Transforming Music Study From Its Foundations
description
Transcript of Transforming Music Study From Its Foundations
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Tra
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UndergrReport o
Patricia Sheh
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Ed Sarath
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In2013,PatriciaShehanCampbell,PresidentoftheCollegeMusicSocietyappointedanationaltaskforcetoconsiderwhatitmeanstobeaneducatedmusicianinthetwentyfirstcenturyand,inturn,whatrecommendationsmayfollowforprogressivechangeintheundergraduatemusicmajorcurriculum.Overeighteenmonths,thetaskforcemetviavideoconferenceandinpersontocraftarationaleandrecommendationsforadvancingtheundergraduatepreparationofmusicmajors.Thetaskforcepursuedthismissioninviewofgraduatespotentialforsuccessfulparticipationandleadershipincontemporaryandevolvingmusicalcultures.Moreover,giventhemanychallengesandopportunitiesfacingprofessionalmusicianstoday,particularlyintheclassicalmusicrealm,thetaskforceconsideredtheroleofmusiciansinpubliclifeandthewaysinwhichthecurriculummightbetterreflectrelevantneeds,qualities,knowledge,andskills.
Thecreativeandexpressivedimensionsofmusichavebeenprogressingrapidlyoverthepastseveraldecades.Factorsincludeanexpanding,interconnectedglobalsocietywithitscrossculturalinfluences,crossoverstylisticexpressions,electronicaswellasacousticperformanceandproduction,advancesintechnology,accessandtransmissionaffordedbytheinternetanddigitalmedia,andgrowingcreativeimpulsesformanyrealworldmusiciansintheformofimprovisatoryandcompositionalendeavors.Thetaskforceseestheseevolutionarychangesintwoways:1)asuntoldopportunitiesformusicianstoembracetheubiquityofmusicinterestandfascinationacrosswidesegmentsofpopulationsandsociety;and2)asareturntocertainfundamentalsofmusical
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understanding,craft,andartisticexpressionthathavebeenlargelyabsentfromlongstandingmodelsofmusiccurriculumandteachinginourcollegesanduniversities.
Despiterepeatedcallsforchangetoassuretherelevanceofcurricularcontentandskilldevelopmenttomusicoutsidetheacademy,theacademyhasremainedisolated,resistanttochange,andtoofrequentlyregressiveratherthanprogressiveinitsapproachtoundergraduateeducation.Whilesurfacechangehasoccurredtosomeextentthroughadditivemeans(i.e.,simplyprovidingmorecourses,morerequirements,andmoreelectiveopportunities),fundamentalchangesinpriorities,values,perspectives,andimplementationhavenotoccurred.TheTaskForceontheUndergraduateMusicMajor(TFUMM)hasconcludedthatwithoutsuchfundamentalchange,traditionalmusicdepartments,schools,andconservatoriesmayfacedecliningenrollmentsassophisticatedhighschoolstudentsseekmusiccareerdevelopmentoutsidetheoftenrarefiedenvironmentsandcurriculathathavebeencharacteristicsincemusicfirstbecameamajorinAmericascollegesanduniversities.
Consideringitsownobservationsandthoseofothersregardingthedichotomiesbetweenmusicintherealworldandmusicintheacademy,TFUMMfashioneditsreportandrecommendationsonthreekeypillarsnecessarytoensuretherelevance,quality,andrigoroftheundergraduatemusiccurriculum.Thethreepillarsarecreativity,diversity,andintegration.TFUMMtakesthepositionthatimprovisationandcompositionprovideastrongerbasisforeducatingmusicianstodaythantheprevailingmodeloftrainingperformersintheinterpretationofolderworks.Thispositiondoesnotsuggestthatthereisnolongeraplaceforinterpretiveperformanceintheemergentvision,butthatwhenthisimportantpracticeisreintegratedwithinafoundationofsystematicimprovisationand
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composition,newlevelsofvitalityandexcellencearepossibleintheinterpretiveperformancedomain.Suchanapproachwillinevitablyengagestudentsmorefullywiththeworldinwhichtheyliveandwillworkprofessionally.Concurrently,thisapproachwillfulfilltheaimsofthesecondpillarofourrecommendedcurriculum:theneedforstudentstoengagewithmusicofdiverseculturesandthewaysinwhichcreativeexpression,includingmovement,underliemusicacrosstheglobe.TFUMMtakesthepositionthat,inaglobalsociety,studentsmustexperience,throughstudyanddirectparticipation,musicofdiversecultures,generations,andsocialcontexts,andthattheprimarylocusforcultivationofagenuine,crossculturalmusicalandsocialawarenessistheinfusionofdiverseinfluencesinthecreativeartisticvoice.TFUMMfurtherassertsthatthecontentoftheundergraduatemusiccurriculummustbeintegratedatdeeplevelsandinwaysthatadvanceunderstanding,interpretiveperformance,andcreativityasaholisticfoundationofgrowthandmaturation.Thus,integrationisthethirdpillarofourreformedundergraduatecurriculum.
Inadditiontochangesinmusicitself,teachingandlearningareinformedbyunprecedentedlevelsofresearchthatrendermuchoftraditionalmusicinstructionatoddswithwhatweknowaboutperception,cognition,andmotivationtolearn.TFUMMthusurgesfarmorestudentengagementwithcurricularplanning,aswellaspreparationthatlogicallyfitswiththelikelihoodofprofessionalopportunitiesforgainfulemployment.Suchcurricularcontentmayincludetheabilitytotalkaboutaswellasperformmusic,toshareresearchinunderstandableways,tovalueandengagewithdiverseconstituenciesintermsofageandculturalbackground,toleadindevelopingnewmodelsofconcertperformance
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thatbridgeperformeraudiencebarriers,andtoofferpolicyandprogrammaticleadershipforartsorganizationsseekingtodiversifyaudiences.
Inlightoftheconsiderationsandmotivationsidentifiedabove,TFUMMoffersaseriesofrecommendationsforchangethatencompasseveryfacetoftheundergraduatecurriculumfromprivatelessonstolargeensembles,fromfoundationaltheoryandhistorytothetransferofcreative,diverse,andintegrativeunderstandingintheacademytoapplicationsincareercontexts.Finally,thereportinvitesthosewhoarecommittedtoenliveningtheundergraduatecurriculumforthetwentyfirstcenturytojoinwiththetaskforceinproposingandimplementingchangethatservestheneedsoftodaysandtomorrowsmusicmajors.Moreimportantly,TFUMMbelievesthatthesechangeswillservethegreatergoalsofwidespreadvaluingof,andcommitmentto,theroleofmusicintheprocessofbeingbothhumanandhumane.
Reading the Report in Context
GiventhehistoricalprecedentsthathaveguidedhighermusiceducationintheUnitedStatesoverthepastcentury,TFUMMrecognizesthatsomeofthisreportsperspectivesandrecommendationsmayrouseargumentaboutfundamentalsintheeducationoftwentyfirstcenturymusicians.Thetaskforceviewsrespectfulargumentovertheseissuesasapotentialmeansofprogress.InconsideringTFUMMsperspectives,itisessentialthatreadersrecognizethereportsgoalofengenderingimportant,perhapscrucial,dialogue.Thefollowingpointswillassistincontextualizingthereportforpurposesoflocaldialoguesandactions:
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Thereporturgescurricularconsiderationsfoundedonthethreepillarsofcreativity,diversity,andintegration.Thoroughlydefiningtheseconceptswouldtakethreedocumentsjustaslongasthisone;therefore,intheinterestofbrevity,wetrustthatourdefinitionsemergeclearlyfromthetext.Weacknowledgethatfleshingoutthesedefinitionsmay,inthefuture,beessentialtopotentialimplementationsofTFUMMsproposals.
Somereadersmayquestionwhetherthereportssuggestionsonmusicianshipconstituteanattackonthewaymusictheoryiscurrentlytaughtinschoolsofmusic.ThisisnotTFUMMsintent.Rather,wepositthattheteachingoftheorymaybenefit,asanintegralcomponentofacohesiveundergraduatecurriculum,fromthekindoffundamentalchangewepropose.
SomereadersmayfeelthatTFUMMsproposalsubstitutesacurrentformofhegemonythatoftheinterpretiveperformerwithanother,theimprovisercomposerperformer,thusleavingstudiesinmusiceducationandscholarship,forexample,onthemarginsoftheundergraduateprogram.Infact,TFUMMarguesthatreplacingtheformerwiththelatterwillhavetheeffectofbringingthesetoofrequentlymarginalizeddisciplinesintothemainstreamofmusicstudyinanorganicandnecessaryway.ThisisanalogoustoTFUMMsargumentthatourproposedmodelwillleadorganicallytoessentialencounterswiththediversemusicsoftheworldandtowardseekingwaystointegratethecurriculumaroundallthefoundationalskillsthatamusicianinthetwentyfirstcenturywillneed.Theseinclude:theabilitytoimprovise;tocomposenewmusicrelevanttothetimes;to
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performwell;toteacheffectively;andtothinkcriticallyabouttheroleofmusic,realizingallitscontemporaryandhistoricaldiversity,inhumanlife.
ThisdocumentarguesthatAfricanderivedmusics,includingjazz,offerunparalleled,andmostlymissed,opportunitiestofashiontheidentityoftheimprovisercomposerperformer.TFUMMacknowledges,however,thatthispotentialalsoexistsinEuropeanclassicalmusicandmanyfolk,popular,andclassicaltraditionsfromotherpartsoftheworld.
Somemayreadthedocumentasadvocatingareductioninthenumberofhoursallocatedtolargeensembleinstructioninthecurriculum.Infact,TFUMMonlyarguesthatiftheunderlyingprinciplesofthereportwereadopted,thenofnecessityquestionsoftimeandcreditswouldinevitablyarise,notonlyforlargeensembles,butforallensembles,andforotherelementsofthecurriculumaswell.TFUMMisemphaticallynotadvocatingforaonesizefitsallsolutiontothesesortsofissues,whichmustbedebatedandresolvedlocally.TFUMMsubmitsthisreporttotheCollegeMusicSocietyandtotheprofessionof
highermusiceducationasawholeinhopesofcatalyzingrobustconversations,encouragingcurricularinnovations,andundertakingthedifficultbutrewardingtaskofprogrammaticchange.Webelievethetimehascometoassurethecurrentandongoingwellbeingofourstudents,ourinstitutions,andtheartofmusicthatwealllove.
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PREAMBLE
This report of the Task Force on the Undergraduate Music Major (TFUMM) represents
eighteen months of intensive discussions via email, teleconferencing, and one two-day
in-person meeting. TFUMM expresses gratitude to Ed Sarath for taking on the burden
of writing this document, with content and editorial input from the TFUMM members.
