Transcultural Learning and Understanding
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Globalization and Postmodern
Values
Inglehart, Ronald.
The Washington Quarterly,
Volume 23, Number 1, Winter
2000, pp. 215-228
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World Values Survey
The World Values Survey is a global research project that
explores peoples values and beliefs, how they change over time
and what social and political impact they have. It is carried out bya worldwide network of social scientists who, since 1981, have
conducted representative national surveys in almost 100
countries. The WVS is the only source of empirical data on
attitudes covering a majority of the worlds population (nearly
90%).
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The transition from industrial society to knowledge society is
linked to a shiftfrom survival to self-expression values.
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Survival values place emphasis on economic and physical security.It is linked with a relatively ethnocentric outlook and low levels of
trust and tolerance.
Self-expression values give high priority to environmental
protection, growing tolerance of foreigners, gays and lesbians and
gender equality, and rising demands for participation in decision-
making in economic and political life.
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In contrast, industrialization brought a shift
from traditional to secular values.
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Traditional values emphasize the importance of religion, parent-child
ties, deference to authority and traditional family values. People who
embrace these values also reject divorce, abortion, euthanasia and
suicide. These societies have high levels of national pride and a
nationalistic outlook.
Secular values have the opposite preferences to the traditional
values. These societies place less emphasis on religion, authority,
traditional family values and authority. Divorce, abortion, euthanasia
and suicide are seen as relatively acceptable.
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SecularizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Secularisation is the transformation of a society from close
identification with religious values and institutions toward
non-religious (or "irreligious") values and secular institutions.
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Fundamentalism is a reaction to secularism!
Fundamentalists commonly believe that their way
of life and treasured truths are under attack by the
forces of secularism and liberalism. They think
that they are rescuing religious identity from
absorption into post-modernism and secularism.
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Cultural contact is always accompanied by cultural flow.
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So, if A denotes the secularist and
B = not A the fundamentalist position
=>
liberalism maintains a contradictory
A as well as not A = B
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TransculturationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Transculturation encompasses more than transition from one
culture to another; it does not consist merely of acquiring another
culture (acculturation) or of losing or uprooting a previous culture
(deculturation). Rather, it merges these concepts and additionally
carries the idea of the consequent creation of new cultural
phenomena (neoculturation) ...
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... to each life-mode there corresponds a specific conceptual
universe quite distinct from those of other life-modes. ... Hence, it
appears as if the bearers of the different life-modes, without any
possibility to understand the positions of the other contendersfrom inside, are constantly struggling to maintain, re-establish or
create in new forms the conditions of possibility of their own life-
modes. This process we shall callneoculturation.
TextThomas Hjrup: State, Culture and Life-Modes, p 27
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In this process of neoculturation, people in different life-modes do
not pursue the same goals. In fact, one can hardly even claim that
they speak the same language, considering that linguisticexpressions referring to relevant aspects of everyday life have
entirely different meanings for people in the different modes. The
difficulties encountered with concepts such as work, family,
freedom, etc. , have already shown that such key words are usedby different segments of the population to express radically
different cultural ideas. As was shown, these differences in usage
derive from the fundamental differences in the way life-modes
organise everday life. Seemingly univeral concepts such as work
- concepts that we all believe that everybody understands in thesame way - are in fact not at all universal.
Thomas Hjrup: State, Culture and Life-Modes, p 27
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Western Margiis also live in own life-modes:
Being embedded in intercultural families,
being involved in a cultural transfer of deep
structures (values, thought patterns, religious
beliefs and ethics),
being the proponents of an indian missionary
movement.
Consequently, we are in a constant process of
neoculturation.
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So, with
A (affirmation), A (negation),
A A (both),
(A A) (neither),
secularism maintains a simple A,
fundamentalism an antithetical A,
liberalism a historically driving A A,
transculturism a synthetical (A A).
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Intercultural competence
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A balance, situatively adapted, between four parts:
1. knowledge (about other cultures, people, nations, behaviors ...)
2. empathy(understanding feelings and needs of other people)
3. self-confidence andemotional stability
4. Cultural identity (knowledge about one's own culture)
Intercultural competenceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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sattva Guna => empathy
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balanced Cakras => a balanced mind
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The terranean plexus:
1. dharma [psycho-spiritual longing]
2. artha [psychic longing]
3. ka'ma [physical longing]
4. moks'a [spiritual longing]
Plexi and Microvita. Sarkar, P.R.: Microvita in a Nutshell, 3rd ed. (AM Publications, 1991)
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The fluidal plexus:
1. indifference
2. stupor
3. indulgence
4. lack of trustworthiness
5. annihilation
6. cruelty
T
TTT
T
Plexi and Microvita. Sarkar, P.R.: Microvita in a Nutshell, 3rd ed. (AM Publications, 1991)
TT
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T
The igneous plexus:
1. shyness, shame
2. sadistic tendency
3. envy
4. dowsiness, sleepiness
5. melancholia
6. peevishness
7. yearning for acquisition
8. infatuation
9. hatred
10. fear
Plexi and Microvita. Sarkar, P.R.: Microvita in a Nutshell, 3rd ed. (AM Publications, 1991)
T
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The sidereal plexus:
1. hope
2. worry
3. endevour
4. fondness
5. vanity
6. discrimination
7. psychic restlessness
8. ego
9. avarice
10. hypocrisy
11. argumentativeness
12. repentance
T
Plexi and Microvita. Sarkar, P.R.: Microvita in a Nutshell, 3rd ed. (AM Publications, 1991)
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Pandora, John William Waterhouse, 1896
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balanced Cakras => a balanced mind
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With 26 negative Vritties on hand,
the unbalanced mind has an easy job
to derange the intercultural field.
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Cultural Transfer or Cultural Imperialism?
Cultures are characterized by both
universality and particularity.
The formerprovides a foundation and guarantee for
intercultural communication, while the
latter often leads to a negative cultural
transfer ...
On Negative Cultural Transfer in Communication Between Chinese and Americans. Xiaohong Wei: Journal of Intercultural Communication,No 21 (2009)
T
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The positive Vritties:
1. hope
3. endevour
4. fondness
6. discrimination
T
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You are never alone or helpless.
The force that guides the stars guides you too.
Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
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A balance, situatively adapted, between four parts:
1. knowledge (about other cultures, people, nations, behaviors ...)
2. empathy (understanding feelings and needs of other people)
3. self-confidence and emotional stability
4. Cultural identity(knowledge about one's own culture)
Intercultural competence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia