entity which may be done is the

goal. For example:

A young girl picked up some flowers

Actor Material process Goal

The second process is mental process. This is a process of sensing, feeling,

thinking perceiving. Participant roles in mental process are senser—a

conscious being and phenomena. Mental process in not about so much acting

or having feeling, but it is mental, physical, and overt doing. For example:

Sam likes his new watch

Senser Mental Process Phenomena

The third is behavioral process. This is a process psychological or

psychological behavior like dreaming, breathing, snoring, smiling, hiccupping,

looking, watching, listening, and pondering. The participant is called behaver,

a conscious being, but the process is not sensing. For example:

I live in Bandung

Behaver Behavioral Process Circumstance

The circumstances in these processes can also be realized by Range.

Range specifies the range or scope of the process, defining it coordinates or

domain. In behavioral processes, range names the behavioral enacted. For

example:

I took a nap

Behaver Behavioral process Range

The fourth is verbal process. This kind of processes is a process of saying

or symbolically signaling. These processes are realized by two distinct

clauses: the projecting clause encodes a signal source (sayer) and a signaling

(verbal process) and the other (projected clause) realizes what was said. The

projecting and projected are each analyzed in their rights. For Example:

He said that he doesn‘t

like

apples

Sayer Verbal

Process

Senser Mental

Process

Phenomena

There are three other participants that may be incumbent on the verbal

process: receiver—the one to whom the verbalization is addressed, target—

the one added on verbally (insulted, complimented, etc.), and

range/verbiage—a name of verbalization itself. For examples:

Hans Told Mary a cheesy joke

Sayer Verbal Process Receiver Verbiage

I mock him

Sayer Verbal Process Target

There a further participant in verbal process, which is beneficiary. The

beneficiaries are recipient—to whom the goods are given, client—for whom

services are provided, and receiver—the one who is being addressed. For

examples:

I Hand the money to him

Actor Material Process Goal Recipient

He Serves the customers a good service

Actor Material Process Goal Client

You Promised me you ‗d start

running

Sayer Verbal

Process

Receiver Actor Material

The fifth is relational process. This process involves state of being

(including having). They can be classified based on their use: to identify

something or to assign a quality of something.

Processes which identify something are called identifying process and

those who assign a quality of something are attributive process. Each has its

own characteristic participant roles. In identifying processes there are token

and value, and in attributive processes there are carrier and attributive. For

examples:

Maria has a good skill

Carrier Attributive Attribute

Maria is the best archer on earth

Token Identifying Value

The sixth process is existential processes. These processes are usually

expressed by the words be, exist, arise, and the existent can be phenomena of

any kind. For example:

There is a mistake

Existential process Existent

The seventh is metrological processes. The processes are realized when a

sentence contains a word it and it has no representational function but

provides a subject. For example:

It ‗s 4 a.m. now

Metrological

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method

In conducting a research, it is vital to decide the research method that will

be used in order to find the data and information proposed in the research.

Since the writer intends to describe and provide a ‗picture‘ from the data used

consisting of words, then the fitting method should be used is qualitative

descriptive method.

According to Strider (2012) ―Descriptive research provides a detailed

profile of an event, condition or situation using either quantitative, qualitative

or a combination of methods‖

Qualitative research can be used to refer a research based on descriptive

data that does not make use of statistical procedures and it works to uncover

information from information-rich samples. Besides, it tends to be more

interested in presenting a natural and a holistic feature of the phenomena being

studied. This picture includes both the broader sociocultural context (e.g., the

ideological orientations of a speech community as whole) as well as micro-

level phenomena (e. g. interaction in the classroom) (Phatiki, 2014; Perry,

2005: Mackey and Gass 2005)

This is a subjective method. Phatiki (2014) confirms ―qualitative

researchers usually take a subjective stance, which allow them to understand

their research area meaningfully‖

B. Data Collecting Techniques

The procedures of data collection are needed to describe the research

writing process. The accurate and systematical steps done in collecting data

allow the writer to obtain precise goals asked in the research

The source of data for this present study is a speech text of Pope Francis

on his Apostolic Journey to U. S. (19-28 September 2015). The data consist of

words, phrase, and sentence. The source of data is taken from vatican.va

The data collecting techniques are realized by these following steps:

1. Obtaining the speech text from the internet.

2. Reading thoroughly the speech text.

3. Determining the main topics of the speech text.

4. Limiting the data based on particular topics in the speech text.

C. Data Analysis Techniques

Having collected the data, the next phase is analyzing the data. It is a

crucial phase that must be conducted by researchers in order to obtain the

result of the research.