The report represents a strong consensus among the members of the task force on the
need for fundamental change in the undergraduate curriculum; on some basic principles
for a new approach to music curricula in the twenty-first century; and on pathways for
progress in implementing these recommendations in the future. The writing style and
some aspects of the content of the report necessarily, and appropriately, bear the stamp
of the lead author.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
What does it mean to be an educated musician in the 21st century? ................ 10
I. WHY THE CMS TASK FORCE? ................................................................ 14ProblemsandSolutions;threecorepillarsforreform..................................................................................16Widerangingpracticalstrategies...........................................................................................................................23
II. PATHWAYS TO REFORM I: INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL ..................................... 25Strategy1:NewConversations................................................................................................................................27Strategy2:Selforganizingchangemechanismsoptionrichcurricularprotocols.......................30
Threeoptionrichpathways.......................................................................................................................................31Strategy3:Institutiondriven(topdown)approaches.................................................................................34
NewCoreSkillsandUnderstandings.....................................................................................................................34Threestrategiesfortopdowncoremusicianshipreform............................................................................40
Privatelessons................................................................................................................................................................43Ensembles.........................................................................................................................................................................44CurricularUpperStructure.......................................................................................................................................46NewDegreeProgramandUnit................................................................................................................................48TeacherCertificationOption.....................................................................................................................................51Musicandhumanlearning........................................................................................................................................53NewCurriculumOversightProtocol.....................................................................................................................53
IV. PATHWAYS TO CHANGE II: NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ............................. 55
Creation of a new change consortium ...................................................... 55 Conferences......................................................................................................................................................................56NewAccreditationprotocols:NASMandbeyond............................................................................................56
V. A CALL FOR LEADERSHIP ................................................................... 57
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engagementandsynthesisemblematicofthesocietiesinwhichthispracticeflourishes,contemporarytertiarylevelmusicstudywithinterpretiveperformanceandanalysisofEuropeanclassicalrepertoryatitscenterremainslodgedinacultural,aesthetic,andpedagogicalparadigmthatisnotablyoutofstepwiththisbroaderreality.
Incontrasttoappealsforcurricularchangethatarelargelyatthesurfacelevel,TFUMM,followingayearandahalfofconsultation,hasconcludedthatfundamentaloverhaulofuniversitylevelmusicstudyisnecessaryifwearetobridgethedividebetweenacademicmusicstudyandthemusicalworldintowhichourstudentsandthestudentsoffutureyearswillgraduate.TFUMMviewsthefollowingconsiderationsascentral:1)theessentialpurposeofmusicstudy;2)thenatureoffoundationalmusicalexperiencesandunderstandings;and3)thecontentanddeliveryofarelevantyetrigorouscurriculumthatpreparesstudentsformusicalengagementandleadershipinanageofunprecedentedexcitementandavenuesforgrowth.TFUMMbelievesthatnothingshortofrebuildingtheconventionalmodelfromitsfoundationswillsufficeforsuchleadershippreparation.
Understandably,acallforparadigmaticchangemayevokeconcernaboutcompromisedintegrityandachievementinconventionalareas,ifnotthepotentialdevaluingoftheEuropeantraditionitself.TFUMMtakestheoppositeposition:thecreative,diverse,andintegratedmodelitenvisionswillyieldnewlevelsofrigor,excellence,meaning,andtransformativevitalityinbothconventionalandnewerareasofmusicstudy.
Significant change is
essential if we are to bridge
the divide between
academic music study and
the musical world into
which our students and the
students of future years will
graduate.
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RatherthansubordinatingtheEuropeantradition,therefore,TFUMMadvocatesaclosecriticalreadingofthistraditionthatilluminatesitsgroundinginanintegratedcreativeprocessthatincludes,amongitsmostreveredpractitioners,theskillsofimprovisation,composition,andperformance,andinsomecasestheorizingandpedagogyaswell.Thiscollectionofskills,moreover,thatwascentralintheEuropeantraditionintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesispreciselythatwhichisneededtonavigatetodaysinfinitearrayofculturallydiversetreasuresandtoflourishprofessionallyamongthem.WereBach,
Beethoven,Mozart,ClaraSchumannandFranzLisztalivetoday,theirmusicalliveswouldlikelymorecloselyresemblethoseoftodayscreativejazzartistsandotherimproviserscomposersperformersthaninterpretiveperformancespecialistswhoseprimaryfocusisrepertorycreatedin,andfor,anothertimeandplace.Fromthisstandpoint,thelongstandingconventionalmodelofmusicstudyinvoguethroughouttertiaryprogramsactuallyrepresentsaradicaldeparturefromtheEuropeanclassicaltradition.TFUMMproposesareturntotheauthentic
rootsofthisheritageinawaythatisrelevanttoourcurrentmusicallives.ThekindofcontemporarycreativeexplorationandsynthesisthatTFUMMproposesisnotantitheticaltotraditionalgroundingordeepmusicalunderstanding,butratherenhancesand
the longstanding
conventional model of music
study in vogue throughout
tertiary programs actually
represents a radical
departure from the
European classical tradition.
TFUMM proposes a return to
the authentic roots of this
heritage
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reinforcesartisticrigor,authenticity,andrelevance.ItisforthesereasonsthatTFUMMiscommittedtonew,moreinclusiveandcriticallevelsofchangediscourse.1
ThisdocumentsummarizeskeyissuesunderreviewbyTFUMMoveraperiodofabouteighteenmonthsofdeliberations,andservesasaninvitationtofurtherdialogueandactioninresponsetoitsrecommendations.PartIprovidesarationalefortheTFUMMprojectandsituatesitwithinthelonglegacyofappealsforchangeinthefield.PartIIarticulatesthebasictenetsoftheTFUMMvisionandelaboratesonhowitswiderangingandprovocativescopediffersfrompriorreforminitiatives.PartIIIpresentsrecommendationstobeimplementedbyinstitutionscommittedtochartingnewterrainandassumingleadershipinthebroadertransformationofthefieldthatisenvisioned.
AlthoughTFUMMadvocatessystemicchange,italsorecognizesthechallengesinherentinthisprojectandthusdelineatesarangeofstrategiesthatcoulddrivebothincrementalandlargerscalechangemeasureswithinthisvision.PartIVthuspresentsrecommendationsforthefieldatlargethataimtopromotethisbroadertransformationandsupportlocalizedinitiatives.PartVconcludesthedocumentwithanemphasisontheextraordinaryopportunitythatawaitsthoseindividualsandinstitutionsthataredrivenbyaloveforallmusic,apioneeringspirit,andthecouragetoforgenewvistasinmusicstudyappropriatetothepresentmomentinmusicalpracticeandsociety.
TFUMMhopesthatthereadersofthisreportwillshareitsoptimismandexcitementaboutthepossibilitiesinherentinitsrecommendations.Thetimehascomeforacademic1 Here Argyriss and Schns notion of double-loop learningwhere institutional change efforts penetrate to the very assumptions on which goals, objectives, and strategies are basedis instructive, as it not only embodies elevated critical scrutiny, but also the potential to circumvent typical polarizations between convention and change even when foundational transformation of the type TFUMM recommends is at play. Argyris, C., & Schn, D. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading MA: Addison Wesley.
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musicstudytotakeitsnextevolutionarystridesand,insodoing,toproduceanewgenerationofartistsvisionarieswhowillcontributetheirtransformativeworldviewtothewholeoftwentyfirstcenturylife.
I. WHY THE CMS TASK FORCE?
Over the past half century, thoughtful musicians and educators have gathered to examine
the state of music in a wide array of educational contexts. These gatherings have often discussed
the potential curricular-instructional experiences of greatest value to developing musicians who
perform, invent, analyze, interpret, and facilitate music in the lives of others. The Young
Composers Project (1959-1962), The Yale Seminar (1962), the Contemporary Music Project
(1963-1973), the Manhattanville Music Curriculum Project (1966-1970), the Tanglewood
Symposium (1967), Comprehensive Musicianship Project (1965-1971), the Music in General
Studies-A Wingspread Conference (1981), the Multicultural Music Education Symposium
(1990), the National Standards for the Arts-Music (1994), and the National Core Music
Standards (2014) are among the key moments in proposed reform of musical study. And
though not a call for action, the National Association of Schools of Music 2010 report,
Creative Approaches to the Undergraduate Curriculum, raises some useful questions for
thinking about curriculum leadership and potential change.2 Various documents from these
gatherings have declared and pronounced pathways to improve ways of teaching and learning
music, and if K-12 school music transformation is the target of many of these efforts, there is
also plenty of resonance at the tertiary level, where the preparation of music majors for
2 See Mark, M. and C. Gary (2007). A History of American Music Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield for an excellent survey of the various reform initiatives
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professional music careers, which for most graduates include teaching, is a significant thrust of
activity.
Inlightofthislonglineofreformefforts,whytheneedforyetanotherinitiative?Theanswerissimple:Despitetheseefforts,changehasbeenconfinedlargelytosurfaceadjustmentswhatmightbebestcharacterizedascurriculartinkeringattheexpenseofthesystemic,foundationaloverhaulnecessaryfortodaysandtomorrowsworlds.Thisisnottodenytheemergenceofcourseworkandprogramsinjazz,ethnomusicology,worldmusicperformance,musictechnology,popularmusic,communitymusic,musicbusiness/entrepreneurshipandotherareasthatmightappeartobridgethegulfbetweenacademicandrealworldmusicalengagement.Norisittoignorethelitanyofinventoriesthatidentifywhatcoursesneedtobeaddedtoacurriculumalreadyfullofconventionalrequirements.Rather,itistoacknowledgethattheseandotheradditiveattemptsatchangehavelefttheconventionalcurricularandculturalcorelargelyintact,withnewerareasoccupyingtheperiphery.AsBrunoNettlhasobserved,whilemusicalacademehasexpandedtherangeofmusicstudiedwithinitsborders,ithasnotsignificantlyenabledthemajorityofstudentstoaccessthatrange.3Norhastheacademytakentoheartthemultidisciplinarynatureofthemusicalexperiencethatembracesartisticexpression,behaviors,andvalues,andthatsofrequentlymanifestthemselvesinconjunctionwithdanceanddramaticexpressioninculturesacrosstheglobe.
3 Nettl, B. (1995). Heartland Excursions: Ethnomusicological Reflections on Schools of Music. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
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Thoughrecognitionoftheneedforfargreaterbreadthisnothingnew,effectivewaystoachievethisbreadthhavebeenelusive.Indeed,itmightbearguedthatthescatteringofnewofferingsatopanunchangingfoundationthatwasneverdesignedtosupportengagementbeyondtheEuropeantraditionhasnotonlyplacedadditionalstressontheconventionalcurricularfoundations,buthasalsoreifiedthedividebetweenmusicstudyandrealworldmusicalpractice.TFUMMbringstothechangeendeavornotonlygreatappreciationforprioreffortsbutalsokeencriticalanalysisoftheirshortcomings,newprinciplesuponwhichanewmodelmaybebuilt,andanunprecedentedrangeofpracticalstrategiesofbothinstitutionalandnational/internationalscopethroughwhichthenewvisionmaybecomeareality.
