Transcendental Thought Journal (Pre-Inaugural Issue)

8/2/2019 Transcendental Thought Journal (Pre-Inaugural Issue)

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TRANSCENDENTALTRANSCENDENTAL

THOUGHTTHOUGHTAn International Reviewed Journal

Of Islam And Interfaith Dialogue

Pre-Inaugural Issue November 2011


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For inquiries and subscriptions, please write to:AIC Research, Al-Mustafa International College3rd Floor, Keystone Building, 220 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City,Manila-PhilippinesTelefax: (632) 817-1881 Website: www.aic.acE-mail: [email protected]

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TRANSCENDENTAL THOUGHTAn International Reviewed Journal of Islam

And Interfaith Dialogue

Pre-Inaugural IssueNovember 2011

Published Biannual by:

Al-Mustafa International College,

Manila-Philippines

Distributed in 80 countries

The Editor:

Dr. Seyed Hashem Moosavi

Al-Mustafa International College,

Manila-Philippines, is a worldwide branch

of Al-Mustafa International University in

Qum, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Disclaimer:

All opinions, views and thoughts

expressed on this journal are those of

the individual authors, and it might not

reect the opinions, views and thoughts of

Al Mustafa International College. Reprints

of works should include a statement that

the article published in the Transcenden-

tal Thought with proper attribution of the

author and publisher.


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Message From he EditorDr. Seyed Hashem Moosavi

Chiara Lubichs SpiritualityO Unity: An Invitation

For Universal BrotherhoodBy:Ma. Concepcion O. Abaya

Muslims and ChristiansInteraith InitiativeFor Peace Building:

A Case Study On Indonesia By: Norani Abu Bakar

he Issueo theCreatedness o Quran

By:Mehmet Ata Az

Shiting Discourses:American Evangelicals

on Islam Beore and

Ater 9/11By: Roger Baumann

Islam and Social Action:AReview on Farid Esacks On

Being A MuslimBy:Andrew C. Clark

Justiication in Paul andJames and a Muslim

PerspectiveBy: Hamed Fayazi

10

20

32

46

Sodoms Sin: A CombinedReading o theDestruction o Sodomand GomorrahFrom he Christian andIslamic raditionsBy: Ibrahim J. Long

Departed But Not Dead:he Rituals o Contactwith the Deceased in theIslamic raditionBy: Mohammad Jaar Mahallati

Jizya: owards aQurnically-basedUnderstanding o aHistorically

Problematic ermBy: Aisha Musa

he rue Man o Faith:A New Look at theInteraith DialogueBy: Mahmood S. ajar

60

66

76

88

98

108

InthIs Issue

8CONTIBUTINGAUTHORS:

- Ma.ConcepcionO.Abaya

FocolareMovementPhilippines

-NoraniAbuBakar

YaleUniversity

-MehmetAtaAz

AnkaraUniversity,Turkey

-RogerBaumann

HarvardUniversity

-AndrewC.Clark

AmericanUniversity

-HamedFayazi

HartfordSeminary,Connecticut

-IbrahimJ.Long

HartfordSeminary,Connecticut

-MohammadJafarMahallati

Oberlin College,Ohio

-AishaMusa

ColgateUniversity,NewYork

- MahmoodS.Tajar

Al-MustafaInternationalCollege

,Manila,

GUESTREVIEWERS:

-Dr.Ma.ConcepcionAbaya

FocoloreMovementPhilippines

-Dr.HamidrezaAyatollahy

Research InstituteforHumanities

and

CulturalStudies,Tehran

-Dr.MohammadSaeedBahmanp

our

TheIslamicCollege,London

-Dr. BenjBangahan

UniversityofSantoTomas,Man

ila

-Dr.MohammadJafarMahallati

Oberlin College,Ohio

-Dr.AishaMusa

ColgateUniversity,NewYork

-Dr.SyedNasirZaidi

Al-ZahraIslamicCenter,Vancou

ver


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Islam is a universal religion, the frst pre-requisites to which are open-heartedness anda devotion to dialogue. Tese two character-istics give birth to a passion or debate andregular reevaluation o thoughts, whether injurisprudence, theology, philosophy, or mys-ticism.

Interaith Dialogue as an Inevitable Necessity

T -

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Comparative Studies as a Requirement toInteraith Dialogue

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Deense o ruth, the Noble Aim o Inter-aith Dialogue

T - q, .H q ; . I , - ? W , , . I x q j , q ; - x

,

.I q , .

Message fromTe EditorDr. SeyedHashemMoosavi


9


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T C L , .

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Lubichs Philosophy: Being in Communion with Absolute BeingL x

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Chiara Lubichs

Spirituality of Unity:By: Ma. Concepcion O. Abaya

Focolare Movement Philippines

An Invitation for Universal Brotherhood

Lubichs Spirituality o Unity: God - Love

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-, C x

J T A B O(J 7:2) . T M C M3


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Unity through Dialogue

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-j . I Is-lamic Mysticism and the Sus,28 , - -. I Te Secret o Secrets: Revelationo Islamic Susm and Mysticism, x Su, A sa .. . T

, . F Su, - j tasawwuI M.T ana, -. T - , . T . I ,

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, , 32- x .33H - 3 -z j M C.

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?(M. 27:46)L :

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q. I - , J G , - : M G, G, - ?36

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L - . S, W , , , ?42 T , -, j, - , z .

T F

M q , M . M . I ,M I. M 45 Q. I S 2, ; M V x ;G H

. I S 23, 50 : M .

S A- Bq (.20), II, 7

M - .H S :6 . H M - . S . H , -

. H x,W - -, . H - , W H

S . W , , j R.43

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x - - - . A - I A R

L:My heart has become capable o every orm:it is a pasture or gazelles and a convent or Chris-tian monks,And a temple or idols and the pilgrims Kabaand the tables o the oraand the book o the KoranI ollow the religion o Love: whatever way Lovescamels take,that is my religion and my aith.Were it not or the excess o your talking and theturmoil in your hearts, you would see what I seeand hear what I hear!When my Beloved appears, With what eye do I seeHim? With His eye, not with mine,For none sees Him except Himsel.

- I -`A, arjuman al-Ashwaq T M I,

R A N).

ENDNOES1 C L , I J

22, 20. I P J P II M T C, L . S F- M 43, - M 4, 2008. H J G, A Womans Work: A Biography o the Foco-lare Movement and its Founder(L: H C,7), F Z, Chiara Lubich: A Lie or Unity(L: N C P, 2) M P, Starsand ears: A Conversation with Chiara Lubich (N Y:N C P, 85) E R.Chiara (M:N C P, 7) H C L. Stirrings o Unity(M: NC P,87) C L.Essential Writings (NY: N C P, 2007).

2 C L, S H L.A S L S U, Mx P-


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, H C. 7. I H C P, V-R RMz C W G C, : G.W , C : . H x - x C- L, T , , .S , -, q . I, : H, , .

3 A S W W, C L F . I 47,B C F z M

M U. L F- M. T F M 82. T F - - x M, J, H, B,S, . P F. T , F O F : G M,N F M, N H M, .

4 C L, U, P I U M. R P,I, O 5, 8.

5 C L, S U. U- B E I-. C (Sz), O 26, 2002.

6 _______. A Spirituality or Harmonious Living. LS U, Mx. 7.

7 S I A -S -A (65-240) S S S O, M, A, S. H F G S N A. D - M , x (kash) (otuh)

A-F -M (T M R-) asawwu (I -) Q H-. H -F -H (Bz W) -, , arjuman al-Ashwaq P I. I Lady Nizam.H - I . H - S M- S, R - - ( Q .

Introduction to the Meccan Revelations. M C-z W C J M. (P PI.W B, N Y, 2002).