The data analysis techniques will be completed using these following

steps:

1. Explaining the transitivity processes in the speech text

2. Explaining the uses of the transitivity in the speech text.

D. Research Object

1. A Brief Biography of Pope Francis

The biography is taken from biography.com

Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected the 266th pope of the Roman

Catholic Church in March 2013, becoming Pope Francis. He is the first

pope from the Americas.

Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on December 17, 1936, Jorge Mario

Bergoglio became Pope Francis on March 13, 2013, when he was named

the 266th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Bergoglio, the first pope

from the Americas, took his papal title after St. Francis of Assisi of Italy.

Prior to his election as pope, Bergoglio served as archbishop of Buenos

Aires from 1998 to 2013 (succeeding Antonio Quarracino), as cardinal of

the Roman Catholic Church of Argentina from 2001 to 2013, and as

president of the Bishops' Conference of Argentina from 2005 to 2011.

Pope Francis made his first international visit in July 2013, traveling to

Brazil. In December 2013, Pope Francis was also named Person of the

Year by Time magazine. To date, his tenure has been characterized by

humility and outspoken support of the world's poor and marginalized

people, and he has been involved actively in areas of political diplomacy

and environmental advocacy.

2. The Speech of the Visit to the Joint Session of the United States Congress

This speech text is downloaded from vatican.va. The speech text below is

the limited data of the speech text analyzed in this research. The full version

of the speech text is available on appendices.

Mr. Vice-President,

Mr. Speaker,

Honorable Members of Congress,

Dear Friends,

I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint Session

of Congress in ―the land of the free and the home of the brave‖. I

would like to think that the reason for this is that I too am a son of this

great continent, from which we have all received so much and toward

which we share a common responsibility.

Each son or daughter of a given country has a mission, a personal

and social responsibility. Your own responsibility as members of

Congress is to enable this country, by your legislative activity, to grow

as a nation. You are the face of its people, their representatives. You

are called to defend and preserve the dignity of your fellow citizens in

the tireless and demanding pursuit of the common good, for this is the

chief aim of all politics. A political society endures when it seeks, as a

vocation, to satisfy common needs by stimulating the growth of all its

members, especially those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk.

Legislative activity is always based on care for the people. To this you

have been invited, called and convened by those who elected you.

In recent centuries, millions of people came to this land to pursue

their dream of building a future in freedom. We, the people of this

continent, are not fearful of foreigners, because most of us were once

foreigners. I say this to you as the son of immigrants, knowing that so

many of you are also descended from immigrants. Tragically, the

rights of those who were here long before us were not always

respected. For those peoples and their nations, from the heart of

American democracy, I wish to reaffirm my highest esteem and

appreciation. Those first contacts were often turbulent and violent, but

it is difficult to judge the past by the criteria of the present.

Nonetheless, when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, we must not

repeat the sins and the errors of the past. We must resolve now to live

as nobly and as justly as possible, as we educate new generations not

to turn their back on our ―neighbors‖ and everything around us.

Building a nation calls us to recognize that we must constantly relate to

others, rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of

reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best. I am

confident that we can do this.

Our world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude not seen since

the Second World War. This presents us with great challenges and

many hard decisions. On this continent, too, thousands of persons are

led to travel north in search of a better life for themselves and for their

loved ones, in search of greater opportunities. Is this not what we want

for our own children? We must not be taken aback by their numbers,

but rather view them as persons, seeing their faces and listening to

their stories, trying to respond as best we can to their situation. To

respond in a way which is always humane, just and fraternal. We need

to avoid a common temptation nowadays: to discard whatever proves

troublesome. Let us remember the Golden Rule: ―Do unto others as

you would have them do unto you‖ (Mt 7:12).

A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as Lincoln

did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to ―dream‖ of full

rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought to

do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as

Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which

becomes dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of

Thomas Merton.

In these remarks I have sought to present some of the richness

of your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American people. It is my

desire that this spirit continue to develop and grow, so that as many

young people as possible can inherit and dwell in a land which has

inspired so many people to dream. God bless America!