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS: THREE CORE PILLARS FOR REFORM
TFUMMidentifiesthreecoredeficienciesintheconventionalmodelofmusicstudy,inresponsetowhichemergethreecorepillarsforanentirelynewframework.Thefirstcoredeficiencyissubordinationofthecreationofnewworktotheinterpretiveperformanceofolderwork;thesecondisethnocentrism;andthethirdisfragmentationofsubjectsandskills.Whenthesetendenciesarereversed,thethreecorepillarsofatransformedmodelcreativity,diversity,andintegrationcomeintoview.
the scattering of new
offerings atop an
unchanging foundation that
was never designed to
support engagement beyond
the European tradition has
not only placed additional
stress on the conventional
curricular foundations, but
has reified the divide
between music study and
real-world musical practice.
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Webeginwithcreativity.Thatthemajorityofmusicstudentsgraduatewithlittletonoexperience,letalonesignificantgrounding,intheessentialcreativeprocessesof
improvisationandcompositionrepresentsoneofthemoststartlingshortcomingsinallofartseducation.Whereasstudentsmajoringinthevisualartscouldnotgainadegreewithoutproducingaportfolioofpaintings,drawings,sculptures,multimediainstallationsandothercreativework,thelackofskillandinmanycasesevencursoryexperienceincompositionandimprovisationisthenormratherthantheexceptionformusicgraduates.4Ironically,whileappealsforinclusionoftheartsinoveralleducationareoftengroundedintheneedtocultivate
creativityinallstudents,musicstudyhaslongbeenpredicatedonthesubordinationofcreativitytotechnicalproficiencyandinterpretiveperformance.
Thoughinclusionofimprovisingandcomposingiscommontomuchchangediscourse,particularlyattheprecollegiatelevel,recommendationsareusuallyframedthroughanadditivelens,whereprovisionforcorecreativeexperiencesissoughtinthelimitedspaceavailableatoptheexistingandlargelyinflexiblefoundation.TFUMMtakesthe
4 This analogy is not made oblivious to the absence of a parallel in the visual arts to interpretive performance in music, which in itself represents a subset of the broader and more foundational creative spectrum that TFUMM values. Nevertheless, it is also important to note the conspicuous absence of primary creative engagement, which improvising and composing embody.
That the majority of music
students graduate with
little to no experience, let
alone significant grounding,
in the essential creative
processes of improvisation
and composition represents
one of the most startling
shortcomings in all of arts
education.
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muchfurtherandcriticalstepofadvocatingthattheentiremusicstudyenterpriseberebuiltaroundsystematicapproachestothesecreativeprocesses.5
Systematicimprovisationstudymayunitemultipleimprovisatorylanguages,includingstylespecific(i.e.,jazz,Hindustani,Europeanclassical)andstylisticallyopenapproaches.Suchstudyprovidesforrobustcreativeexplorationandforintensiveanalysisandreflectionuponawiderangeofmodaltonalposttonalpitchsystems6andrhythmicpractices,whileembracingauraltrainingandmovementprocessesaswellaselementsofhistory,culture,aesthetics,cognition,andmindbodyintegration.Thetechnicalskillandknowledgerequiredforexpertimprovisatorydevelopment,andtheircapacitytoenhanceconventionalinterpretiveperformanceskills,cannotbeoverstatedintermsoftheirramificationsforbothconventional,interpretiveperformanceandcontemporarymusicalexplorations.SystematiccompositionstudiesthatintertwineconcertmusicpracticesintheEuropeantraditionwithsongwritingapproachesfrompopularmusicandsmallandlargeensemblejazzcompositionstrategiesfurtherexpandthecreativeprocessspectruminwaysthataresimilarlyrelevanttobothtraditionalandcontemporarymusicalnavigation.
Therefore,inrestoringimprovisationandcompositiontotheirrightful,foundationalstatus,TFUMMdoesnotseektosubordinateperformanceandanalysis,butinfactaimstorendertheentirescopeofmusicstudyacreativeandhighlyskilledendeavor.Whilesome
5 For more on systematic approaches to improvisation and composition, see Ed Saraths Improvisation, Creativity, and Consciousness: Jazz as Integral Template for Music, Education, and Society (SUNY/Albany, 2013). 6 Here and throughout the document, the modal-tonal-post-tonal spectrum aims toward the wide-ranging pitch systems that derive from European classical, jazz, popular, and other genres. Though the post-tonal portion of this spectrum may most immediately elicit associations with twelve-tone and other atonal strategies that evolved in 20th century European-inspired composition, of equal if not greater importance are the use of octatonic, whole-tone, bitonal and other practices that do not fall readily into modal or tonal categories.
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maymisinterpretourpositionasthereplacingofoneformofhegemony,thatoftheinterpretiveperformer,withanother,theimprovisercomposerperformer,andleavingonthemarginsthestudyofmusiceducationandmusicscholarship,infactwearearguingthatreplacingtheformerwiththelatterwillhavetheeffectofbringing,inanorganicandnecessaryway,thosenowmarginalizeddisciplinesintothemainstreamofmusicstudy.Notonlydoesthishavethecapacitytopromotenewlevelsofvitalityandexcellenceininterpretiveperformance,italsoyieldsaframeworkthatisstronglyconducivetoarangeofareascurrentlyunderrepresentedinthecurriculum,suchastheembodiednatureofmusicalengagement.Withstrongrootsintheinextricablelinkbetweenmusic,dance,ritual,anddramaticexpressionthatiscentraltomusicalculturesacrosstheglobe,andseeingarevivalinmindbodyinterestincontemporarysociety,cultivationoftheexperienceofmusicasawholebodilyphenomenonisessentialtothebroaderconceptionofmusicalknowingandexpression.
Theseconddeficiencyistheethnocentricorientationofmusicstudies,whichcarrieswithitenormoussocietalramifications.Oncerectified,theresultingchangeopensupimportantavenuesoflearninginthefield.Aswithcreativity,largenumbersofmusicmajorsgraduatewithlittleornohandsonengagementinmusicbeyondEuropeanclassicalrepertory,letalonethecultivationofagenuineglobalartisticidentitythatTFUMMbelievesisacentralfacetofcontemporarymusicallifeandresponsiblecitizenship.Thefactthatmusicmajorscommonlyspendmanyyearsoncampuswithoutevenanodtosurroundingmulticulturalcommunities,andthatpractitionersfromthesecommunitiesarerarelyinvitedtoengagewithuniversitystudentsofmusic,underscorestheextenttowhichthisproblemmanifestsitselflocallyandpracticallyaswellasmorephilosophically.Moreover,
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thisethnocentriclapseoccursoncampuseswheredeans,chancellors,andpresidentsregularlyarticulatetheiruniversitiescommitmentstodiversityandequalityofopportunity,andwhererobustdiversitydiscoursepervadesthebroaderhumanitiesandsocialsciences.Thisdichotomybetweenadministrativerhetoricandcurricularrealityunderscorestheegregiousinstitutionalnatureoftheproblem.TFUMMviewstheculturallynarrowhorizonsofmusicstudyasnothingshortofasocialjusticecrisis.
ComplementarytoTFUMMscallforadiversified,creativitybasedprocessscopeinthecurriculum(whichreintegratesperformance,analysis,andotherareasofstudy),TFUMMurgesthatthesemodesofactiveengagementoccurwithinasculturallybroadanexpanseaspossible.Withinthisexpandedcontext,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweencontactwiththeglobalnatureofthemusicalworldlargelythroughaninterpretiveperformancespecialistidentityandtheexperienceofthiswiderpanoramaofmusicthroughthecontemporaryimprovisercomposerperformeridentitycentraltoTFUMMsproposedvision.Thelatterincorporatescapacitiesforassimilationandsynthesisofdiverseinfluencesinthecreativevoicethatnurturehighlyintimateconnections,ratherthandistancedfascination,withtherichdiversityofthemusicalworld.
Analysesoftheinnerworkingsofthecreativeprocessilluminatehowimprovisationandcompositionuniquelypromotedirect
improvisation and
composition uniquely
promote direct assimilation
of influences from the
musical landscape into the
emergent artistic voice,
thereby enabling levels of
intimacy, meaning, and
understanding that are not
possible when interpretive
performance alone is the
prescribed mode of
engagement
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21
assimilationofinfluencesfromthemusicallandscapeintotheemergentartisticvoice,therebyenablinglevelsofintimacy,meaning,andunderstandingthatarenotpossiblewheninterpretiveperformancealoneistheprescribedmodeofengagement.Thepointisnottocastimprovisationandcompositionovermusicperformance(oranalysis),nortodenythatcreativityispossibleinallformsofmusicalengagementandinquiry,buttoachieveaframeworkinwhichoptimallevelsofcreativityandexcellenceareachievedinallareas.TFUMMbelievesthatacreativitybasedfoundationthatisrootedinimprovisationandcompositionstudyisparticularlyconducivetothisoptimalbalance.
Thisfoundationiskeytomovingbeyondthechallengesandallureofwhathasbeencalledthemulticulturalmarketplacecharacterizedbysuperficialcontactwithabitofthisandabitofthatandachievinganauthentictransculturalunderstandingthatisthebasisforanentirelynewdiversityparadigm.Politicallycorrectacceptanceofdiverseculturesopensuptodeepcelebrationandembracewhencontactwiththeseculturesinforms,andisinformedby,theemergentcreativevoice.
Athirdprimarydeficiencyofboththepresentcurricularframeworkandpriorreformattemptsispervasivefragmentationwithinthecurriculumandorganizationalstructuresofmusicschools.TFUMMendorsesanexpandedmodelofintegrationasanantidote.Intheconventionalmodel,performancestudiesaretaughtseparatelyfromtheoreticalstudies,bothofwhicharetaughtseparatelyfromhistoricalandculturalinquiry,thuspromotingafracturedconceptionofmusicasacollectionofdiscretecompartments,oftenreferredtointhevernacularassilos.Proposedsolutionstothisproblemhavetypicallybeenpiecemeal,e.g.,commonexhortationsinreformcirclesthatmusicperformedinensemblesshouldbestudiedintheoryandhistoryclasses.TFUMMrecognizesthatthese
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22
arepartialstrategies,butalsobelievesthisapproachmayactuallyperpetuatetheproblemoffragmentationbyreinforcingthelimitedterrainwithinwhichintegrationissought.
Inotherwords,effortstouniteconventionaltheory,history,andperformancerepresentalimitedapproachtocurricularintegrationthatrecognizesbutalimitedsliceofthetwentyfirstcenturymusicalskillandaptitudeset.Thefactthattheseattemptshaverarelyyieldedsignificantgainsunderscoresthelimitationsinherentinthisstrategy.Whencreativityisrecognizedascoretotheoverallspectrumofstudy,themodelisconsiderably
expandedandgainsabasisforunprecedentedunificationacrosseveryfacetofmusicalstudy.Improvisationandcompositionnotonlycontainaspectsofperformance,theory,auralskills,rhythm,embodiedengagement,andhistorical,cultural,andaestheticinquiry,thesynergisticinterplayofwhichcanbeharnessedinnewcurricularmodels,butintegratetheminwaysthatgiverisetoahostofotherimportantoutcomesandareasofstudy.Thesemayincludeheightenedcapacitiesforcriticalthinking,selfsufficiency,communitymusiclinkages,entrepreneurship,andunderstandingoftherelationshipofmusictobroaderissuesoftheworld.