8 I A. Ex Fusus al-Hikam.9 C L. N 46.10I A. Q C . Te Beauty o

Oneness . S MIAS S R, B,O 7.

11_______.Ex Fusus al-Hikam.T - B A W z.

12C L. Q Te Breadth and Depth oChiara Lubichs Instrument o Dialogue Ax DS. I, N C Mz, M 20.

13I.14I.15C C. G, Te Spiritual Vision o Chiara

Lubich: Pathways o Inter religious Dialogue. U

T D T, US 2007.16C. E F, L : Il Saggiatore

(M, 7), 8. Q : L, B- P V R. U I I f q S N A-. M C L, M, D7, 2002.

17C L. I C (M R-) C R P P B?Cx, Sz, J 2, 2003.

18C L. L N S- U. U N, 2002 F C M F F M C (R).

19________. I C (M R--) C R P P B? Cx,Sz, J 2, 2003.

20I A, F -M.21Mahagga, .22C L, B P V-

R. U I I f q S N A. M C L,M, D 7, 2002.

23

________.Q L N S U. U N- , 2002 F C M F F M C (R). A- F M. R P, R(I).

24I.25I.26 _________. When did we see You, Lord?(N Y:

N C P, 7) 3.27__________. I C (M R-

) C R P P B?Cx, Sz, J 2, 2003.

28H A-Q -J. Te Secret o Secrets:Revelation o Islamic Susm and Mysticism. I S B - J H (M: S.

A Mj & C., 5).29I A. K - - .30O Y. Teophanies and Lights in the Tought

o Ibn Arabi. V 0 J M I AS, , .35-44.

31S F. W, Christian Teology and World Reli-gions: A Global Approach, L 86, . 30-3.

32C A. U IbnArabis awheed in its Symbolisms, 20.

33I A. FususI. 334J P II, M, I

, L E V, . 385.35 C L.A Spirituality or Harmo-

nious Living. A S. D L SU, Mx. 7. F C- L. Unity and Jesus Forsaken (M: N CP,85); C L. Te Cry o Jesus Crucied andForsaken in the History and Lie o the Focolare Movementrom its Birth in 943 until the Dawn o the Tird Millen-

nium (N Y: N C P, 200).36 I. F A S.

U - T. U S M, J 4, 7. T J z . I x f, H : M G, G, ? (M 5:34; M 7:46). I H x H F H C. F I- S C.An Introduction to the Abba School(NY: N C P, 2002), 26.

37 L C. U T T V Px N U S C L. D T. D L S U,2005.

38 I , L E- C , , - . T j S P Bz ()

(q) . C- E A .T . T G- - . C, 800 j E C. A M z. T f f . T E C x - / f .

T j L U L, P- 6 E U S H (Pz, I) . S - Cz S P Bz E C. I , E C - M S, D S S, F z 50 - E C. C. F-Zz.Un Popolo Nato dal Vangelo 504-522.

39T M U P L M 2, 6 N 40 . B , . T M

. I ; f - , . I D200, L I R. S . S Cz R, S, Bz, A A-. I 200, I(A) T C E z M U P I, L M E C. T C L P.R P, E C.F - , , E: . C. F-Zz-, Un Popolo Nato d al Vangelo, 523-53.

40C L. I W E D-: W -, - - ? S C H,W, L, J 2004.

41

Mz, C, What is Unity?A M.V. 0 N. 2, 0.42________. Imagine a World Enriched by Diversity:

What uture or a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-aith society? S C H, W-, L, J 2004.

43C L. J, R F. P, CC. G. Showing the Asian Faces o Mary, U- M F S T-, US, 2002.


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T . P, J USAN . A 75 - , NGO, J . A , 23 $88 200.4H-

Muslims and Christians

Interfaith Initiative for

Peace Building: A Case

Study on Indonesia

By: Norani Abu Baar

Yale University

Introduction

T A . A x , .., 85 ,1 C 2.2 M 2050.2 T . T - M C . T I religiocentric religiorelative . T - .

Unity in Diversity and the Unleashing o Social Value o Faith radition


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, .H, A , C M G A G A

.5

Interaith Diplomacy, Collaboration and En-gagement

T M C , , q- G . N Q P M - . A , B L J C . T x :

So invoke the Name o thy Lord and devote thy-

sel to Him with a complete devotion- Q: A-Mzz, 73:8

None o you has aith until you love or yourneighbour what you love or yoursel PM

Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord isOne. And you shall love the Lord your God with allyour heart, with all your soul, with all your mind,and with all your strength.Tis is the rst command-ment. / And the second, like it, is this: You shallyour neighbour as yoursel.Tere is no other com-mandment greater than these.J C -M 2:2-3

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O f A Common Word

W I H W, UN - F. I . T K J, HM K A II HRHP Gz J - PGz A Common Word.9

T A Common Word P Mag-bassa Kita Foundation Incorporated (MKFI) P C I D(PCID). Magbassa Kita Foundation Incorporated -S S R, 60 S P-. I -q P z U N E-, S C Oz

(UNESCO).

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x M x M, C L ( ).M j - z M .T Z C, M. L, C, M . S - .

I - . R . A x

I S N A(ISNA) x j S- .

j z ISNA : ISNA N A A C P (NAACP) , -; ISNA IH F D M J ,

.

Interaith Initiative or Conict Resolution inIndonesian

A -

z - x . T I . , - z, I. L, - . T .

General background on Indonesia and the cri-sis in 1999 - 2000

I M-j . T 88.2% M - S S,

5.% P, 3.% C, .8% H 0.8% B 0.2% .10T I

A I- CE. H, I S. I , I- I H, B A.

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S I , -- I. T I M-. , M z I (NU) (M).I - I, - P S- (45-67) P S (67-8) - . P S Pancasila F P - , B O O G; j z ; I; ; j I .L, P S,

z : I, P-

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I-. S I ` I . H,M I-, , - .T M z I,M (2) N U(NU) (26), - , Pancasila. T

M , . O-z L I N () I. T x, , . A - , Pancasila - -x I-.

I x z , q - ; -2000. S M C. I S, 000 .I 2006, x C-

P,


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C M D 8, . M x C z - M .

A -2000 , - 2002, . B M 6 A 2005, 80 , . O : z W J I DF (FPI) 2003; - S C S; M C B C; M A .

T C

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- I, A- . T .

W M C, . R - I

A J 7.B , x 2,600 USD. T ,000 - USD J 8. T . T - - . T

GDP 3. % 0.8% 12. T

, - I, f , - , . T P S 30 . Cq, - .

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. T - -C. S --, G. PS, -C . A

J, S, S, - C

x , z .

Interaith Initiative Beore and Ater the Con-ict

T , - - -2000. E , .G I -

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f - . T 2005. T - Inter-Religious HarmonyForum (F K U B -FKUB). I - , z , . M- .

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, .M , - C - .

O q x . T Inter-Religious Harmony Forum - . T 7,000 243 -

x . U -, z - -

. I . H, I , - .

, NGO - -. T 67 6 I .T

. P x ,, P O I N 20014 - , - I x-.

O z- I C R P (ICRP) z 5 z z. A : z ,, , f -. S z ;Indonesian Peace Building Directory, - z-; Institute o Human Assistance o Interaith

Community, I, P-, C, B H;Liberal Islam Network q ; Society orInterreligious Dialogue, I- z - - 6 I .

T P Pj H U- R P I- I P A H N z

z. I, NGO , . T O

2002 .S - (IFD) - IFD x .15T, U D - IFD ; . F ,

.T x. H, - j .B M C, j -x .O . S -

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40 , 2.5 20 . F , I . P O

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0 N 200. E - , , .