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS

A. Finding

Having collected the data, the writer has found 7 transitivity processes in 7

issues highlighted and written in 30 paragraphs and 140 sentences. The 7

processes are analyzed in 3 issues: American Society and Politics, Refugee

and Immigrant Crisis, and America and Its Figures, 6 paragraphs, and 29

sentences.

B. Data Analysis

1. Types of Transitivity Processes and the Uses of Processes

a. American Society and Politics (Paragraph 1 and 2)

Paragraph 1:

“I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint

Session of Congress in “the land of the free and the home of the brave””.

Analysis:

The first sentence of paragraph 1 contains mental process. I is the

senser, am most grateful shows the process, which is mental process, of

your invitation to address this Joint Session of Congress is the

phenomenon and in “the land of the free and the home of the brave” is the

circumstance. Pope Francis used mental process to describe his gratitude

for being present in front of U. S. Congress.

“I would like to think that the reason for this is that I too am a son

of this great continent, from which we have all received so much and

toward which we share a common responsibility”.

Analysis:

The second sentence consists of five clauses. The clause one has

two processes, they are material process where I is the actor and the

process is indicated by the word like and mental process shown by the

words to think. The clause two the reason for this is comprises relational

process, shown by the reason for this as the token and is as the relational-

identifying process. Pope Francis used these three processes to reason.

The clause three is I too am a son of this great continent. I is the

token, am is relational-identifying process, and a son of this great

continent is the value. This process is used to emphasize the identity of

him as the reason of his being in front of the U. S Congress.

The last two clauses, we have all received so much and we share a

common responsibility, have material processes, both of we are pointing

out the actor and the verbs received and share are the indicators of

process, while a common responsibility is goal. The processes in these

clauses are used to show the unity of American society who is responsible

for taking care of the American continent.

Paragraph 2:

Each son or daughter of a given country has a mission, a personal

and social responsibility.

Analysis:

The sentence has relational-attributive process. Each son or

daughter of a given country is carrier, the word has is relational-

attributive process, and a mission; a personal and social responsibility is

attribute. The process in this sentence is used to repeat and stress the

responsibility that the citizens of a country have toward their own country.

“You are the face of its people, their representatives”.

Analysis:

The sentence has a relational process too. Token is realized by the

word you, are is relational-identifying process, and the face of its people,

their representatives is value. The process here is used to define the role of

U.S Congress.

“You are called to defend and preserve the dignity of your fellow

citizens in the tireless and demanding pursuit of the common good, for this

is the chief aim of all politics”.

Analysis:

The sentence above is made up by two clauses. The first clause has

two material processes. The word you is the goal, called is pointer of the

process. The process is realized by the words defend and preserve and the

dignity of your fellow citizens in the tireless and demanding pursuit of the

common good is the goal of the clause. This process in this sentence is

used to mention the responsibilities of the U, S. Congress members.

The following clause, for this is the chief aim of all politics, has

relational-identifying process: this is the carrier, is is the indicator of the

process, and chief aim of all politics is the value of the clause. The process

in this clause is used to emphasize why the responsibilities are supposed to

be fulfilled.

“A political society endures when it seeks, as a vocation, to satisfy

common needs by stimulating the growth of all its members, especially

those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk”.

Analysis:

There are two clauses establishing the next sentence. A political

society endures is a clause owning mental process, where the process is

realized by the verb endures and a political society is the senser of the

clause. The next clause is when it seeks, as a vocation which has material

process that is showed by the verb seeks, the actor is it, and as a vocation

is circumstances. Satisfy is the indicator of material process, the goal is

common needs, and by stimulating the growth of all its members,

especially those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk is the

circumstances of the clause. The processes in this sentence are used to

describe a situation in political society.

“Legislative activity is always based on care for the people”.

Analysis:

The sentence comprises behavioral process highlighted by words

based on, while Legislative activity is the behaver, care for the people is

the range, and the word always is the circumstances of the clause. The

process in this is used to tell how legislative activity should work.

To this you have been invited, called and convened by those who

elected you.