Ifgenuineintegrationhasbeenelusivewithinthenarrowhorizonsofconventionalmodels,thevastlyexpandedsetofculturallydiverseandcrossdisciplinaryskillsandunderstandingscalledforinourtimerendersthisessentialeducationalcomponentallthe
If genuine integration has
been elusive within the
narrow horizons of
conventional models, the
vastly expanded set of
culturally-diverse and cross-
disciplinary skills and
understandings called for in
our time renders this
essential educational
component all the more
challenging.
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23
morechallenging.Inadvancingacreativitybasedparadigm,asopposedtoadditivestrategiesthatmayincorporatecreativity,TFUMMsetsitselfapartfrompriorreformappealsanddelineatesanapproachthatresolvestheparadoxbetweenthetwinrequisitesofdiversityandintegration.
WIDE-RANGING PRACTICAL STRATEGIES
TFUMMrecognizesthechallengesassociatedwithpracticalsolutionstoproblemswiththecurrentundergraduatecurriculumandthereforeoffersanunprecedentedrangeofchangestrategies.Oneinvolvesengagementwithbroadconstituenciesinandbeyondthefield.Curricularoverhaulcannotoccurinisolation;itmustinvolvethemanypopulationsthatbothinfluence,andareinfluencedbyit.InmusicthisincludesK12teachers,principals,andsuperintendents,allofwhompotentiallyplaykeyrolesinshapinghowmusicalartistsandartistteachersareeducatedatthetertiarylevel.Intherealmofhighereducationleadership,deans(beyondmusic),provosts,presidents,chancellorsandregentsrepresentanotherconstituencythatcouldsignificantlyimpactchangeinmusicstudybutthatistypicallynotincludedinthedialogue.MobilizationofmusicstudentsthemselvesisyetanotherfacetofthemultitieredprotocoladvancedbyTFUMM,asisdialoguewithprofessionalpracticingartistsandartsorganizations.
Tobesure,theTFUMMreportandvisionattimesassumeanactivisttonethatmayfeelunfamiliartomusicalacademeandthatmaybedisquietingtosomereaders.Though
...it is important to
recognize that turbulence
as Thomas Kuhn has
elaborated in his study of
paradigmatic change in the
sciencesis inherent to the
change process.
-
senseanthroughexploratbeenubiculturesmusicaldiversitywords,incultural,
FIIIprese
7 Kuhn, T.
needforchathedynamitionandrigoiquitousincarenotenrlandscape,wy,andintegrnmusicmapolitical,ecollowinginentsstrategi
. (1962). The
ange,believic,sometimorousgrounculturesacrrichedbythwebelievetrationhastkingsimpoconomic,anPartIIareiestobeimp
Structure of
vethatchangeseventumndinginmurosstheglobhecreativesthatmusicshecapacityortantroleinndecologicastrategiesthplementedo
f Scientific Re
24
thereporreactionsthatturbuelaborateinthescieprocess.T
geispossibmultuous,inusicalknowlbefromtimsyncretismtstudyinformtotransfornunderstanalissuesfacihatmaybeonanationa
evolutions. C
rtisnotintesperse,itisulenceasedinhisstuences7isiTFUMMthuble,anddesinterplaybetwledgeandsk
meimmemorthatincreasmedbythisrmtheworldndingandhingtheworpursuedatalscalethat
hicago: Unive
endedtoelisimportantThomasKu
udyofparadinherenttousreachesoiretofindaweenrich,rkill.Inasmurial,andthasinglydefinecommitmed.Webelievhelpingtoadrldtoday.theinstituttarerooted
ersity of Chic
citthesetorecogniz
uhnhasdigmaticchathechange
outtothosewayforwarrobustcreatuchasmusicatfewifanyestheplanenttocreativve,inotherddressthes
tionallevel;dinthisvisi
cago Press, 19
ze
angewhordtivechasyetaryvity,
social,
Parton.
962.
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25
II. PATHWAYS TO REFORM I: INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
Toovercometheinertiaofprogramsandpedagogical/aestheticculturesinwhichinterpretiveperformanceandstudyofEuropeanclassicalmusicpredominate,anintegratedprogramrepletewithcreativityanddiversityandwhichreintegratesthetreasuresoftheEuropeanheritagewillrequirenotonlycurricularoverhaulbutnewwaysofthinking,conversing,andforgingstrategicinitiatives.TFUMMrecommendsthreekindsofreformactivityattheinstitutionallevel:
Ongoingconversationcommittedtothehighestlevelsofcriticalscrutinydirectedtowardboththeconventionalmodelofmusicstudyandpossiblealternatives.Iftheneededreformistocometofruition,itisimportantthatsuchconversationstakeplacebothwithintraditionallyorganizedgovernancemechanismssuchascurriculumcommittees,whichtendtobelockedinstatusquoproceduraldialogue,andinarangeofotherformats.Theseincludefacultystudentreflectivegroups,clusterdiscussions,taskforces,andforumsthatarechargedwithstudy,seriousreflection,andcriticalthinkingregardingcurricularandinstructionalissues
Establishingselforganizingmechanismswherebydynamicandcriticalapproachestochange,andconservation,becomeintrinsicfacetsofinstitutionaldiscourseandbehaviorthatarefreedfromorganizationalstructures(curriculumcommittees,executivecommittees)thattendtobeconstrainedbyconventionandthusunabletoimplementchange.Akeyexampleofsuchamechanismistheoptionrichcurriculum,wherebystudentsandbyextensionfacultyaregivenmorelatitudeandresponsibilityforchartingtheirparticularpathways.Ifaninstitutionfacesresistanceandreservationtoopeningupstudentoptions,suchaprogrammightinitiallybeestablishedwithinanexistingframe,muchascharterschoolsareintheK12system.TFUMMviewsprovisionsforoptionsasbottomupstrategiesforchangeinthattheyaregeneratedfromthestudentlevel.
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26
Deploycarefullyconsidered,topdowninstitutiondrivenstrategiessuchasnewcourseandcurriculumdesigns.
TFUMMadvocatesthatinstitutionsexplorebottomupandtopdownapproachesnotinisolationbutintandem,inorderthatthetransformativeimpactofoneinformstheother.Inprovidingexamplesofspecificapplications,moreover,TFUMMdoesnotpresumetoprescribeparticularmanifestationsofchangethataretobefollowedineverydetail.Rather,TFUMMviewsitsprimarycontributiontobethearticulationofcoreprinciples,withpreciseapplicationsidentifiedtoillustratetheprincipleratherthanprescribeauniversalpathway.Inkeepingwithitsadvocacyforcreativityinstudentlearning,TFUMMalsourgescreativityamonginstitutions,particularlyrelativetotheirdistinctiveidentitiesandprofiles,inadoptingthefoundationalchangeswerecommend.Theinterplayoftopdownandbottomupapproachesisthereforeadvancedasaprincipleforwhichanynumberofapplicationsmaybepossible.
Moreover,thoughTFUMMadvocateswidescalereform,itrecognizesthatchangeistypicallyincremental.Institutionsareencouragedtotakewhatstepstheycan.However,TFUMMalsochallengesinstitutionstothinkcarefullyaboutdifferencesbetweensmallstepsthatmerelyexpandoraddtotheprevailingmodel,thusincurringtheargumentsthatthecurriculumisalreadytoofull,andthosethataretakenwithanentirelynewparadigminsight.BykeepinginmindthefarreachingvisionTFUMMhassetforth,eventhesmalleststepsforwardinthisproposedmodelwillbeimbuedwithmeaning,purpose,anddirection.
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27
STRATEGY 1: NEW CONVERSATIONS
Changeinpracticerequireschangeinthinking.EssentialtothisasustainedlevelofcriticaldiscoursethatpenetratestothemostfoundationalpremisesofTFUMMrecommendations,andhowtheymayinformpractice,bothintheconventionalmodelandanyalternativeapproachesthatmightbeenvisioned.Thefollowingguidingquestionswillhelpsetthestageforelevatingthedegreeofcriticaldiscourseandcorrespondingchange:
Whatdoesitmeantobeaneducatedindividualinthe21stcentury?
Whatdoesitmeantobeaneducated,reflectivemusicianinthe21stcentury?
Howcanaprogramintheartsbejustifiedthatdoesnotplacecreativityandcreativedevelopmentfrontandcenter?
Howinaglobalageandsocietycanaprogramintheartsingeneral,andmusicinparticular,bejustifiedthatisnotpermeatedbyglobalpracticesandinquiry?
Howcanprogramsthatoperatewithincontextsrichwithimpassionedpronouncementsofdiversityandsocialjusticeoperatewithouteffortstosubstantivelyembracethediversityofthebroadermusicalworld,includingdiversemusiccommunitiesthatlivelocally?
Howmighttheconventionalmusicalworldviewconstrainthinkingaboutchangeandapproachestochange?
Whatmightanewworldviewformusicstudylooklike?
Why,afterover50yearsofappealsforreform,haschangeinmusicstudyremainedsuperficialratherthansubstantive?
WhydidthecontemporaryimprovisercomposerperformeridentitythatprevailedinearliertimesintheEuropeantraditiongivewaytotheinterpretiveperformance
-
sprecoE
Hthcomeceex
Wth(iscuT
iselicite
available
pecialistproeturnoftheonventionauropeancla
Howmightthefragmentonventionamusicalexpengagemententraltowhxpression,a
Whatwouldhatwasconincludinginchemeinwnderstandin
Thekindofrdbythesek
ethatmays
ofile?Whatefirstprofilelapproacheassicalmusi
theseventetationbetwlmusicstuderienceandanddisciplhichistheinandritualin
anorganizanstructedarnterpretivephichinterprngofinterp
reflection,inkindsofque
significantly
wouldacue?Howmigestomusicmic?
enthcentureenmindandy?Howmidevelopmeinarysynthnextricablenformanew
ationalstruoundcompperformancretiveperfopretiveperfo
nsights,andestionswill
yelevatethe
28
rriculumloghtitenhancmakingand
ryCartesianndbody,asghtthisberentthatisrihesis?Howmlinkbetwee
wmodelofm
ctureofamrehensivecce)asopposormanceandormanceare
dpotentialrbegreatlyeinrelatedcommitteconversalearningebyrelevacognition
ecriticalint
oklikethatcetheexceldinfactbee
nmindbodywellascurreplacedbyichinmodalmighttheAenmusicalsmusicstudy
musicschoolcreative,divsedtothecudanalysisaecentral?
receptivitytenhancedwdliterature.eedeliberatationsamonenterpriseaantresearchn,awiderantegrityofcu
twasbuiltallenceandvessentialto
ydualismhrricularfragyaholisticalitiesforph
Africanconcesound,dancy?
lordepartmverse,andinurrentorgaandsociocul
tosubstantiwhendiscouAlthoughctionsandotngfacultyabarenottypihonmusiclngeofsuchurricularand
aroundthevitalityofthefutureo
haveimpactgmentation,approachtohysicaleptofngomce,dramatic
mentlooklintegratedvaanizationalltural
ivechangetrseisgrouncurriculumtherboutthemuicallyinformearningandresourcesisdotherkind
of
edof
ma,c
kealues
thatnded
sicmeddsdsof
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29
deliberations.Theseresourcesincludequalitativeandquantitativestudiesonlearningandmusiclearning,neurocognitiveresearchthatsupportshandsonandintegrativeapproaches,agrowingbodyofdiversityliterature,andhistoryofthereformmovementsinmusicstudyandeducationatlarge.Criticalexaminationofconventionalandalternativemodelsofmusiclearningthroughthelensesofmanyoftheissuesdelineatedinthepriorsectionscope,integration,diversity,selfsufficiency,embodiedmusicianship,useofterminologyandlanguagewillalsoelevatethelevelandintegrityofchangediscourse.