A ;H.A.M A, I , - 60 - (7-78). M. A - I- j, , q , ,

-

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, x US IR F R (2006) Ex T O C (2002). T - - M NU M.16 D O I BS NU-x J, - - , I .T M - C E .

T O


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I . T , . H, - , , - -z . A , . F x, - .

Interaith Engagement towards Sustainableand Lasting Peace

B I

C M, - M C :

a. E q - - .

b. x

- - . T NGO.

c. D -, . T - ,

.

d. E I C, - 17 B Q xz .F - .

e. , z , -

. S -z , x, - .

f. S , , , , .

g. D .

h. A A G,

.

Conclusion

T A j z . T C M. S- ,, - . T , . A , f

,, , , , , . L - -. A , - x

j.

ENDNOES1 W C , ://..

/_/ ( O- 200).

2 I.3 S, .. A-N, oward an Islamic Reormation: Civ-

il Liberties, Human Rights and International Law, (S:S U P, 0), 77.

4 J D C (200), ://.j-

./ ( D 200).

5 S H B O , G C5-7.

6 J W, Gods Joust Gods Justice Law and Religionin the Western radition, (C: E, 2006), 77.

7 P N, R I, Sacred and Secular Re-ligion and Politics Worldwide, (N Y: C P,2004), 4.

8 A C W I C M C M 2007.

9 R: ://.//--/------/442----------------. ( 4D 200).

10H U ://.///32 ( 3 D 200).

11S ://..///j/-

j30. ( D 200).12 A D O 200 : II. E

P D A : S A I, ://..////200/. ( 3 D 200).

13K U B: P ://.../.

14O L I R , ://../200/WORLD/-//0/./ ( 5D 200).

15M A N , Unity in Diversity Interaith Dialogue in the Middle East, (W: US I P P, 2007), 5.

16R T O C R F R B 2002, ://..//j_/_j_.( 5 D 200).

17 S M V, A Voice o Ones Own: Public Faithin a Pluralistic World D N RP , . T Bf (N Y: Ox U-

P, 2007), 280.


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1. Te two keywords: Te makhluq (cre-ated) andghayr makhluq(the un-created)

W Q AH 24 4 -

AH x, - z ,

f - . E ,

.D , z -

(makhluq) Mz ( ghayr makhluq) . S 2 AH, x- M- j S, Mz,

of the Createdness of QuranBy: Mehmet Ata Az

Anara University, Turey

The IssueT G H

M . T kalam( G) G - G ,

H , q M . W H kalam , f , Q H . W Q muhdas nature () , - (ghayr-i

makhluq) j .T Q

kalam kalam, kalam G. B , I I , . B x Q , z. S, - . T, 2 AH , q , x - .


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Q - .

A - makhluq ghayr makhluq, f S Mz. T f

, .

T S, , Q kalamullah G al-Khaliq

(T C), , . O , f Mz, - , , . T , - q G ka-lam, , H . A - S -S-, Mz Q, .. - . T Mz kalam - .1 Y S -S, Mz, G kalam H -M -. B , G Q H , Q ka-lam G - .

I x, f

kalam - Q. F Mz - : kalam -, .2 T A kalam muwadaa( x j).3

A S , , .. Q , -, . I kalamullah .4

W Mz Q kalam - (),

A, M S- kalam , .. .I , - kalamullah G H f . T x. W x , ka-lam f - q. O ,

, kalam (kalam-al nasi) x - f . W x, kalam, - A , x (, j ); Mz , -

j.5 L, S, kalam - H . W -

, kalam Mz , A S, x G. T - f Mz,

A, M S .

T Mz kalam - . H, G x

. F Mz, - kalam , - . T, Mz G kalam .6A- , kalam - , , G mutakallim kalam H.7 O , A S kalam

kalam , G. W , kalam G kalam, (), Q x G. O, G mutakallim.8A Mz, G H ka-

lamullah muhde j . B qadim.T G - H G al-mutakallim.9 H, Mz, G H

, , q - . T x G x .10 T, Mz , A S x G kalam . F, A kalam , S jkalam

.11 TA - kalam . F x, A A M -J kalam x- x j.12

W Mz kalam , -S kalam - x . I ,F -D -Rz

G - ; Hkalam, , kalamal-nasi, siah

H .

2. Te beginning and historical develop-ment o the createdness o Quran issue

T Q G kalam


35


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I -, -. W , , ME13 . I , C , - .T A C-M AH 234/CE 848 - Q.14 T, A A -J` (. AH 303/CE 6), A A M-J (. AH 32/CE 33) Mz A Q

A -J (. AH 44/AD 025) -J (. AH 478/CE 085) .15

T Q q J D (AH 24/CE 74) G . B C, x . A-J D M H C U. A-J D- -

Q - H A -M (AH05/24 CE 25/743), K -Q,

x . L , H , E, .16

T I :

J D Q

20.

H J S.J H A -

K.A J

M H A.17

S, , -:

J D Q . 18

S , -J D Q.19 H,q -

-J D

.

A A Q . A , -

J D J C . A , q C M, - , :

T Q - J G, J G , .20

; M f - A.

B, M q C O, x f - f , - I-.

A J D f , J S -z -- Q . R , J S H A -M M, B -M. E , , B -M

J S ( ) -, -z J J.B - j

j . S, - . A , B (. AH 28/CE 833) J H- R M ( ) 20 .

B , - Q J D-, J S, B-M Mz, . T

J, z

- Mz. I AM -M B- Mz :

H Q , x .21

W I - Q I x .

T I J D J C G - F B , J L C L x G. O , I Q B S

f x Q .22

T Q U M - . T , , , - U U - M . Cq, q, - .

M, - j, z Mz

- . N, Mz Q M -

Q .

T - , M E, - ; Q. A A AD


37


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M, Q - . T Mz AH 28/ AD. T Mz . T M , Q,

. T - 6 , -M W . A

.

M . H f I I, B, , , -, S - Q , , .

A H A D , -.23

T A H, M S , Mz , kalam Q.

W Mz , H

S , . O , S q . A- , j bida () - j, Q G (Kalamullah).24

T Q f

A M -A (AH 330/CE35). T f

kalam G, -. A, , . H : kalam al-lazhi kalamal-nasi kalamullah.T x - f. A j -

kalam.T -. Kalam al-nasi . O ,kalam al-lazhi kalam al-nasi kalam al-lazhi x G. H q (). A, kalam al-lazhi ka-lam al-nasi, kalamullah ghayr makhluq().25 H - - (kalam) q G. Tkalam al-nasi G.Kalam al-lazhi , ,

G, .26S Mz

- Q , , -. B - Q z q, f ; x- (G), - x. F -

j . F A, kalamullah

qadim (--) x G. I A - f Mz -S, kalamullah kalam al-lazhi Mz ka-lam al-nasi -S.

M I Q G , kalamullah () G, , -

G J;

.

H Mz Q x ,

, x , , P; , G x- G (-). F, f Q , , - G naskh ( ).

T -S, -

Mz , . T kalam A M-J al-Irshad :

S, x , - .

A -S, kalamullah , al-kalam al-nasi x

G x x munaz-

zal . T f- (), - (), (), nida, . T -S kalam al-lazhi, q, .. q, x G. F, Q - laz() x - G. B, al kalam al-lazhi (Q, O, B, .) -

al-kalam al-nasix G . T z kalam , kalam. T-, kalamullah, Q, z , ghayr makhluq. B kalamul-lah , lazh qadim .

T kalamullah - , muhdes q. J -, Fire has a burning efect q , , kalamal-nasi kalam -S - .