Analysis:

This sentence has two clauses. The clause to this you have been

invited, called and convened by those owns material process that can be

seen from the verbs invited, called, and convened. The actor of the clause

is those, you is the goal and to this is the circumstances. The next clause is

who elected you that has a material process, the actor is who, the verb

showing the material process is elected and, you is the goal. The processes

in this sentence are used to highlight the reason of their presence, as the

members of U.S. Congress.

b. Refugee and Its Crisis (Paragraph 14 and 15)

“In recent centuries, millions of people came to this land to pursue

their dream of building a future in freedom”.

Analysis:

This sentence has a clause with two processes. Clause one, is in

recent centuries, millions of people came to this land, owns material

process showed by the verb came, the actor of the clause is millions of

people, and in recent centuries and to this land are the circumstances. To

pursue their dream contains material process. The process is polarized by

the verb pursue and their dream of building a future in freedom is the goal

of the clause. The processes in these clauses are used to clarify why people

come to America.

“We, the people of this continent, are not fearful of foreigners,

because most of us were once foreigners”

Analysis:

This sentence is constituted by two clauses and these two clauses

have the different processes. Clause one, we, the people of this continent,

are not fearful of foreigners, has mental process clarified by word fearful,

while we is the senser and of foreigners is the phenomenon of the clause.

The process in this clause is used to express their feeling about foreigners.

Clause two of the sentence is because most of us were once

foreigners. This clause has relational process: most of us is token, were is

the pointer of relational-identifying process, once is the circumstance, and

foreigners is the value. The process in this clause is used to define who

they were in the past.

“I say this to you as the son of immigrants, knowing that so many

of you are also descended from immigrants”

Analysis:

This sentence involves two clauses in it. Clause one has verbal

process identified by the word say, I is the sayer, this is the target, and to

you is the recipient. Clause two holds two process, they are mental process

and behavioral process. It is known from the word knowing. The

processes in these two different clauses are used to speak on behalf of their

identities.

The next process is behavioral process indicated by the word

descended, you is the behaver, and from immigrants is the range of the

clause. This process is used, once again, to define their identities.

“Tragically, the rights of those who were here long before us were

not always respected”.

Analysis:

This sentence involves two clauses. Clause one is tragically, the

rights of those who were here long before us has relational process: Those

is the carrier, were is the indicator of the process and here long before us

is the attribute of the clause. Clause two, were not always respected,

preserves material process. The process can be identified by the word

respected while always is the circumstance. The processes in the sentence

are used to describe a condition of the rights of their ancestors.

“For those peoples and their nations, from the heart of American

democracy, I wish to reaffirm my highest esteem and appreciation”.

Analysis:

This sentence is constituted by two processes. For those peoples

and their nations, from the heart of American democracy, I wish, has

material process known from the word wish, I is the actor, from the heart

of American democracy is the circumstance, and for those peoples and

their nations is the recipient. The next is to reaffirm my highest esteem and

appreciation. This contains material process. Reaffirm is the verb pointing

out the process and my highest esteem and appreciation is the goal of the

clause. Pope Francis used these processes emphasize his positions toward

people whose right we not respected enough.

“Those first contacts were often turbulent and violent, but it is

difficult to judge the past by the criteria of the present”.

Analysis:

There are two clauses forming this sentence. Clause one is those

first contacts were often turbulent and violent. This clause has relational

process: those first contacts is the token, were is the relational-attributive,

often is the circumstances, and turbulent and violent are the attributes.

Clause two, but it is difficult, comprises relational process too. It is the

token, is is the sign of material-attributive process, and difficult is the

attribute of the clause. The next is is to judge the past by the criteria of the

present. This last clause of the sentence owns behavioral process. The

word judge is the indicator of behavioral process, the past is the range,

and by the criteria of the present is the circumstance of the clause. These

three processes are used to compare the condition in the past and condition

right now.

Nonetheless, when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, we must

not repeat the sins and the errors of the past.

Analysis:

The sentence is made up of two clauses. Clause one, nonetheless,

when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, has material process. The

process is pointed out by the verb appeals, while the actor is the stranger

in our midst, and the circumstance is us. Clause two is we must not repeat

the sins and the errors of the past that has material process shown by the

word repeat and repeat the sins and the errors of the past is the goal of the

clause. The processes in this sentence are used to suggest that we should

be aware of not repeating mistakes in the past.

We must resolve now to live as nobly and as justly as possible, as

we educate new generations not to turn their back on our “neighbors” and

everything around us.