Closeattentiontovariousapproachestoparadigmaticchangeisalsoinorder:
Howwillthekindoftransformationcalledformanifestitself?
Willchangeentailthewholesaleredesignofeverycourse,ormightitinvolvearedistributionofsubjectmatteralreadyinplace,withperhapssomebottomupnewdesign?
Willitrequiretheimmediatetransformationofanentireschoolordepartment,ormightitbeginwiththeestablishmentofpilottracksthatembodynewprinciples?
Willemphasisbegiventocontentandprocessinlargescaleprogrammatictransformationaswellasindividualclass,rehearsal,andstudiosessions?
Whatarethebenefitsaswellasdrawbackstotopdown(institutiondriven)strategiesandbottomup(studentdriven)strategies?
Whatarethebenefitsaswellasdrawbackstothepossibilityforallowingfacultyfromdiverseareastomountcourseworkthatfulfillscorerequirementstypicallytaughtbyspecialistsinthoseareas?
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30
STRATEGY 2: SELF-ORGANIZING CHANGE MECHANISMSOPTION-RICH CURRICULAR PROTOCOLS (BOTTOM-UP REFORM)
Expandingprovisionsforstudentstonavigatetheirowncurricularpathwaysisforeigntothecultureofconventionalmusicstudy,evenifithastakenholdinmanyotherareasoftheacademy.Thisprinciplehasalsoeludedsignificantattentioninreformdiscourse.TFUMMviewsoptionrichcurricularstrategiesasapowerfulmeansforenhancingahostofmusicalandpersonallinesofgrowth,particularlywhentheyaresituatedwithinthethreeprongedchangeprotocolbeingadvanced.Asnotedabove,thisexampleofbottomupreformisendorsednotasanisolatedstrategybutinconjunctionwithtopdown,institutiondrivenapproachesthatinvolvenewcourseandcurriculumdesignandpotentiallynewschoolwiderequirements.Whenstudentsareprovidedoptions,theyimmediatelyengageinheightenedcriticalthinkingaboutwhotheyareasindividuals,asaspiringartists,andaslearners.Inamusicalworldbustlingwithchange,curricularframeworksthatlimitstudentsfromtakingresponsibilityfortheirowndevelopment,andfortheexplorationofmusicinrealworldcontexts,arehighlyquestionable.Moreover,wheninstitutionsallowstudentsmoreoptions,theyalsocreateconditionsthatenlivenfacultycreativity,becausefacultyfromallareasmaydesignandmountnewclasses.Thismayinturnenlivenimportantselfmonitoringcapacitieswithintheinstitution:Whereasoptiondeficientcurricularmodelswillalwaysguaranteefullenrollmentregardlessofrelevanceorvitalityinwhatistaught,optionrichframeworksusherinnewparametersofaccountability.Optionrichapproachesalsohelpdecentralizecurricularauthority,wheretheblurringofboundariesbetweentheassumeddisciplinaryexpertiseofdivisionsorareasandallowsdifferentandnewlyformedstudent/facultyconstituenciestoengageincreativeproblemsolving.
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31
Itisimportanttoemphasizethatstudentsandfacultywhoremaininclinedtowardconventionalpathwayswillretainthecapacitytopursueonlythosepathways.Optionsdoesnotmeanobliterationofwhatiscurrentlyinplace;itissimplyawayofaddressingtheneedfordiversificationforthosewhoviewthisasimportant,andforenhancingstudentownershipandsenseofbeingaroundwhateverpathwaytheychoose,asopposedtohavinglimitingpathwaysimposedupontheirlearning.Empoweringstudentstodiscovertheirownlearningstylesandartisticaimsandcharttheirdevelopmentaltrajectoriesaccordinglymustbeconsideredamongtodaysmostimportanteducationalgoals,regardlessofdiscipline.Whenthishappens,theprospectsareoptimalforenliveningpowerfulinteriorconnectionswithknowledgeareas,whichagainmayincludebothconventionalandunconventionalrealms,resultinginlevelsofmeaningandrigorthatexceedthecurrent,institutiondrivenformat.
THREE OPTION-RICH PATHWAYS
TFUMMidentifiesthreeoptionrichstrategiesforbottomupcurricularchange.Oneinvolvessimplyreducingthenumberofcorerequirementsandallowingstudentsgreaterlatitudeinthespacethatistherebyopenedup.However,TFUMMprefersthetermstreamliningtoreducingsincethesecondsuggestsstudentsmaybegaininglessgroundingthantheyneedinagivenarea,when,asexplainedabove,theframeworkmayindeedresultinequalorevengreatergroundinginanygivendomain.Forexample,bystreamliningthetypicaltwotothreeyearsofcoretheoryandmusichistorycourseworktoaoneyearcoreineacharea,studentsmaythenusetheremainingcreditstopursuefurtherstudies,whichmightincludethesametheoryandhistorycourseworkthatwaspreviously
-
requiredexpandemightalimportanwhichistypicallydesignedcreativerichapp
Sensemblcriticalemorecredistributarrayofsomewhstudents
Afacultyamusiceddeterminimportananyfacu
dbutnowseedslateofopsoincludecnttheoreticofferedby
yassociateddproficiencanddiverseroachescapimilarflexibles.Thekindexaminationeative,divertionswithinopportuniti
hatdependes.Asecond,cloareasbeingaducationfacnethecurrintbyproduclty)todesig
electedfromptions.Thiscourseworkcalandhistofacultyora
dwiththesecyprotocolseaimsinmipableofhighbilitycanalsdofsystemanofeveryfarse,andintenanyreviseiesforfulfilntonfacult
oselyrelatedabletodeteculty,whokiculumfromctofthisplagncoursewo
mwithinans,however,kthatcoversoricalterraireasnotareas.Careforcoremuind,mightahdegreesosobeimpleaticandsysacetofthecuegratedartiedareamighlingthem.Styexpertise
doptionricerminetheirknowbestthmthecoreleanwouldinorkthatthe
32
snbut
efullyusicianshipalsoplayanfrigorandsmentedintstemicchanurriculumaistryitendohtremain,bSuchopportandwilling
chstrategyirowncurricheneedsofevelonupfonvolveprovieyfeelislac
areas,delinimportantskilldevelotheareasofgethatTFUasapotentiaorses.Guidebutstudentstunitieswougnesstoforg
involvesindcularrequirtheirstudenormusicedisionsformckingforthe
neatedwithroleinrendpment.fprivatelesUMMendorsalgatewaytelinesforapswouldenjould,ofcoursgenewterr
dividualdeprements.Fonts,wouldbucationmaj
musiceducateirstudents
hcontemporderingoptio
sonsandsescallsfortothebroadppropriateoyanenhanse,beritorywith
partmentsoorexample,beabletojors.Antionfacultys.
raryon
der,
nced
or
(or
-
33
Thethirdstrategyisperhapsthemostradicalapproachwithintheoptionrichprotocol;itisintendedasacomplementtothetopdowndivisionordepartmentdrivenapproach.Thisinvolvesallowingstudentstodeviateevenfromdepartmental/divisionalconstraintsbyassemblingacommitteeofthreefacultytoconsult,review,andapproveastudentsproposedpathway.Thisapproachrepresentsasecondtierdecentralizationthatfurtherempowersstudentstocriticallyexaminetheirneeds,andalsoimpelsfacultyeveninagivendepartmenttocriticallyexaminetheirpredilections.Whenimplementedinconjunctionwithexpandedprovisionsforfulfillingandassessingnewlyconceivedcorerequirements,thisprovisioncouldbehighlyfruitfulforagivenstudentinhisorherartisticevolution.
Tobesure,theoptionrichapproachisnotwithoutitspotentiallimitations,andthusTFUMMadvocatesitnotasanisolatedstrategybutasamongabatteryofapproachesthatincludestopdown,institutiondrivenmodalities.Nonetheless,forthissynergisticinterplaybetweenapproachestobeproductive,discoursemustplacedifficultquestionsfrontandcenter.Inmusicianshipstudies,forexample,whicharepredicatedonsequentialskilldevelopmentthatistypicallyapproachedinfourormoresemestersequences,theideaofallowingstudentstopursuealternativepathwaysmayappearparticularlyproblematic.Thisquestionmustbekeptinmind,however:Howeffectiveispresentmusicianshipcourseworkintermsofenduring,meaningfulassimilationofconventionalcontent,nottomentionpreparingstudentswiththebroaderslateofcreativeandculturallydiverseabilitiescalledforintodaysworld?TFUMMspositionisthatthegrowingnumberofstudentsandfacultythathasbeguntoexpressconcernsaboutthisfoundationalarea
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34
suggeststhatprovisionsforallowingstudentsgreatercapacitiestocharttheirownpathwaysmaythereforebeessentialaspartofabroaderslateofchangestrategies.8
STRATEGY 3: INSTITUTION-DRIVEN (TOP-DOWN) APPROACHES
Asacomplementtobottomup,studentmediatedreform,institutionmediatedstrategiesarealsoimportant.Centralhereisthedesignofnewcoursesandcurricularpathways.Theneedisforanewlyconceivedmusicianshipcoreandnewdegreeprogramsthatembodythecreativitybased,diverse,andintegrativenatureofcontemporarymusicalpracticeandtheTFUMMplatform.
NEW CORE SKILLS AND UNDERSTANDINGS
Thecontemporaryvisionofmusicianshipcalledforinourtimesrequiresanewfoundation.Delineatingwhatthismightlooklikefirstrequiresabriefoverviewoftheconventionalcorecurriculumformusicmajors,whichtypicallyincludesthefollowing:
23yearsofmusictheorycourseworkthatfocusesonharmony,counterpoint,andforminEuropeancommonpracticerepertory
2ormoreyearsofmusichistorycourseworkthatissimilarlyorientedtowardtheEuropeanheritage
PrivateinstructionduringeachterminresidencethatfocusesondevelopinginterpretiveperformanceskillsinEuropeanorEuropeanderivedrepertory
8 These concerns around conventional musicianship models may pertain to the absence of effective pedagogy and relevant materials, focus on harmonic practice of distant eras at the exclusion of melody, rhythm, and harmony in contemporary contexts, the lack of thoughtful mind-body integration, or aural training that is non-sequential yet locked into mundane and non-musical exercises, or disconnected from meaningful experiences in music.