I -N, absirat,

kalam -S - f -:

Kalamullah . T kalam x G ; , . W , G, ; x. D x kalamullah


39


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kalam (). WG A, Q;

H S B H, O .T f x, .27

T S, Mz -S, - kalam - kalam.28O , S ka-lam .29T -

kalam Mz z, G x - S kalam al-kalamal-nasi - -z. I , S kalam - (x), .. . F -30 z kalamullah, S kalamullah 31 G , kalam -; G

.32A , Q kalamullah G.

W x, S Mz A,

kalam, -

.33F x, I - I Q G kalam - ,

, z A . A I , G kalamullah G PM

.34

I , I - S :

T kalam - - ,

. F f , , kalam

, kalam, , - - .35

A , kalam , - .

A S, kalam - . A-, kalamullah (). I , G G H kalam . - , kalamullah - G . H, : H, kalamullah, ghayrmakhluq (O H H). T H H H ; H kalamullah -

( D B) z , .. .36G - Q.T G M. B, S Q- - G kalam G Q H . A S, kalamul-lah - . S

( ) , - Q -. O , S - kalamullah, (zz) q.37

A H, -S , kalam H q G mutakallim H kalam .38 I

A H, x Q, Q makhluq. H, , -K-B A H - :

A Q , A H - Q - (-q).39

N, A Y (A Y Yq I A) Q, Q .

W q AH, Q q. B- I Q I G x- G q. A A H

-A, A H (swear on the Quran) q .I , A H , - x G q; Q G, q, .40

D x , in al-Fiqh al-Akbar A H:

Q G kalam , z . Q q - . H Q q.41

I x x , Fiqh-i Akbar A H

Q .

I S, , - S -S Q . I S q , Q G kalam q. A -, G


41


22/60

M.42

A , I S - G M - . I S j Q q I I U - J S. T J (

J D Q ).43

I S, - G, S

Q q. H, - S . A- , Q G kalam j - (); bidat.

D U , A- H

M E ( Iq A C -M - Mz

Q ). A H G Q H H

.44

A, H kalam -. S kalam qadim, Q qadim .45

I A H- . T

q

. H,I Q . I - M E U . T , M. T . A - A H :

H Q q, J ( J). I J, . A Q q, .46

I Q j j . A , -, A H Q q , x . , I H. O M ( G ) x - Q.47 H :

F, A H, S ,

Q . A- , Q G kalam Gkalam . R, H (). C f . H 48 Q, - , .

S, I H-

z . W , x . H j - -.49

I . W A H , Q

. H, x .

N, A H f Q. We have made it aQuran in Ar50 x / /j - Q . O A Q 51, Teymade the angels emale who a re subjects o Godthe most Compassionate.52 T jaala samma. H-, jaala aala ( ) x- they seal ears with theirngers53Yajaluna aala.54

A H, jaala - W

Q A aala (), / . T jaala aala55 We have sent it down as an Ara-bic Quran so you people may understand56 Verily, We have made Quran easy, inyour tongue, onto your heart in order that theymay give hed,57 We have made Quran inArabic, that ye may be able to understand.58

A -

, A H Q ,, , Q q. Y, , . B A H - - .

Conclusion

W z -

kalamullah 24AH (AH), . O - z f - .E - , , . D , - q - ( Mz). T, Q - , x- . A .

A Q - - ,


43


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. M- - . B , kalamullah q q,

. T

() - G.

T

- -. W Q P M , G x G.

S laz laz( Q ) - Q x G .

A f Q, - Q -S, A , G, - Q.

I - . S - mutakallim . I kalam mu-takallim, mutakallim. W -S S, , Q

kalamullah - H , mutakallim . Mz , kalamullah , kalamullah j .H, -S kalam-ullah x z , Mz z - - ( Q) G -. A j ,

Mz kalam( (-) G, ) - . T .

W x- kalam-al lazikalam-al nasi Q , :

T kalam-al nasi -S I Gz

Mz x (z) , . A , Q z

.F, -S , ,

j Mz x- . O , Gz x , K , q

G. Y .N

- S x . I , -. A x . - G kalam - .

Te Quran is kalamullah, revealedand not created,good and bad both comerom Him (Mosul, 200/815) 59

ENDNOES1 A A-J A, al-Mughni, Khalk al-

Quran V., C, 6, . 3-4.C, 6, . 3 4;

F : J R. . M. P, Gods CreatedSpeech: A Study in theSpeculative Teology o the MutazilQd l-qudt Ab Hassan Abd al-Jabbr bn. Ahmad al-Hamdan,L 76.

2 I., . 6, 7.3 J, l-Irshad, . M.Y. M, C, 5, .

04.4 I , ar-Rasail, 34, III, . 60.5 A A-J A, ., . 48,58.6 I. . 48.7 N, A -M, absiratu al-Adilla, D q,

0, I, . 34.8 A A-J A, ., . 50-5.9 A A-J A, Sharh al-Usul-i Khamsa,

A O, C: M V, 6, .53.

10 I., . 54-42.11 I , ibid., III, . 22, 24.12J, ., . 04.13 S, al-Milal wa al-Nihal, M -q,

E, 263, . 68; I Q, al-itila l-Laz, E,34.

14 Q, J, ariu al-Jamiyya wa al-Mutazi-la, E, .., . 52: Sq, j A N A -W, abaqat- Shaiyya, E, 324, . 25; AE, Dua al-islam, B, 33, . 8.

15 J, l-Irshad,; A A-J A, el-Mughni, Khalk al-Quran .

16M -A, J -U 5 K -Q, 03, . 6.

17 I , ., . , . 20-32.18 S, -M -N, . 86.19 M -A, ., . 32.20A E,, ., . 63.21 A E,, ., . 47.22 I Q, K - M II, 850, . 4823 I., . 7.24A E, ., . 63.25 A-Jz, A awzihu al-akaid Ilmi al-

tawid, M -? -S, 32, . -

20.26 I., . -20.27N, A -M, . 34-50.28 I , -R, .III, .76.29 I., .76.30 I.31 I , ., . 76.32A -Izz -Dq,Akidat al-aawiyya , .

5.33 A A-J A, al-Muit bi al-akli,

.O -S Az, . A F -,E E, .., . 308.

34 I , ., . 22, 24, 55, 60, 76, 62.35I., . 55.36 I., . 75.37

I., . 55.38 N H A Z, I H ,. B: M M, K Y., A.,200, . 333.

39 I., . 333.40 I.41I.42 M A Z, I S, D -

F -A, C, 48, . 36-37.43 I., . 36-37.44 M A Z, A H,

D -F -A, C, 47, . 3-32, 36-37; A H, -R -Zq -J, -M? -S M-, C, 33, . 26.

45I., . 32.46I., . 33.47 I., . 32-36.48 I., . 38-3; A H, -R

-Zq -J, . 26.49 M A Z, A H, .

33.505/.51 I.52 43/.53 N H A Z, ., . 362.54I., . 362.55 A H, -R -Zq

-J, . 22-24.5626/5.57 I.58I.59 , A S, M T, B-

P, B, 47, . 64.


45


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In the atermath o the 9/11 attacks in 2001, several American evangelical leaderspublically expressed disparaging remarks against Islam and the Prophet Muhammad.Pat Robertson o the 700 Club identied Islam as a Christian heresy motivated bydemonic power, and described the Prophet Muhammad as an absolute wild-eyedanatic a robber and a brigand.1 Franklin Graham, son o and successor to promi-nent evangelist Billy Graham, reerred to Islam as a very evil and wicked religion.Te late Jerry Falwell said that Muhammad was a terrorist. And ormer president othe Southern Baptist Convention, Jerry Vines, called Muhammad a demon-possessedpedophile.2 Tese statements, while they are particularly notable because o their in-ammatory character, are connected to a wider base o negative views o Islam among

American evangelical leaders. A 2003 poll sponsored by the Ethics and Public Policy

Center, Belienet and the Pew Charitable rusts indicated that 77 percent o evangeli-cal leaders had an unavorable view o Islam and 70 percent agreed to the statementIslam is a religion o violence.3

SHIFTING DISCOURSES:

By: Roger Baumann

Harvard University

AMERICAN EVANGELICALS ON ISLAM

BEFORE AND AFTER 9/11


47


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T /, - I - - . A 20 P 60% A I .4 C C.5 T I /: x I C M -

/. T, A I, I I - /, -/, C- M.6 I - x I I . I I

/ - C M.