Analysis:

This sentence consists of two clauses. Clause one is we must

resolve now to live as nobly and as justly as possible that has two

processes. The first is material process: we is the actor, resolve is the

pointer of the process, and now is the circumstance. The second is

behavioral process. The process is clarified by the word live and as nobly

and as justly as possible is the circumstance. Clause two, as we educate

new generations, contains material process; we is the actor, educate is the

verb signifying the process, and new generation is the goal of the clause,

and not to turn their back on our “neighbors” and everything around us,

holds material process that is showed by the word turn. The goal is their

back and on our “neighbors” and everything around us is the

circumstance of the clause. Through the processes in the sentence, Pope

Francis declared that the refugee crisis needs stopping by educating the

new generation not to repeat the mistakes in the past.

Building a nation calls us to recognize that we must constantly

relate to others, rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of

reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best.

Analysis:

This sentence involves two clauses. Clause one, building a nation

calls us to recognize, has three processes. The first process is material

process. The word building is the pointer of the process and nation is the

goal. The second is calls us which has a material process: calls is the

word clarified the process and us is the goal of the clause. And the third, to

recognize, retains mental process. Clause two is that we must constantly

relate to others rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of

reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best.. This clause

preserves four processes. The first is material process: we is the actor,

constantly is the circumstances, relate is the verb of the process, and to

others is the recipient. The second process in rejecting a mindset of

hostility is behavioral process. The process is indicated by the word

rejecting and the range of the clause is a mindset of hostility. The third is

in order to adopt one of reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort. This

comprises behavioral process. The word adopt is signifying the process,

one of reciprocal subsidiarity is the range, and in a constant effort is the

circumstance of the clause. The fourth, to do our best, has a material

process, known from the verb do, while our best is the goal of the clause.

The processes in the sentence are used to tell what should be done when it

comes to building a nation.

“I am confident that we can do this”.

Analysis:

This sentence has two clauses with two different processes. Clause

one is I am confident that contains mental process reflected by the word

am and pronoun I is the senser. The process in this clause is used to

express his confidence.

Clause two, we can do this, holds material process embodied by

do, the actor is we, and this is the goal of the clause. The process in this

clause is used to show the ability of American society helping the world to

end the refugee crisis.

Paragraph 15

“Our world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude not seen since

the Second World War”.

Analysis:

The first sentence consists of s clauses with two processes: Our

world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude and not seen since the

Second World War. The first process is behavioral process expressed by

the word facing, the behaver is our world, and a refugee crisis of a

magnitude is the range. The second is mental process identified by the

word seen and since the Second World War is the circumstance. The

processes in this sentence are used to portray the world‘s situation

“This presents us with great challenges and many hard decisions”.

Analysis:

The second sentence is this presents us with great challenges and

many hard decisions. This one has material process portrayed by the verb

presents, while the actor is pronoun this, the goal is us, and the

circumstance is with great challenges and many hard decisions. The

processes in the sentence are used to tell the consequences of what the

world is facing.

”On this continent, too, thousands of persons are led to travel

north in search of a better life for themselves and for their loved ones, in

search of greater opportunities”.

Analysis:

This sentence has material process shown by the verb led,

thousands of persons is the goal and on this continent is the circumstance

and material process pointed out by the world travel, while north in

search of a better life and in search of greater opportunities are the

circumstance of the clauses and for themselves and for their loved ones is

the client. The processes in the sentence are used to describe the condition

of refugee/immigrant crisis in American Continent.

“Is this not what we want for our own children?”.

Analysis:

The fourth sentence is is this not what we want for our own

children. This sentence consists of two clauses. The first clause is is this

not owning the relational-identifying process, illustrated by the word is

and the word this is the token. The second clause is what we want for our

own children. This clause comprises mental process expressed by the

word want, we is the senser and for our own children is the client. The

processes in this sentence are used to emphasize if we want this problem

to keep happening

“We must not be taken aback by their numbers, but rather view

them as persons, seeing their faces and listening to their stories, trying to

respond as best we can do to their situation”.