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35
Ensembles,withemphasisonlarge,conductedgroups,thatpreparethisrepertory(asinprivateinstruction)forpublicperformanceandwhicharegenerallyrequiredofstudentsduringeachterminresidence
Pianoclassesthatprovidestudentswithrudimentaryfacilityatthekeyboard,anareathatTFUMMviewsasimportant,evenasitencouragescriticalreconsiderationofthepracticalfunctionalityoftheskillslearnedintheseclassesWhilealloftheaboveexperiencesmaybeofvalue,itisalsoimportanttorecognize
thelargearrayofexperiencesanddevelopmentsthatareequallyessential,andinsomeinstancesmorefoundational,totwentyfirstcenturymusicianshipandmusicalknowledge,butwhicharetypicallyexcludedfromthecorecurriculum.Theprimarycreativeprocessesofimprovisationandcomposition,handsoncontactwithmusicofdiversetraditions,embodiedmusicalpractices,contemporaryrhythmicstudiestonameafewkeyareas,allofwhichneedtobeapproachedinintegrativeways,providethebasisforasstrongacaseforanewcurricularfoundationasargumentsinsupportoftheconventionalmodel.TFUMMdoesnotviewthisasaneitherorscenario,however,butasanopportunitytoarriveatanewfoundationthatfulfillsbothconventionalandemergentneeds.Keyistheidentificationofprinciplesthatunderlieanewcorecurriculumandinfiltrateallcoursework:
creativityrich,handson,integrative,andculturallydiverseengagementwithcontemporarymusicofmanykinds
inquiryintothepastthroughthelensofthepresent
balancebetweencreativeexplorationandrigorousdevelopmentofcraft
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36
mindbodyintegration
rhythmicstudiesinformedbycontemporary,globallyinformedpractice
communityengagement,and
technologicalapplication.Auralmusicianshipneedstobeemphasizedasmuchasvisualliteracy.Integrativeapproachesthatmightincludeeurhythmicmovement and dance need to be regularly featured as potential pedagogical pathways to the holistic understanding of music, such that music may be
deeply known through physical encounters that achieve
the integration of the ear, body, and brain. Close linkages
between aural, rhythmic, and embodied modalities,
situated within broader integrative models that unite
creative, performative, theoretical, historical, and cultural
engagement, must be emphasized for their potential in
constructing a new musicianship core.
Carefulrethinkingofcourseworkthatistypicallypresumedtoprovidethebasicauralandanalytictoolsrequiredbymusiciansregardlessofcareeraspirationmaybeafertilegatewaythatopensuptothenewvisionwepropose.AlthoughBachstyle,fourpartwritinghaslongbeenpresumedtheprimarysourceforskillsintonalharmonicpractice,boththeeffectivenessofthisapproachandthenarrowhorizonstowardwhichitaimsneedtobecarefullyassessedfromacontemporary,creativevantagepoint.Indeed,thefactthattheoryandauralskillsareoftenperceivedasdivorcedfromoneanotherandfrommusicperformanceandfrommusichistoryprovidesample
Integrative approaches that
might include eurhythmic
movement and dance need
to be regularly featured as
potential pedagogical
pathways to the holistic
understanding of music
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37
impetusforfoundationalrethinkingofthesefacetsoftheconventionalcore.Whenthemusicalgoalexpandsfromspecializedinterpretiveperformancewithinamonoculturalrepertorytocontemporary,globallyinformedimprovisationcompositionperformance,theimpetusforparadigmaticquestioningtakesonentirelynewdimensionsandurgency.Thepointhereisnottosuggestthatconventionalapproachestomusictheoryshouldbearthebruntofreformcriticism,buttosimplyemphasizethatifmusicstudyistoalignitselfwiththediversehorizonsofthemusicalworld,allareasofthecurriculumwillneedtobeexaminedaccordingly,andbasicmusicianshipbyitsveryfoundationalnaturemaywellrequireconsiderableattentioninthisregard.TFUMMisoptimisticthat,consistentwithitsoverarchingcommitmenttointegrationofconventionalareaswithinanexpandedscope,powerfulnewmodelsofmusicianshipmayemergefromthisprocess.
ThoughitisbeyondthescopeorintentionofTFUMMtodelineatespecificcoursecontentinresponsetothesepoints,thoughtfulconsiderationisencouragedaboutpotentialopeningstoabroadermusicianshipfoundation.Wenote,forexample,theprominenceofblackmusicnotonlyinAmericanculturebutinglobalmusicalpracticeasaparticularlyfertileprinciple.ChristopherSmall,whoseworkhasbeenespeciallyinfluentialinethnomusicologyandmusiceducation,emphasizedAfricanandAfricanAmericanmodelsofmusicking9withtheirlimitlessdiasporicexpressionssuchasAfroCuban,AfroColumbian,AfroBrazilian,AfroBolivian,andAfroMexicanstylesaskeytoaviablemusicianshipmodelinaglobalmusicallandscape.Jazzandmuchpopularmusicareprominentwithintheseblacktraditions,andwhenapproachedaswritlarge,asself9 Small,C. (1994). Music of the Common Tongue. London: Calder Riverrun. Patricia Shehan Campbell conveys from a personal conversation with Small toward the end of his life that of his three books, this one uniquely captures the heart of his thought on the importance of African-derived forms, even though this point has eluded recognition even among many of his followers.
-
posttonimprovisunitedwappliedeundersta
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39
ThepointisnotinanywaytoendorsethereplacementofthecurrentEurocentricaestheticpedagogicalmodelwithonethatisAfrocentricinnature;rather,itistounderscoretheimportanceofsteppingbackfromconventional,conditionedperspectivesofmusicalgenresandinsteadtoperceivethemaselementsofoverarchingwavesinthe21stcenturymusicaloceanasweseekrelevantandviablelearningframeworks.ImprovisatorycompositionalgroundingissignificanttothejazzportionoftheAfrologicalwave,arguablylinkingtheidiommorecloselytopasterasofEuropeanpracticethantheconventionalinterpretiveperformancespecialistframework.Thispointservesasaprimaryexampleoftheimportant,ifprovocative,insightsthatareunearthedinTFUMMsexpanded,criticallyrobust,perspective.Thisreemergent,creativitybasedparadigmhasthecapacitytotranscenditsownboundariesandenhanceamuchbroadersynthesiswherenotonlyAfrologicalandEurologicalwavesbutmultitudesofothersuniteandweseethenecessityforthissynthesistoassumefrontandcenterstageinreformdiscourse.Therefore,whileTFUMMacknowledgesthatAfricanderivedmusics,includingjazz,offerunparalleled,andmostlymissed,opportunitiestofashiontheidentityofthegloballyorientedcontemporaryimprovisercomposerperformeratthecoreofitsvision,theoverarchingaimisnottoprivilegeanygivenareabuttoilluminateinherentcapacitiesinallgenresincludingEuropeanclassicalmusicandmanyfolk,popular,andclassicaltraditionsfromotherpartsoftheworldtoemergeasgatewaystothebroadermusicallandscape.Moreover,althoughTFUMMhasdirectedmuchofitscritiqueimplicitlyandexplicitlytowardtheEuropeanbasedemphasisinacademicmusicstudies,theconservativehorizonsofmuchofconventionaljazzeducationasaresultofwhichthebroaderconnectionsthatmightbeharnessedfromtheidiomhavebeencompromised
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havenotescapeditspurview.Indeed,theveeringofjazzeducationfromthecreativefoundationsofthejazztraditionparallels,andisarguablyinheritedfrom,theveeringofEuropeanclassicalmusicstudiesfromthecreativefoundationsoftheEuropeantradition.12
TFUMMalsorecognizesconcernsregardingteachingqualificationsthatarisefromthekindofchangeproposedincoremusicianshipandmusichistorystudies.Acommitmenttosuchreformedapproacheswilllikelyentailprofessionaldevelopmentforfaculty,perhapsthroughenhancedinteractionswithfacultynotusuallyassignedcoremusicianshipstudiesandthroughmasterclassesandworkshopsrelatedtocreativity,diversity,andintegration,whichweargueshouldcollectivelypermeatethecurriculum.Bothaphilosophicalcommitmentandadesiretoincorporatenewprocessesandcontentintoconventionalprogramswillbenecessary.Often,deeplyinspiredteachingmaycomefromthosewhoarethemselvesavidlearners,willingtoenhancetheirownknowledgeandskillinordertoincreasetheirrelevanceandservicetothosewhowillperform,teach,andresearchintheyearstocome.
THREE STRATEGIES FOR TOP-DOWN CORE MUSICIANSHIP REFORM
TFUMMenvisionsthreepossibleapproachestoinstitutiondrivencoremusicianshipreformthatmaybepursuedindependentlyof,orinconjunctionwith,bottomup,optionrichapproaches.Thefirstinvolvesatheory/auralskillsclassbasedontheprinciplespreviouslydescribed,wherejazz,popular,globalandEuropeanclassicalpracticesandmaterialsareintegratedwithimprovisatory,compositional,andrhythmicstudiesandotherskilldevelopment.Thisrecommendationisnottobeconflatedwithaddon12 See Sarath, ibid, for more on this discussion, and particularly the importance of understanding jazz as writ large, as a self-transcending gateway to global practice.
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provisions,suchasthosethatallowstudentstotakeanupperleveltheoryelectiveinjazzorsomeotherrelatedarea,ortheexpandingauralskillscourseworktoincludebroaderareaswhileleavingtheconventionaltheoreticalcomponentthattypicallycarriesmorehoursandcoursecreditintact.TFUMMinsteadurgesfundamentalredesignofthetheory/auralskillssequencewiththenewprinciplesandvaluesplacedatthecenter.
Asecondapproachentailsamoreprovocativemovethatintegratestheoryandauralskillswithinabroaderscopeofstudyandpractice.IftheoryandmusichistorywereconceptualizedinanintegratedfashionusingperspectivesadvancedbyTFUMM,opportunitieswouldariseforricher,deeper,morerigorousunderstanding.Thisunderstandingwouldmergeanalyticalwithhistoricalculturalcontentandmovefromatechnicalinformationalbasetoaninquirybaseinwhichstudentsdiscoverthestructural,textural,design,andaestheticdimensionsofthesonicexperiencedefinedasmusic.Suchastructurewouldputmoreresponsibilityforfactualinformationaltechnicallearningdirectlyintothehandsofstudents,somewhatinthemodeofthecurrentlypopularconceptofaflippedclassroom,whichpermitslargeclasses,seminars,andindividualtutoringtofocusonusinginformationforhigherorderanalysisandstudy.Notonlywouldsuchanapproachprovideaneedtoknowforstudentsandmakemusicstudymorechallengingandsatisfying,itwouldpermitintegrationofcreativity,embodiedmusicianship,criticalthinking,communitymusic,reflection,entrepreneurship,technology,aesthetics,andcognition.