Don Richardsons Secrets of the Koran 7

I 2003, D R I Secrets o the Koran: Revealing In-sights into Islams Holy Book. R , , I- . T S

W P I, R . H - , x G

z [ S] . T

, S - .8

R - S PC . I , C G f . E, R-

- . T C - C IV.9

I x Secrets o the Ko-ran, R I M I:

I K /, I - C M .B I C

-

G K M - .10

T x - I x11 I q -C . I , , rustrates .12

T R - . T I: F qzz - , I q .13

T R z Qx, x - I. I , R x xz

I I x .

Contemporary Evangelicals and Islam Before 9/11

Te Contextualized Missions Approach

M

I / .T I C . O , R C :

B 20 -, M x

z. T A - M - C M .14


49


26/60

W x, M x - C M -z - x z - -. H T K x- , A , f - .15 T DR

- . z , M ( M E) C f z . I , f x C E OxC M.

I f C - q, x . T , x-, - - M q . I , xz

, C - M .

Te Spiritual Warare Approach

O P

0/40 , I. T 0/40 - 0 40

q C . A - N A, M E S S E A M j -.16

A - x C- . T . T M

P

C C- .17 I I, , -z I. T - x , M- G.I

0/40 G O

J., - , , P (I) B- (Iq).18S - j , -

I .

Te Eschatological Approach

T - I - - z I M G . D ,

, -

C , - B. C I.19S I - , I, I G S - . B- I 7 S U, I

- . A K ,S I [ -] , M - - I.20

W I, M I G. D M, A M-, .21 W - G I I I , . W M jG C, I - G I.22

Te Apologetic Approach

T I C / . T - C

C - . I I C ,C I - A C: S

- , I - 0.23 T C .B I 80 0,

M,

J W N A , C, , - .

A x C

I / Answering Islam N G

A S. F , , S x I C , x- f .24 O 3, x / . F, - I ( C- ). T , , I. S,Answering Islam f - M C.25B I , C qC z M -

. F, M - C J. T - C I /. S , I ,

-/ I .26

American Evangelicalism Post-9/11

T


51


27/60

. T - I / , , x . B /, I, . E- -/. A , x.

T x -xz I C M I S/ G I - -/. S M I- C I . B , I, - . / - I. K :

G A- C I, - S A M , M , A-I , M - .27

I /, P G W. B, C, I, ,

A. T I .T

I . T,

I, R- Secrets o the Koran, - M .T Q x P M q . E- I - - R, G .

N - , , z I - , - , I. F x, G SAnswering Islam /, . T , I V :

V I, , C M , I, SR M, - I. S I Q I .28

T . W x , :[ /] -M -

z I, M, , C A.29

I I -, : W - C-M q I.30 T z - I . F ,I C I . A, G S q, I I .

Parallels with Early Christian Encounters

W I Q - C , C - A x I


53


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M E N A - . E , I - M C, C x I-. H G, A History oChristian-Muslim Relations, C I

.31 D W R E Bz- - C C 45CE E P . C

j C , - .

I C I x C I- . G- j I - . F I G A I. P- M-

P M A G A. T

( - /)

I C J. G , , I qj , I

G , - , C -.32 T z I C . W

, -/ I, - I .

A I -C C I G j C- . H / - q . W z I-, F / A


55


29/60

-z C . A C, I C - G . N-C, x - C C, I / j G A q.

F, G I J D.R C M D- , J q - - I C - . J P M O N , A, . H I I- - A.33T P R -

I . I - D R I - P M - C .

B - x I M C , J D

Disputatio Saraceni et Christiani(Te Disputation o a Muslim and a Christian) .G I C M.34 T J x- - I. A , q - - x C . E q x

C . J - C M

C I. I2006, M L - AP P M PaulMeets Muhammad: A Christian-Muslim Debateon the Resurrection.35 L J , L x - M - I x . A J D, M- C- , - C.36

ConclusionI

A C - /. I /, - I I. T -z I, , . Ex G - Q, P M.C ,

I /.I -

C I, - I. T I . I , , x C I. P - , x -

- x C M.

I A C I, K A C I A C M.37 T I x I- . S I / q - xz I. I, , x - U S. W


57


30/60

, x x - I .

I Orientalism, E S q

I

?38W I C M , x .T A x I, -, . A A -

I Q - q M-C U S . T I x C A ( W) x I.

ENDNOES1 S: ://./-

/20060340008; ://.//20060524000; ://../zz00..

2 Q : T S. K,American Christians andIslam (P, NJ: P U P, 200),45, 47.

3 C R C, N G C:A E D I A /, Re-view o Religious Research 47, . 2 (2005): 63.

4 C D V I V-, P R C, 20 J 20; A- ://-./20/03/0/--------/.

5 T 66% C R 67% P I . W x - I,

x .6 W -

A I , C x, - I x z ,, , . T I ,, A .

7 A A : S I A x, Koran Q Mohammad M. I - ,

I .

8 D R, Peace Child (S: YWAM P-, 2003), .

9 S: D R, Eternity in Teir Hearts(V-, CA: R, 84).

10 D R, D S, Chris-tianity oday, (F 2003); A ://..//2003/-/2-0-22.0..

11 D R, Secrets o the Koran (V, CA:

R, 2003), 7.12 I., 8.13 I., .14 R C, N B E

I A /, Religion Watch (J 2006): 5. A- 6 M 200; A ://.-.//2005-C-E-I..

15 T K,American Christians and Islam (P-, NJ: P U P, 200), 23.

16 S: L B B P, Te Move o theHoly Spirit in the 10/40 Window (S: YWAM P-, ).

17 S: C. P W, Conronting the Powers (V-, CA: R B, 6).

18 G O J., Strongholds o the 10/40 Window (S-, 5), 0, Q : K, 28.

19 S: R C, N G C: A- E D I A /, Review oReligious Research 47, . 2 (2005): 67.

20 K, 37.21I.,43.

22 W , - S HClash o Civilizations.

23 C, No God In Common, 65.24 N L. G A S, A I-

(G R, MI: B, 2002), 2.25 A S -

.26 C, No God in Common, 65.27 K, 43.28G S, 323.29

I., 7.30 I., 32.31 H G, A History o Christian-Muslim Rela-

tions(C: N A, 2000), 4.32 I., 36.33 J D. Q : G, 3.34G, 4.35 S: M R. L, Paul Meets Muhammad: A

Christian-Muslim Debate on the Resurrection (G R-, MI: B, 2006).

36E R Z , Te Prince and theProphet: Jesus alks with Mohammad, 2004. T , .

37 K, x.38 S: E S, Orientalism (N Y: V,

78), 5.


59


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T , E tawhid, -, I. M ,

B x A, , M- Q A G - .1

T, , M- umma, . I E xz

-z z -

, .2 I M, , Q . W , I x FE tawhid - I. A, I - M - .

Te Comprehensiveness o awhidI ,

ISLAM AND

SOCIAL ACTION:

A REVIEW ON FARID ESACkSON BEING A MUSLIMBy: Andrew C. Clar

American University

Introduction

F E, S A M P , M O B M. A x, x . S, E S A , . I , x f I . O E

, , - M . W z , x . I

z x .