Analysis:

This sentence has three clauses. The first clause, we must not be

taken aback by their numbers, has material process, shown by the word

taken, we is the goal and their numbers is the actor. The second clause but

rather view them as persons holds behavioral process, indicated by the

word view, them is the range and as persons is the circumstance of the

clause. The next is seeing their faces. This has mental process expressed

by word seeing and their faces is the phenomenon of the clause. Listening

to their stories has behavioral process, it can be seen from the word

listening and to their stories is the range. The next is trying that has

behavioral process and to respond as best that contains material process

and as best is the circumstance of the clause. The third clause we can do

to their situation, is a clause owning material process pointed out by the

word do, where we is the actor, to their situation is the client. These

processes in this sentence are used to advise the solutions about

refugee/immigrant problem so it won‘t get any worse.

“To respond in a way this is always humane, just, and fraternal”.

Analysis:

This sentence has material process that is illustrated by the word

respond and the words in a way is the circumstances of the clause and

holds relational process proven by the word this is the token, is is the

pointer of the relational-identifying process, the adjectives humane, just,

and fraternal, are the values, and always is the circumstance of the clause.

The processes in this sentence are used to suggest in what ways we should

handle refugee/immigrant process.

“We need to avoid a common temptation nowadays: to discard

whatever proves troublesome”.

Analysis:

There are two clauses made up of this sentence: we need, to avoid

a common temptation nowadays, to discard, and whatever proves

troublesome. Clause one has behavioral process, we is the behaver and

need is the pointer of the process, material process shown by the word

avoid, the goal is a common temptation, and nowadays is the circumstance

of the clause, and to discard has material process. Clause two owns

material process too: whatever is the actor, proves is the material process,

and troublesome is the goal of the clause. The processes in this sentence

are used to tell what to do to cut the troubles.

”Let us remember the Golden Rule”

This sentence consists of two processes. Process one is material

process pointed out by the word let while us is the goal of the clause.

Process two is mental processes clarified by the word remember and the

Golden Rule is the phenomenon. The processes in this sentence are used to

invite to remember a rule that should be a foundation in handling the

crisis.

c. America and Its Figures

Paragraph 28

A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as

Lincoln did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to “dream” of

full rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought

to do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as

Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which becomes

dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of Thomas Merton.

Analysis:

The sentence is constituted by nine clauses. The first clause is a

nation can be considered great which has a behavioral process, where a

nation is the behaver, the process is pointing out by the word considered,

and great is range. The second clause is when it defends liberty that holds

material process proved by the word defends, while the word liberty is the

goal, and pronoun it is the actor of the clause. The third is as Lincoln did

comprising the material process. Lincoln is the actor and did is portraying

material process in the clause. The fourth is when it fosters a culture. This

clause has a material process expressed by foster, the actor is pronoun it,

and the goal is a culture. The fifth clause is which enables people that

preserves material process in it, the actor is which, the verb showing the

process is enables people is the goal. The next is to “dream” of full rights

for all their brothers and sisters. This one has a material process

expressed by the word dream, while the goal is of full rights for all their

brothers and sisters. The processes in these clauses are used to tell what it

takes to become a great nation.

The sixth is as Martin Luther King sought to do that retains

material process specified by the word sought and Martin Luther King is

the actor, and to do has material process realized by the word do. The

seventh clause, when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed,

has material process. The process can be seen through the word strive, the

actor is pronoun it, and the goal is for justice and the cause of the

oppressed. The processes in these clauses are used to reflect what Martin

Luther King did that becomes an inspiration, especially when it comes to

justice.

The eighth is as Dorothy Day did by her tireless work which

possesses material process showed by the word did as the process in

clause and Dorothy Day is the actor, while by her tireless work is

circumstances. The ninth is the fruit of a faith which becomes dialogue

which has relational-attributive process illustrated by the word becomes,

the fruit of a faith is the carrier, and dialogue is the attribute. The

processes in these clauses are used to look up to Dorothy Day as her works

become a muse when it comes to conflicts.

The eleventh clause is and sows peace in the contemplative style of

Thomas Merton. This clause contains material process, known from the

word sows, peace is the goal, and in the contemplative style of Thomas

Merton is the circumstance. The processes in this clause are used to praise

Thomas Merton toward his works, especially when it comes to peace.

Paragraph 29

In these remarks I have sought to present some of the richness of

your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American people.

