Transformation of the West

1450-1750

Do now: What does trade look like in Unit 4? (1450-1750)

Culture and Commerce

The Italian Renaissance: Begins 14th, 15th centuries in northern Italy

Italy becomes:• Urbanized• Merchant class• Political rivalry

Culture and Commerce

•Petrarch, Boccaccio• Uses Italian language (vernacular-the common language) • Secular (non-religious) topics

•Painting upgrade:• Use of perspective• Shadow, distance• Focus on humans, not gods or religious figures

Perspective

Culture and Commerce

• The Italian Renaissance•Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel, Statue of David• Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa• Niccolo Machiavelli – “The Prince” *it is better to be feared

than loved

•Humanism• Looking back to classical past• Study of texts, especially ancient Greek and Roman

Medieval Art

Renaissance Art

Culture and changes

•The Renaissance Moves Northward

• Northern Renaissance• France, Low Countries,

England, Germany•Then to eastern Europe•More concerned with

religious matters

Culture and Changes

•Changes in Technology and Family

•Technology•Printing Press!

• Family• later marriage age common•nuclear family common

Changes and Commerce• The Protestant and Catholic

Reformations• 1517, Martin Luther's challenge• Attacks church institutions• Bible the only authority• Vernacular translations

• Protestant protest used for political gain• German opposition to the papacy• Rulers seize church lands

Culture and Commerce• Henry VIII• Establishes Anglican church

• Jean Calvin• Calvinism• Predestination

• Catholic Reformation• Renewal• Jesuits• Missionaries and education

Culture and Commerce

• The End of Christian Unity in the West•Religious Wars• France• Calvinists v. Catholics• 1598, Edict of Nantes• Promises Protestants’ toleration

•30 Years War (1618-1648)• Devastating to Germany• Netherlands independent

Culture and Commerce

• The Commercial Revolution• Inflation, 16th century• Gold, silver from New World• Demand outstrips supply

• Social Protest•Witchcraft hysteria

Science and Politics

•Copernicus• Polish monk• Used knowledge of earlier Arab scientists like al-Urdi and

al-Tusi•New instruments add to data collection•Galileo Galilei• Uses Copernicus' work

•Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work

Science and Politics

•Methods• Francis Bacon• Empirical research

• René Descartes• Skepticism

• Isaac Newton• System of natural laws

• Deism• God does not intervene with nature

• John Locke• Use of reason

Science and Politics

• Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies• 17th century, medieval balance disrupted

• France dominates• Centralized monarchy• Bureaucracy• “Absolute monarchy"• Louis XIV the best example• Nobles kept at court

Science and Politics

•Other absolute monarchs• Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary• Territorial expansion

•England•Difference•Civil War• Parliament triumphant

Science and Politics

•The Nation-StateDefinition•Common language, culture• National literature, songs, foods

• Territorial aspect•Common allegiance

Will lead to nationalism, which causes imperialism, global conflicts…

The West by 1750

•Political Patterns• Great change in central Europe

(break up of feudal HRE)

• Frederick the Great of Prussia• Religious freedom• State regulates economy• Overseas commercial networks

Prussia was a German kingdom that became a nation state (absolutist as well) and was dissolved in 1932. Poland and the Soviet Union absorbed the territory

The West by 1750

•Continual warfare• France v. Britain• Rivalry over overseas

territory (Remember the French and Indian War?)

•Prussia v. Austria• Territorial conflicts

The West by 1750

•Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment• Scientific methods applied to other fields

•General principles•People are good•Reason the answer•Belief in progress

The West by 1750

•Political science• Adam Smith• Laissez-faire

•Criminology• Society•Women's rights• Protection of children• Attack inequities

The West by 1750•Mass consumerism – ongoing change in commerce and

manufacturing

• Agriculture• Advancements in tech – swamp drainage, breeding• Potatoes, etc. introduced

• Domestic system• Households produce finished goods

• Change becomes the norm