61


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tawhid I - . A - ,E . T , z tawhid, q -. M E O B A, - , .

A

x tawhid, E - hajj, M.H S A:

I M x . S : x j ; - ; nas al-lawwamah () : A M ?3

T q x E x- , : G.

I , , G f- f. Fx, K G , . T -

.I , , f E-.4 F x - G - . A hajj E q- , . T C I,

M z - S A x.5

P , x - G H . On Being a Muslim, I - x C, . P U S, I

, - . F - I I- q, , , q .T E M I; I f

E . R, E

, I I I-, - - . A x q I A , mashallah (G ) al-hamduiaAllah ( G ), .I E A

.

F, C

, I M z . S - - E hajj G, C K -K I.S M , -

-Az U q, - C - . I ,, A M E z,

, . D , x , I I K, q . I - - M I C. W x- , I, E, I al-diin (A- ).

W I- E , , M, . U, I ; - . T E -, I .T , A -H, Iq - q I,

G, . A -, G z - -. A


63


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I, , -. T x , I , , x - M . E, - E , j, M - . O ,

E I - - F P .B Q , I , . E I - , .

Where Do We Go From Here: RenewingIslam through Social Engagement

T x- tawhid - , -

- tawhid F E.B , E -

, , f . T tawhid -, T F , I ;

S A .6A q - x.

E - , M , z - .F , S A-

, . E sura Q A, S A .7 Cq, M q, - .

C G H kur, - G . A G , E q .8 T - G-

, , . J G , - x. M , . F x , j-

, x, , .W , tawhid .

Conclusion

A E z , M, f , q f . T G x , , .I E - . I , x G -, A .

L, , duua, ha-raam, I . W , I x F E .

ENDNOES1 F E, On Being a Muslim: Finding a Reli-

gious Path in the World oday(O P:

Ox, ), .2 I, 2.3 I, 3.4 I, 5.5 I, 7.6 I, 43.7 I, 55.8 I, 56.


65


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, .

Justifcation in Paul

and James and a

Muslim Perspective

By: Hamed Fayazi

Hartford Seminary, Connecticut

T j C . T , , j .

A , , x j. S.A ; M A. I R , , .T P j - , f , .

A j . B L- C sola de, j G . T C , z G j. O f-, , .., j C C, .1

T j , , ; . T P J-C j. T N , P L J.

I , I N

C. S P , I z x P j (R 3:28). 2T I L J J j ( J 2:24) P . A, I I .


67


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C, , j

. (G 2:5-6)

A , j 7 JC J- C; C j .8

T, P j : J jor Gentiles - J . T , , P C - G J G,

j .9

B J-z, G, P .H z , L! I, P, ,C . (G5:2) H , Y j f C; .(G 5:4) H H S G 4:2-3. H R x, -, : , - G (R3:2) q C(R 3:24).10

T q jP . H j P j

. I ,P (R 3:8) (R 6:) . I R 5:5-7:6, P z j. A G H , j (R 6:3)

. (R 6:5-23) C- 2-5 .T j 2 C- 5:2, P G.11

T, P j- -- j G , . P :

D G? D -! F, , ,

, , , ,, , G. ( C 6:-0)

T, P ,j . B ,

j , . I C. (2 3:2) C .

N L J P.

James and Insuciency o Faith

I N , J. O

, , j L J j: J, J, J . N-, L .12

D z, C -z N , L J

-

B , j N - . T j-, j, j , - E O N . U, E j . B B x .3

T j -

.W j, / j. I I, Y j. R- x q . A, , , q .. Y I q Y I. T, G H H

I; H H - .4

W Ex , , I- G

. H G H I ? T : G

H I H. I x G - vindica-tion.

W Q , G - . H , j : Q G -; , x

j.5

T C j- x J; , . I J G-, j .E q C . I ,, C -

J R O, j (A3:4, 7:52), G ( 3:6). T J G -

z J C. T, C :F C , R . ( P3:8)6

A , P, j C - j.

Paul and the Idea o Justication byFaith apart rom Works

P C j; J-C j N . T, P j- G JC, R O,

-. T R 4:25,

C j.

E j P. I G, P ,

W J G- ; j J C. A C J, j


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. , , . F, L J J C , - G . S, J P j-.

E, , L J . T L P . A, - , J G- .13

T J P N - L J. T 2:4-26, J ,

W , , ?

C ?S , , . D , , ? W A j- f I ?... Y j

. F j ,

.

T P j G -. T C , M L,

J , , P; J, .14 A - P J : - j.O - (// j/) - (

A). A , x: - j; . I , , J P.15

I - -, J J P . W - j

G , P . H

x j . B J f.

x - , x- Te New Interpreters Bible(NIB) 2:4-26. A, x

.A NIB, J 2:4 q-

. H .

A (2:4), .H - . (:2) J .

M, . J - ; . J x P G- 5:6: N - ; . J

:I

, , G ; , , ? S , , .(J 2:5-7)

I 2:8-, J : , ? I j , J,

, G,. S q .

I 2:20-26, J . F , A R, . J x

, , (2:22). F (2:26).16

T NIB - P J. I P J - ; , - f . P

. H j

. I , P j . J, NIB, P. H . J j .I .M G -. S P J j;


71


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J .

N I NIBx z f J P -.

An Analysis o Paul and Jamess Perspec-tives

NIB ,I J P

; . B z . B . T f x G J- ,17 J . T, f C .

H, P J f . I NIB , J, , , ,

j. I 2:4-26 J , - j. I , J

, - . I 2:2-22, ,

W A j f I ?Y

, .

W , J , . R, . T f

P . F P, j . E P , j; j . F P , ,

j; - . F J, , A R ; j . T,

j

J . P .

Faiths and Works rom an Islamic View-point

A I . W , , j f C- I .

A , P j j.18 TQ -P . F Q, - :

A (O M)

. (2:25)19

L! T , B .(:6)

A , . (2:)

L! A , . (4:8)

T, , L H . T . (45:30)

(A) ! T . (8:7)

T - .T jx x- .20T Q j. T x 6 58:

W , , , L , L? I L , , ( ).S: W ! L! W () .

A , G , .H, ( ) : , . T x Q.

H, . I24:2, , H A H , . T G , we.T hadith21, - I, . E ,

hadiths, . A- , j . I G

j :

T M A , A M B M H , T - [ ] . E I - , , , T

, , . [I ,] - . V I A B M T I .22

.F , S I, , I , .23

A , j

G . N , j. F

q G ; j . S , I P j , J j . T P - G .T, I P

j .

Conclusion

I , j- .

A , P - j C. H

j. F P, j . (R 3:28) T, G, G J .T J .

T , , - J C


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J G . J, L J, P

. W P j- , J j . (J 2:24)

O

J P , f .P j- q. I , x . J, , , (

) . W

, P J , , f . I P, J - j.F J, j ; j-.

A , I . W Q P , I I q- , j

. I G j .

ENDNOES1 E.A. L, ., TeOxord Dictionary o the

Christian Church, 3 . (N Y: Ox U- P, 7), 4.

2A q NRSV.

3 R B. H, J, Te Anchor

Bible Dictionary, . 3, . D N F,--; G A. H, D F. G, JD P, ; A B. B, - (N Y: D, 2), 2.

4 I.5 I., 2-30.6 A -

P, - C . I., 30.

7 T x - . T G (dia/ek pisteosIesou Christou) J C J C . -, , .T f, , : z C j, / q . S: I.,3.

8 I.9 I.10I.; C J. Rz, J, J,

Te New Interpreters Dictionary o the Bible, .G A B (N: A P,2006-200), 47.