Analysis:

The first sentence of the paragraph has one clause with two

processes in it. One is in these remarks I have sought which contains

material process, I is actor, the pointer of the material process is

represented by the verb sought, and in these remarks is circumstances. The

next possesses material process too, indicated by the verb present and

some of the richness of your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American

people is goal. The processes in this sentence are used to represent him as

the representation of America.

“It is my desire that this spirit continue to develop and grow, so

that as many young people as possible can inherit and dwell in a land

which has inspired so many people to dream. God bless America!”

Analysis:

The second sentence comprises five clauses. It is my desire is a

clause having relational process: it is token, is is relational-identifying, and

my desire is value of the clause. The next is this spirit continue that owns

material process demonstrated by the verb continue, while this spirit is

actor of the clause. The previous clause is followed by another clause, to

develop and grow, which has behavioral process symbolized by the words

develop and grow. The processes in these clauses are used to express his

feeling about American spirit.

The next clause of the sentence is as many young people as

possible inherit and dwell in a land which has behavioral process showed

by the verbs inherit and dwell, behaver of the clause is as many young

people as possible, and in a land is circumstances. The next clause follows

is which has inspired so many people to dream. The clause holds material

process, pointed out by the verb inspired, the actor of the clause is which,

and so many people is goal. The clause to dream is material process. The

processes in these clauses are used to tell what America has done well.

The last is God bless America which has a material process. God is

actor, bless is signifying material process, and America is the goal. The

process in this sentence is used to state that only God can bless America.

Based on the finding and the discussion, there are 5 transitivity

processes found with the total number of the 5 processes is 90. They are

material process (52 processes), relational process (14 processes),

behavioral process (12 processes), mental process (11 processes), and

verbal process (1 process). The percentage of the transitivity processes

found is drawn below.

From the percentage above, it is known that the most dominant transitivity

process used is material process. Pope Francis tries to prove that he is a man of

action through the use of material process because the process is related to action.

58%

16%

12%

13%

1%

Transitivity Processes

Material

Relational

Mental

Behavioral

Verbal

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

Having analyzed the data using the techniques written on chapter III, the

writer has finally come to the conclusions of the research. The conclusions are as

follows:

1. From seven transitivity processes of Halliday compiled by Gerot and

Wignell, there are only five transitivity processes found after analyzing

the data. They are material process, relational process, mental process,

behavioral process, and verbal process. The dominant process in the

data is material process (52 processes), followed by relational process

(14 processes), behavioral process (12 processes), mental process (11

processes), and verbal process (1 process).

2. The uses of the processes are various and they reveal that Pope Francis

tends to use material processes to convey what is going and what

should have done. Most of the relational processes are used to reveal

identities and define responsibilities of Pope Francis and the addresses

of the speech. Mental processes are generally used to think, sense,

describe a situation and express feelings. Behavioral processes are

used to show some actions out of consciousness. The only one verbal

process is used as the marker of who says the remarks.

By applying the transitivity processes in his speech, Pope Francis tried to

make impression of being the representation of America, a man of action, and an

agent of changes.

B. Suggestions

The suggestion for the future analysis is that the next researchers should

continue this research by expanding it into wider range or changing the topic

into more attention-grabbing one because speech text of Pope Francis on his

Apostolic Journey still remains many to be explored, it depends on the

researcher‘s point in conducting the analysis. In addition, transitivity and the

other elements of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as the main topic and

tool has also the other uses, they are:

1. Transitivity can also be used as a main tool to analyze different

medium besides speech text.

2. It would be very challenging for the researchers to use transitivity as a

tool to reveal one‘s ideology manifested in linguistic forms.

SINOPSIS

Bahasa telah lama menjadi media bagi semua orang untuk berkomunikasi

di kehidupan sehari-hari. Seseorang mungkin memiliki preferensi berbeda dalam

hal bentuk komunikasi yang dipakai untuk mengutarakan apa yang selama ini

mereka percayai, baik itu bentuk tertulis ataupun bentuk lisan.

Dalam pengunaanya, bahasa tidak hanya digunakan untuk bertukar pesan

saja, tetapi lebih dari itu bahasa juga dapat digunakan sebagai representasi seorang

pembicara yang bertujuan untuk menyakinkan dan mempengaruhi para pendengar

agar bisa bertindak sesuai dengan yang telah disampaikan pembicara, terlebih

apabila pembicara tersebut adalah seorang tokoh penting di dunia. Tetapi pada

kenyatanya, tidak semua pendengar memahami maksud dari apa yang yang

disampaikan pembicara, sehingga tujuan pembicara menyampaikan sebuah opini

ataupun pemikiran tidak terpenuhi.