Areconceivedmodelofmusichistorystudiesmightbeginwithharvestingthefruitsofhistoricaland
If theory and music history
were conceptualized in an
integrated fashion using
perspectives advanced by
TFUMM, opportunities would
arise for richer, deeper,
more rigorous
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culturalinquiryinthecreativeprocessitself,askingstudentstoreflectonitspersonalmeaninganditsrelationshiptotodaysmusicalworldandsocial,cultural,political,andeconomicconditionsanddevelopmentsbeyondmusic.Richopeningsintoaestheticand
cognitiveconcernscouldbemined,aswellasthepersonal,interpersonal,andtranscendentdimensionsofthecreativeprocess.Fromthiscontemporarybasedandcreativitybasedpointofdeparture,openingstopastpracticeandthusconventionalmusicologicalandethnomusicologicalterritorycouldthenbefathomedinnewlyrelevantways,incontrasttothetimehonoredtraditionofchronologicalandgeographicorganization.Inquiryinallcaseswouldbebasedontheactualexperienceofcreatingmusicinthetwentyfirstcenturygloballandscapeandonthewide
arrayofconceptualconsiderationsdirectlyrelatedtothisexperience.Facetsthatmightunderpinanewmodelofmusicologyinclude:transformationsinconsciousness,orwhathasbeenpopularizedasflow,invokedduringthecreativeprocess;theevolutionofapersonalizedcreativevoice;andthechallengesofauthenticsynthesisasopposedtosuperficialskimminginthemulticulturalmarketplace.TFUMMconstruesthisapproachaswritlarge,encompassinginquiryfarbeyondwhattheheadingmusichistorytypicallyincludes,andthusdirectingitsinitialfocusnottowardtherepertoryofdistanterasandplacesbutthedaytodayordealsandcelebrationsofcreativeartistsworkinglocallyandacrosstheglobeaswellasdiverseindigenousmusicexpressions.Thisapproachprovidesa
The fundamental point of
inquiry in all cases would be
the actual experience of
creating music in the
twentieth-first-century
global landscape and the
wide array of conceptual
considerations directly
related to this experience
and development.
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basisforinquiryintothenatureofmusic,itsorigins,itsevolution,itsmultipleexpressions,andwhymusicsoundsasitdoesinparticulartimesandplaces,hastheinfluencethatitdoes,andcontinuestobeaprimaryaspectofhumaninterestandbehavior.Anentirelynewfoundationemergesforconventional,pastbasedinquirythatmakespossiblenewlevelsofappreciationfor,andunderstandingof,thetreasuresofthepast.Inherentinthisnewapproachisarethinkingofthetypicaldivisionofmusicologyintohistoricalandethnomusicologicalcompartments,theproductivityandrelevanceofwhichtothetwentyfirstcenturymusicalworldhaseludedcriticalinquiry.
Athirdstrategyfortopdowncorecurriculumreformisacoreproficiencyassessmentprotocolthatisadministeredattheendofthesecondyear.Studentswoulddemonstrateknowledgeandskillsinavarietyofcoreareasthatcorrespondtothereformedcoreframework.Theseincludeimprovisation,composition,auralskills,modaltonalpitchlanguages,rhythmiclanguages(construedbroadlyasabove),technology,andmovement,withmusicalinquiryaptitudessuchashistory,culturalunderstanding,aesthetics,andcognitionmeasuredbyreflectivewritingandotherprotocols.Studentsmayfulfillproficiencyareasindependentlyandplaceoutofcorecoursework,inwhichcasetheymayelectupperstructurecoursework.
PRIVATE LESSONS
PrivateinstructionisanimportantareaofmusicstudyinwhichTFUMMseespotentialforabroadpedagogicalspectrumthatsustainshighlevelsofinstrumentalorvocaltechniquewhilecontributingtothebroaderskillsetcalledforbyTFUMM.Alongsideconventionaltechnicalandrepertorystudy,workinimprovisation,variousapproachesto
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auralmusicianship,composition,worldmusicperformancetechniques,andtheoryareallpotentialcomponentstobeintegratedwithintheprivatestudiolesson,lessonswithmultiplestudentsinattendance,ormasterclasses.Anotherpossibilityisamorefluidprivateinstructionformat,whichisnotuncommoninjazz,inwhichstudentsaregiventheopportunity,mostlikelyinlateryearsoftheirprograms,tostudyprivatelywithfacultyfrominstrumentalcategoriesotherthantheirownprincipalorprimaryinstrument.
ENSEMBLES
Given that music is performed in society in ensembles, small and large, ensemble
experience is important to music study. TFUMM recognizes the complex network of
considerations related to the place of large ensembles in most music schools and departments.
While the viability of professional large classical and jazz ensembles is under threat in society at
large, it is clear that school orchestras, choirs, and jazz and wind bands provide excellent
performance experiences and are deeply embedded in the cultural history of music schools and
departments as well as in most public school music programs. Theyalsoremainanimportantpartofthecultureatlarge,ascommunityorchestras,bandsandchorusescontinuetoflourish.
At the same time, it is essential to identify a broad continuum of ensemble formats and
correlate these with real-world experience. For example, small groups in which members
improvise and compose are arguably some of the most prevalent ensemble types both in the
United States and across the globe. Smallensemblesofimprovisingmusicians,inanyandallstyles,couldcomplementthestandardclassicalchambermusicmodel,orprovidethebasisforanentirelynewmodelthatachievesnewkindsofdiversesynthesis.Recognizing and
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respecting the highly complicated and highly charged nature of this topic, TFUMM believes that
new curricular initiatives that are rooted in a contemporary improviser-composer-performer
identity are key to a viable 21st century ensemble framework.
Two points bear emphasis. First, a large ensembleorchestra, choir, or wind band
consisting largely of aspiring contemporary improvisers-composers-performers will not only be
capable of playing a wider range of repertory, some of its own making, than an ensemble
consisting largely of interpretive performance specialists;
it will also be capable of bringing unprecedented levels of
passion, vitality, appreciation, understanding and
excellence to the performance of the works of Beethoven,
Brahms, Debussy and other conventional as well as new
repertory. In viewing the European classical tradition and
its treasures through a wide-angle, globally oriented and
creativity-based lens, contemporary improvisers-
composers-performers, whose roots, to reiterate, may be
traced in part to the European classical tradition, will be
able to situate this lineage in a contemporary world music
context and invoke deeper levels of engagement with their
audiences. In this light, TFUMM strongly endorses
approachestolargeensembleteachingthat,inadditiontostandardandnewworks,incorporateimprovisationandothermodesofmusicalengagementandinquiryaswellasenhancedstudent
In viewing the European
classical tradition and its
treasures through a wide-
angle, globally oriented and
creativity-based lens,
contemporary improvisers-
composers-performers,
whose roots, to reiterate,
may be traced in part to the
European classical tradition,
will be able to situate this
lineage in a contemporary
world music context and
invoke deeper levels of
engagement with their
audiences.
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participationinmusicdecisionmakingrelatedtorehearsalandperformancegoals.Suchapproaches,however,arerecommendednotinplaceofsystematicimprovisationandcompositionstudieselsewhereinthecurriculumbutascomplementarytothem. This sheds light on the seemingly conflicting need to open up curricular space for the very aspiring creative artists who will populate these ensembles to devote time to this expanded
and integrative skill set. Whereas from a conventional standpoint, the modification of ensemble
rehearsal time may seem starkly incoherent if not self-defeating, from the standpoint of the
aspiring contemporary creative musician who will be able to bring enlivened scope and passion
to the large ensemble framework, this strategy exhibits strong viability. As with all other aspects
of the curriculum, modifications may well be needed that place the development of the
(re)emergent, broadened artistic profile front and center
CURRICULAR UPPER STRUCTURE
Thecombinationofbreadth,integration,rigor,andcreativeexplorationprovidedinthereformedcorecurriculumwillofferstudentsfoundationsthatareconducivetoselfdirecteddevelopment.Thecurricularupperstructurebasedonthisfoundationcouldthusberichinoptions,whichmayincludecourseworkpreviouslydeemedpartofthecore,aswellasnewcoursesthatcutacrosstraditionalboundaries.Importantly,acurricularparadigmthatexpandsoptionsforstudentsalsoenlivensandexpandscreativeavenuesforfaculty.Possibilitiesaremany:
atechnologymediatedclassthatunitescontemporarytrendsandcenturiesoldpractices
aclassexploringtime,cognition,andconsciousness
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acourseinDalcrozeeurhythmics,Laban,moderndance,orcreativemovement,anyofwhichprovidesthephysicalengagementofthebodyinresponsetomusicandinthegenerationofmovementgesturesthatexpressoremanatefrommusicalideas
acourseexploringimprovisationacrossgenresWestandEast
acourseunitingmeditationandmovement
aseminarintheneurologicalcorrelatesofperformance,participation,andlistening
aprojectorientedcoursethatconnectsstudentstocommunitymusiciansortocommunityvenuesinwhichmusiccanbefacilitatedtochildren,seniors,disabilitypopulations,andthelike.
Withinthisrichcreativeframe,itisexpectedthatstudentswillcontinuetoincrease
theirindividualandensembleperformanceskillsandadvancedworkindomainssuchasmusicology,musicteachereducation,musictherapy,theory,andothercurrentlyconventionalfields.However,consistentwithmusicaldevelopmentsbeyondtheacademy,itisalsoassumedthatmanymoreintegrativeopportunitiescombiningdiverseareasofinterest,bothwithinandbeyondmusic,mayarise.Ourstudents,whohavelivedinanageofadvancingtechnology,instantaneousinformationfromallpartsoftheglobe,awarenessofgrowingdemographicdiversity,andanunendingarrayofmusicalexpressions,seekconnectionsandrelationshipsamongfieldsofstudythatenhanceandenrichtheircontributionstothenexusofinfluencesonstudentslivesandbeing.Fromacareerperspective,musicstudentssometimesseekdoublemajorsorotheropportunitiestocombinemusicwithotherfieldsofstudy,andmechanismsshouldbedevelopedtoassuretherichestpossiblelearningaccruingfromsuchtrajectories.
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NEW DEGREE PROGRAM AND UNIT
TFUMMrecognizesandsupportstheautonomyofinstitutionsrelativetotheirowncontexts,profiles,andinclinationstochange.WhileTFUMMhastakenabroadandradicalapproachtotransformingtheundergraduatemusicmajorcurriculum,avarietyofchangestrategiesmaybeemployedwithinthespiritofitsrecommendations.Somefacultiesmayhaveafewindividualsinterestedinpilotingcertainaspectsoftherecommendations.Othersmaywishtoopenfullfacultydialoguesaboutchangeanditsimplications.Themostimportantelementofchange,however,isaphilosophicalcommitmenttoservingtwentyfirstcenturymusiciansandtheartofmusicitself,aswellasourcommunitiesandsociety.Thiscommitmentrequiresarigorouseducationinmusicthatfocusesoncreativityandrelevanceinthelargerworldbeyondtheacademy.
OneapproachthatmaybeviableinsomeschoolsordepartmentsmaybeestablishingadegreetrackasapilotprogramthatembodiestheTFUMMvision.Perhapsthiscanbeoverseenbyanewunitadepartment,area,ordivisionthatinvolvesexistingfacultywhoseworkalignswiththeTFUMMvision.Thisapproachconformswithamovementinhighereducationgenerallythatseekstodiversifyandintegratefacultyorganizationalunitsandcollaborativeefforts,movingbeyondtheisolationistidentificationoffacultyonlywithothersintheirowndisciplinestoorganizearoundmoreholisticthemes,suchascreativity.