11I.12A. E. H,A Companion to the New estament,

2. (N Y: C U P,

2004), 720.13R B,James: Wisdom o James, Dis-

ciple o Jesus the Sage (N Y: R, ),2-3L . J, T L J, TeNew Interpreters Bible: New estament Survey(N-: A P, 2005), 27.

14L . J, T L J, TeNew Interpreters Bible: New estament Survey(N-: A P, 2005), 27.

15S q . T J P, . T, q P - J . I., 300.

16L . J, T L J: I-, C, R. I Te NewInterpreters Bible, .2 (N: A P,

8), 6-7.17P P, Reading the New estament: anIntroduction (N Y: P P, 88), 62-63.

18I x j C x I- . F , C - j -

. T Q .

19A Q q P .

20S, x, 2:62; 6:48.21I A,hadith . ,

P .I S I , I - hadith. Hadith Q -.

22M . Yq -K, al-Ka, .2(: D? -K -I, 7), 7.

23M Bq Mj,Bihar al-Anwar, .5(B: M -W, 83), 84.


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Prologue

P L S- A- U, Iq. A- A , , f OG, L (G. 2:-3; Q. 2:26); f j . T j E C.

A

; - A L (G. 3:6-7). A f . H , P -

, ; . I ? P . I , I ; , , I (G. 3:8-). L

J , LORD (G. 3:0). H S; x (G 3:2-3).

S C L . S - L G- :30-38 C, O (. 254),

Sodoms Sin:

By: Ibrahim J. Long

Hartford Seminary, Connecticut

A Combined Reading of the Destruction ofSodom and Gomorrah From Te Christianand Islamic raditions

L J L z G, L H .T L L; A, . T S G B Q J, C, M q L. A L , .

M B Q ,

- . I , , x. I f j x, , I B Q.


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L S A .1 FM, L . H G (Q. 6:86), (Q. 2:75), . M L S - ; ,

O G A U.

T Q L

S - :T L .

W L , W A? I, I - . S A . A I . M L . D - [] L ? B (Q.26:60-66).

I, [] []. I, - . A , B

A, . H ,M L, (Q. 2:28-30). T , I , O L, . H , I, I , , . M L, q

(Q. 26:67-6).T L

. T -, L. T L M S ; , . T - G

. T : ( ), , . N x j ;, M f .2

T B ; C

L . G 8 S G , C , M , f- . A

, - G 8.

Te Guests o Abraham

A A- (Q. 5:5), LORD M, .H , , ; , , , , ML, I Y , Y . P - , , . A I , . A , . T , D (G. 8:-5).

A O A ; , P.H , P, (Q. :6). A - S , Q, ; . A A , , , . S

-, ; (G. 8:6-8).B , -. T , F . W L (Q. :70).

I B Q S G

A; A . T Q x - (. 23) G, M, I3 C- S G, A .4

T B M, - . T A

; S - .5 T - ,

A . W ran , hurried S, q , ran

.I A

, . 6T , , - j, . H, , Q , A- , -

.A B , A .7

I , . I,

, , .

T , W S ? S , H, . A [ ] , I , , S- (G. 8:-0).[S , S ( L, ) ], W I I, J. [ ] , W ! S I I , , ? I, z ! (Q.:7-72). A S , ; S . T S , , A I , I [] [ ], [A] ? (G. 8:-2).[A A ], H ? T ? T , W

, .[A A ], A L x ?(Q. 5:54-56).

A LORD A, W S , , S I , I ? I LORD? A I - , , S . B S [ ], [ A], N, ! (G. 8:3-5).[T ], A z


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A? M A H , [O] []. I, H P H- (Q. :73).

N A S, , S , I, , J. T - S A- , . H G

, S.

Abraham Intercedes or Sodom

[T A ], W - , O ? T , I,

, (Q.5:57-58) L, , -. [A] , W L. T, W .

W ; x (Q. 2:3-32), A (Q. 5:60). T S-, A . A LORD , S I A I , A , ? F I , , LORD,

j, LORD A H .

A LORD , B S G , - , I - M; , I (G. 8:6-2).

W A , U L. I, A- , q A. [T ], O A-

, . I, L , , - (Q. :74-76).

A - , G - A S G A L . T B A- L, G

A . T -

; A L, - j.

A - L S, L .H, L , - , .8

T S, A LORD. A A , W Y

? S - ; Y

? F Y , , ; Y! S J ?S LORD , I I S , I .T A- , I , I L: S ; Y ? S H , I I -, I . A H , S ? S H , I . T ,

L L , I :S ? S H, I I . A , I , I - L: S ? S H , I . T , L L , I : S ? AH , I . S LORD H H A; A- (G. 8:22-33).

A A- j S, A-. H A

. S C B; S G.9 I

A x L, .R, L .

Sodoms Depravity

A , - Q, - M q S. I A S- L . T : O , ?S : Y, I . F


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, I . D . L , , L ,

. T L q ,

, , T (Q.:77); , (Q.5:62). O L , f . W L j . H .10

T L x , - . T , - , f. L - G :

T S -, L S.

W L , ,

. H , , ,

; . A , N, q. B ; . T , , (G.:-3).

W L - A . H

P 3:20 H

.11T f S M A; L j - , .

W I - x L - , B - . I , , L . L S , (Q. 5:70) x (Q. 26:67).S L , . L A,12 L , Q , G. H - ; q. W - L .

N , , S, , q,

(G. :2-4) j. [L] , I, , . F A (Q. 5:67-6). [B] L , W ? B (G. :5). H ?(Q. 5:70). S L , , , P, , !S , I - ; ,

, (G. :6-8) (Q. 5:7); , .

A , . H, O , ; . S A . I ? (Q. :78).D -? D ? R, - . B

x , Ex L . I, (Q. 27:54-56). Y -

, , (Q. :7), [] ! (G. :).

I , L f . T - , , x L . W B f , Q ailin(); M , ,

. A x- , , I


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. H, qj , Q, - L ; .

G R. E, P L- P T S, S - x .13T , , j - . I - z . R, x -x, j.

- S

; , . A x, B -,

x , x, ; E. A q Ez S (Ez. 6:4). T

A, L, .14 O L

f . I , , .

[L ], D - []? I,

, .R, . B ,E ! I, (Q. 7:80-82).T , T [ , L] , j;

. S L, . B [ ] L , . A

, , (G. :-) , x-, (Q. 5:72).

I S L .I , , , , .I Sz , ; . O

Q - (tabai) P,Q (. 735), :T .15 W S- , G L (Q. 2:74-75).

Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed

[L ] [ ], I I . [T - L ], O L, - L; , (Q. :80-8). W

, A , , (Q. 5:63-64). H ? [ B ] --, , , -

! F , LORD, LORD (G. :2-3). S . A W : (Q. 5:65-66). S

-x ; , . I, - ; ? (Q. :8).

S L --, , ,G , ; LORD

! B -- j. W , L , ,A,

, - . A , , ,

, LORD - , . S ,

, , E ! D . E , . T L , P, , ! I , , ; I , I . S , , ; . A [ LORD ] , S, I , I .H, . F I . T Z (G. :4-22).

I P M L, M A L, ,

.16 I I G G

L; 00,000 . E . T, , .17I -


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- S;

Z, G, A, Z; B Z L .18

T z (Q. 5:73).

W L Z LORD - S G, LORD (G. :23-24).

A W (Q. 5:74)

. I , . A , L - H Ex M, M (Q. 26:73-75). H , , -, . B [L]

, (G. :25-26);

[ ] (Q. 7:83).W (Q. 27:57).