Berdasarkan fenomena diatas, penulis melakukan penelitian dengan topik

transitivity. Trasitivity adalah salah satu bagian dari Systemic Functional

Grammar yang terfokus pada ide, pengalaman, informasi, apa yang terjadi di

sekeliling, dan di dalam diri seorang pembicara yang diwujudkan dan

dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk elemen-elemen bahasa, contohnya klausa. Penulis

mengunakan media teks pidato Pope Francis yang disampaikan di depan anggota

Kongres Amerika pada tanggal 24 September 2015.

Dalam melakukan penelitiannya, penulis membatasi analisa hanya pada

tiga topik, yaitu Masyarakat dan Politik Amerika, Krisis Pengungsi dan Imigran,

dan Tokoh-tokoh Amerika. Penulis menemukan lima proses transitivity yang pada

tiga topic tersebut, yaitu material, mental, behavioral, relational, dan verbal.

Proses-proses tersebut digunakan oleh Pope Francis untuk memberikan kesan

kepada para pendengar bahwa dirinya adalah seorang yang menjadi gambaran

kecil benua Amerika, seorang yang selalu bertindak, dan seorang pembawa

perubahan.

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APPENDICES

1. American Society And Politics

Paragraph 1

Sentences

1. I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint Session of

Congress in ―the land of the free and the home of the brave‖.

2. I would like to think that the reason for this is that I too am a son of this

great continent, from which we have all received so much and toward

which we share a common responsibility.

Paragraph 2

Sentences

1. Each son or daughter of a given country has a mission, a personal and

social responsibility.

2. You are the face of its people, their representatives.

3. You are called to defend and preserve the dignity of your fellow

citizens in the tireless and demanding pursuit of the common good, for

this is the chief aim of all politics.

4. A political society endures when it seeks, as a vocation, to satisfy

common needs by stimulating the growth of all its members,

especially those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk.

5. Legislative activity is always based on care for the people.

6. To this you have been invited, called and convened by those who

elected you

2. Refugee And Immigrant Crisis

Paragraph 14

Sentences

1. In recent centuries, millions of people came to this land to pursue

their dream of building a future in freedom.

2. We, the people of this continent, are not fearful of foreigners,

because most of us were 6once foreigners.

3. I say this to you as the son of immigrants, knowing that so many of

you are also descended from immigrants

4. Tragically, the rights of those who were here long before us were not

always respected.

5. For those peoples and their nations, from the heart of American

democracy, I wish to reaffirm my highest esteem and appreciation.

6. Those first contacts were often turbulent and violent, but it is

difficult to judge the past by the criteria of the present.

7. Nonetheless, when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, we must

not repeat the sins and the errors of the past

8. We must resolve now to live as nobly and as justly as possible, as we

educate new generations not to turn their back on our ―neighbors‖

and everything around us.

9. Building a nation calls us to recognize that we must constantly relate

to others, rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of

reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best

10. I am confident that we can do this.

Paragraph 15

Sentences

1. Our world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude not seen since the

Second World War

2. This presents us with great challenges and many hard decisions.

3. On this continent, too, thousands of persons are led to travel north in

search of a better life for themselves and for their loved ones, in

search of greater opportunities.

4. Is this not what we want for our own children?

5. We must not be taken aback by their numbers, but rather view them

as persons, seeing their faces and listening to their stories, trying to

respond as best we can to their situation.

6. To respond in a way which is always humane, just, and fraternal

7 We need to avoid a common temptation nowadays: to discard

whatever proves troublesome.

8. Let us remember the Golden Rule: ―Do unto others as you would

have them do unto you‖ (Mt 7:12).

3. America and its Figures

Paragraph 29

Sentences

1. A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as Lincoln

did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to ―dream‖ of full

rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought

to do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as

Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which

becomes dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of

Thomas Merton.

Paragraph 30

Sentences

1. In these remarks I have sought to present some of the richness of

your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American people.

2. It is my desire that this spirit continue to develop and grow, so that

as many young people as possible can inherit and dwell in a land

which has inspired so many people to dream.