The most important
element of change,
however, is a philosophical
commitment to serving
twenty-first-century
musicians and the art of
music itself, as well as our
communities and society.
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Thevalueofaspecifieddegreetrackisthatitshiftstheoverarchingidentityforstudentsandfacultyinvolvedinthatpathway.Iftheoverarchingidentityinareformedfieldofuniversitylevelmusicstudyisthecontemporaryimprovisercomposerperformer,thenanewdegreetrackwouldprovideacohortofstudentsandfacultyfocusedonthatidentity.Thecreationofanewunitoffacultywillpromotetheshiftinidentitywearepromotingamongstudents.However,wewouldarguethatthisidentityshiftshouldbeavailablenotonlytostudentswhomayelectsuchadegreetrack.Studentsfromanymajorshouldbeabletoparticipateinthisidentityshiftand,infact,suchashiftmaybeascrucialforstudentsplanningtoteachinK12andhighereducationasitisforstudentswhomaybemorefocusedonperformanceasthecenteroftheiridentities.Itispossiblethataunitoffacultypilotingprogramsfocusedspecificallyoncreativitymay,inadditiontoadegreetrack,offerstudentdesignedminorsandothermechanismstoassuretheavailabilityofthisapproachtoallstudents.
UnderaworkingtitlesuchasContemporaryCreativeMusicianship,anewdegreetrackandunitwouldappealdirectlytoavarietyofconstituencies,withpositiverecruitingramificationsforinstitutionscommittedtoparadigmaticchangeandleadershipinthefield.Theseincludestringplayerswhoresonatewiththenewmodelofstringquartetthatcombinesstandardrepertorywithcontemporarycreativeexplorations,includingimprovisationandarrangementsandcompositionsofgroupmembers.Otherconstituenciesincludejazzstudentsseekingbroaderhorizonsthanthosegenerallybroachedinjazzcurricula(thoughembracedinthebroaderjazzworld),musictechnologyandpopularmusicstudentswhomayplayahandfulofinstrumentsandtraversemultiplestylisticboundaries,andstudentswhoselfidentifyasworldmusicpractitioners.
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Studentsintheproposedcurriculumwouldbenefitfromareformedcorecurriculumthatincludesthenewintegrativecoremusicianshipandmusicologyclassesdescribedabove,expandedapproachestoprivateinstruction,widerangingoptionsthatenablethemtocharttheirownpathways,andarevisedensembleprogramthatiscenteredinasmallCreativeMusicEnsembleforwhichtheycomposemostofthemusic,andwhichprovidesamplespaceforimprovisation.
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TEACHER CERTIFICATION OPTION
Ateachercertificationoption,eitherwithintheabovedegreetrackorasadimensionofamoretraditionalmusicteachereducationcurriculum,wouldexposeaspiringmusicteacherstoanewparadigmofpublicschoolmusicteachingandlearning,includingbutnotlimitedtotheconventionallargeensemblesthatprevailinmostpublicschoolmusicprograms.Theywouldgainperformanceskillsthatdrawfromadiversityof
musicalrepertoiresfromlocalandglobalculturesfrombluestobluegrass,fromgospelchoirtokulintang,fromsamulnoritosonjarocho.Withstrongcreativegroundingtheywillbeabletoinventnewmusicalexpressionsbasedonadiversityofelementalfeaturesandnuances.
Weimaginethatthefoundationalshiftweproposewouldoccurnotonlythroughareformedcorecurriculumbutthroughtheinfusionofsuchknowledgeandskillswithinmethodscourses,sothatstudentsneednotbeburdenedwithafifthyearof
degreestudy.Longstandingquestionsabouttheexcessivenumberofcourserequirementsthattypicallycharacterizeteachercertificationcurriculaandtheirrelevancetomusicianshipandpedagogicalexcellencewouldberesolvedinastreamlined,relevant,andhighlyintegratedprogramofdevelopmentthatisresonantwiththeoverarchingparadigmshiftinthemusicmajorprogramatlarge.Ratherthanrespondingtocertificationmandateswiththedesignofnewcourses,newrequirementswouldbewovenintocurrent
Change in the education of
music teachers should be a
high priority, given the
dichotomy between
professional assertions that
the arts are basic and the
small percentage of
students who actually
participate in high school
ensemble programs.
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coursessoastomaintaincoursesandensemblesthatcultivatehighlevelsofabilityinimprovisation,composition,andperformancewilldirectlyandpowerfullyenhancepedagogy.Inrestoringthecreativefoundationsofartisticdevelopment,theTFUMMvisionalsolaysgroundworkfornewlevelsofpedagogicalexpertise.Whenmusicalartistryisreconceivedfromtheconventionalinterpretiveperformancemodeltotheimprovisercomposerperformermodel,thefalsedichotomybetweenmusicalandpedagogicalexpertisethatpervadesthecultureofthefieldisresolved:Onecannothavethesecondwithoutthefirst.
Changeintheeducationofmusicteachersshouldthusbeahighpriority,giventhedichotomybetweenprofessionalassertionsthattheartsarebasicandthesmallpercentageofstudentswhoactuallyparticipateinhighschoolensembleprograms.Outofschoolparticipationratesinmusicsuggestthatstudentsareengagedinbothselfinitiatedandmoreinformalmusicparticipationandstudyinlargenumbers.However,inschoolparticipationratesinprogramsthat,similartohighermusiceducation,havebeeninstasisformanyyearsindicateaneedformusiclearningexperiencesthatreachlargernumbersofstudents,particularlyinsecondaryschools.TFUMMbelievesthattheexpandedprofileofthe21stcenturymusicianandmusicteacheradvocatedwillhavedirectbearingonthisimportantissue.
Itisimportanttoacknowledgethechallengestoanykindofcurriculuminnovationthatteachercertificationprogramsneedtoconfrontintheformofstateandschoolofeducationstandardsandrequirements.TFUMMrecommendsthatamongthecreativestrategiespursuedtoaddressthischallengeshouldbesustainedconversationswithschoolofeducationcolleaguesandstatecertificationofficials.Inthiscase,theabovenoted
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provisionfordepartmentsorunits,suchasmusiceducation,tohavemorecreativelatitudeindelineatingthecurricularneedsoftheirstudentstakesongreatimportance.Withinourproposedimprovisercomposerperformerparadigm,musiceducationfacultycouldmakesignificantstridestowardamorerelevantandefficientcurricularframeworkthatenablesthekindofdiversificationneededandthatallowsinschoolmusicprogramstoplayaroleintheholisticdevelopmentofallstudents.
MUSIC AND HUMAN LEARNING
TFUMMbelievesthatthelimitationsofthecurrentparadigmforuniversitylevelmusicstudy,focusedasitisonEuropeanclassicalmusicandinterpretiveperformanceofmusiccreatedbyothers,significantlyunderestimatesthevalueofmusictohumanintellectual,emotional,andsociallife.Onthecontrary,TFUMMfindsevidencecomingfromavarietyofacademicdisciplinesforaburgeoninginterestinmusiccognitionandneuromusicalprocessingandinmusicsimpactonhealthandwellbeing.TFUMMrecommendsthattheimpressiveliteraturethatoffersanunderstandingofmusicandhumanlearning(andmusicandhumanlife)informnotonlystudentsexperienceanddevelopment,butalsothereformdiscourseweadvocatehere.Facultyforumsandretreats,studygroups,expertledworkshops,andothermechanismsmaybeemployedtoenlargefacultymembersunderstandinginthesearenas.
NEW CURRICULUM OVERSIGHT PROTOCOL
ThechangeproposedbyTFUMMalsosuggestsaneedforchangeincurriculumapprovalprocesses.Ashasbeenarguedearlier,TFUMMendorsesagreaterdegreeoffield
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specificresponsibilityfordeterminingthecurriculumofvariousconcentrationswithinthemusicmajor,i.e.,theory,history,performance,creativestudies,etc.,TFUMMproposesthatcentralizedcurriculumcommitteesdealprimarilywithstructuralandorganizationalissuesratherthanpresumingtoinfluencecontentorcoursedistributionissues,whicharetheprovinceoffacultyexpertiseingivendomains.Curriculumcommitteescanandshould,ofcourse,reviewproposalsforchangewithaneyetothevalidityofjustifications,anemphasisonthelearningneedsofstudents,andrelevancetothereadinessofstudentstopursuecareersandeffectleadershipintheirchosenfieldsofinterest.Curriculumcommitteesmayalsolookatschoolwideissuessuchasoverlapincourses,competingrequirements,numbersofhoursinprograms,creditpolicies,etc.However,oncepolicymatterssuchasadherencetodegreehours,distributionofcredits,etc.,areconfirmed,facultyingivendomainsshouldbechargedwiththeresponsibleimplementationofcurriculaundertheguidingprinciplesestablishedbytheinstitution.
Insummaryofthisphaseofpracticalinitiatives,athreeprongedprotocolisproposedthatincludes:sustaininganewlevelofcriticaldiscourse;invokingoptionrichstrategiesforchangethatallowstudentsgreatercreativechoiceinnavigatingandforgingtheircurricularpathways;andinstitutiondriveninnovationsintheformofnewcoursework,degreeprograms,andcurricularoversightprotocols.Ideally,aspectsofthethreetiersofchangeactivitywillworkintandem.However,schoolsanddepartmentsareencouragedtofocusinwhateverareastheyareinclined,andtopursuecreativealternativesthatfittheiruniquecircumstances.Mostimportantisthattheselforganizing,creativitydrivendevelopmentthatTFUMMadvocatesonthestudentlevelalsomanifestsontheinstitutionallevel.Thiswillensurethateventhemostmodeststepstowardchange
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willoccurwithinalongerrangeviewtowardfoundationaloverhaulandthemanifestationofthosecurricularandchangeelementsdescribedabove.
IV. PATHWAYS TO CHANGE II: NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL
Whenthepathwaystoinstitutionalchangementionedaboveoccurintandemwithnationalandinternationalchangestrategies,theprospectsforfoundationaloverhaulbecomeallthemoreviable.Ifthepioneeringeffortsofaninitialwaveofleadershipinstitutionsaretobeharnessedwithinabroadertransformation,aseriesofnationalandinternationalchangestrategieswillbeneeded.Theywillinturncontributetotheenhancementandempowermentoflocalefforts.Followingarethreesuggestions.
CREATION OF A NEW CHANGE CONSORTIUM
Awiderangeoforganizationsisdevotedtothefieldofmusicstudy.However,evenasmanyoftheseorganizationsissueappealsforvaryingdegreesofchange,andimplementchangethatresonateswithTFUMMrecommendations,nolargerorganizationis,asyet,predicatedonchange.Webelievethataneworganizationisneededwhoseentirefocusisthetransformationofuniversitylevelmusicalstudy.Thisorganization,whichneednotbeconceivedasaCMSorTFUMMproject,wouldworkonmultiplelevels,in