B x L L, Q I . L

, N,

(Q. 66:0). I I L

, ,I L . I .19 TC ,

.20 I, G L J , R- L . W , (L 7:32-33). T C A

(. 430) x L .21

Atermath

A A LORD.T S G, ; , , . A , G , G A, L , H L (G. :27-2). T L

. I, W , x L - W . T W . A

O , . A , W , -, M . A (Q. 54: 33-38). I . A , . I (Q. 5:75-77).

A , . T ? (Q.37:37-38). T (Q. 7:84).

I B Q - L S G . T -,

LORD (G. 3:0), S - . T z ,

W , ,

(W. 0:6-8).22 T G M

J L, I .

W I, J j - G . H , A - , f . A, I , S G- D J ! (M.0:5-5). J , . I ; - S L, M -

(Q.26:62). W S - , x ( ). R

-, .

ENDNOES1 K, J L. Te Bible As It Was(L: B

P, 7), 84.2 I K, I. asir Ibn Kathir. 24 J 200

.3 W, B W. Prophets in the Quran: An In-

troduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis (N Y:C, 2002), 22.

4 H, M. Mathew Henrys Commentaryon the Bible. BG. 20 J 200..

5 K, J L. Te Bible As It Was.L: BP, 7. P 8-0.


7 Q, S. In the Shade o the Quran. L-: T I F, . P 277.

8 Q, S. In the Shade o the Quran. L-: T I F, . P 3-320.M L - , C , .


10I K, I. Stories o the Prophets. K.25 J 200 .

11K, J L. Te Bible As It Was.L: BP, 7. P .

12 W, B W. Prophets in the Quran: An In-troduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis. N Y:C, 2002. P 2.

13N, M. Homoeroticism in the Bibli cal World.M: F P, 8. P 48.

14I.15I K, I. asir Ibn Kathir. 24 J 200

16I.17 W, B W. Prophets in the Quran: An In-

troduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis. NY:C, 2002. P 25.

18I. P 26.19I. P 24.20K, J L. Te Bible As It Was.L: B

P, 7. P .21I. P 2.22 I. P 82.


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By: Mohammad Jafar Mahallati

Oberlin College, Ohio

Introduction

T I j, , Q , , , . T . T D W. T Q , , (Q.7:26);1 G, (Q.2:54).2 I .

T x M f . Ex . T I .

O , (waq) . T , S , - .

R , , , , . I - , x .

Departed But Not Dead:

The Rituals of Contactwith the Deceased in the

Islamic Tradition


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x Al-Mizan, - x Q.40:, , , - H, Izz .12H j x , - () .

B Q.40:46 3:42, Izz ( H) ( ), twafa Q - .13 F, j M x -, Q.3: 70 - I , q z . T , - - .

O I , (asl-e baqa-e tajarrod-enas)14 ,

M , -

.

Te Literatures o Contacting the Deceased

T - x -, , , Izz. T q x S I

S (imama). A S, , S I, P F-, ( G OwliaAllah) j G H.15 T S - I , S .

O Maatihal-Jinan S A Q (.35AH). T S I Q, P ,

Te Quranic View o the Deceased

E I x - . B

, x ,

, , , , - - . T Q Q.2:54, Q.3:6 70 q , - A: A A, . R, , .3A A . R, L, , j A H , ( ) j

- , .4

T Q 5 x Q6 ,

I-zz (- ) H.7

A x A -

F -Rz, - . M P q

, , hur al-in (- ).8A-Rz ,

, ( - A A) .9 O - . A .10A-Rz j , Q.3:6( G ) . A-Rz ,

j x . A I , j.11

M H (. 85) -


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. I x - Izz .

Maatih al-Jinan (Keys to the Heavens)and Methods o Contacting the Deceased.

T . T x M ( S I), ,

G -. T . T . A Q - : T Izz,

, , G - , . I , Q :

H z , .16

T , Q . IMaatih (P S I), M- , , j . Q

J -Sq (.48/765) ( ) . A -Sq :

O L! () ,

, - ( ) , A.17

A Q P- P - . H ( ) q

, j:

O L! I

M .18

A J -Sq, Q, , - -. A -Sq , H:

O L! W () x- .19

A , , G I I .20

T I S -

(adhan) :

O L! B , , D J-.21

Maatih points to a R:

O G! B -

.22

Q -z x .23

Devotional Rituals and the Rights o theDeceased

Maatih al-Jinan q f - -

. A , Q , , T AG - G, , q .24

A j A Z . F x, , - j x-.25 I j

j I j.26

A - (mustahabb) - .27

I - j - - : T


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G, -, .

T (waq) I

CE x I .28

Companionship (hashr) with the Deceasedin the Quran and Prayer Manuals

T hashr (/-) - ( jam) q Q29 T - - . Q.3:2, :68 H. T x , - (salihun) H-. T

:M G -.30

When the Deceased Visits the Living

T

q S . A - , x ,

. A P Al-Mizan -. H 20 x,

, x ()

. T () (-

) x .31

Maatih - ( , , ) . A -, Q ,

.32A Q, .

I I --

q q.

Conclusion

T , j

I . T j-;, I -. F , I ,, -, f, , - I . A- . I , , , , , - ,

. M, Qx

Izz , - . T , I , .

ENDNOES

1 Q.7:26: O L! P - M [ ]. S S I, . Te Quran,

Arabic text with Corresponding English Meanings, (R-: Aq P H, 7), 23.

2 Q.2:54: A A, . R, , .

3 S I, . Te Quran, Arabictext with Corresponding English Meanings, (R:Aq P H, 7) 2.

4 I., .5 V Q.2: 64: A

. A , H . Q.32: : T H H , , ; .Q.32:: S, T . T L . Q.23:, 00: [F ], , , , M L, . T

I I .N! I ;


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D . Q.3:42: A , . T H H . I ? Q.40:: T ,O L, , . S x ? Q.40: 46: T , x . A D H [ ], M P . A : S I, . Te Quran, Ara-bic text with Corresponding English Meanings, (R:Aq P H, 7).

6 F x A -F -Rz,Rawh al-Jinan wa Ruhal-Janan, A S . (: I P, 382AH) . ,. 377-7, .3, 243-252.

7 T Izz - x H H.P (a ra ) , - x, H H. A Q barzakh

Q.23:00, 25:53, 55:20 a ra, Q . T D j x . T , Izz ( - I) x.

8A -F -Rz, Rawh al-Jinan wa Ruh al-Janan,A S . (: I P-, 382AH) .3, 25-253.

9A -F -Rz, Rawh al-Jinan wa Ruhal-Janan,A S . (: I P-, 382AH) ., 337.

10I., 378.11I., 378, 37.12M H, . asir al-Mizan,

. N M Sz, (: N- F-- Rj, ), ., 42.

13I.,44, 45.14 I., 43-523.15N -

S , Q.16A, Q.Maatih al-Jinan, P

. (Q: N P. 86), 06.17I.,028.

18I.,02.19 I., 0.20 I., 02.21T Q .22 A, Q. Maatih al-Jinan, P

. (Q: N P. 86), 30.23I., 363.24I., 366-67.25S x, F, L, owdih al-

Masael, (the atwa ), (: D-N- F- I, 8), 265.

26S : F,L, owdih al-Masael, (the atwa ),(: D- N- F- I, 8),537.

27I., 3.28S EI 2nd ed. . . Waq, D B-

A. A F, L, owdih al- Masael, (the atwa ), (: D-N- F- I, 8) 527.

29S x Q.3:2: S -, H, . A :68 . S I,.Te Quran, Arabic text with Corresponding Eng-lish Meanings, (R: Aq P H,

7) 63.30A, Q.Maatih al-Jinan, P

. (Q: N P. 86), 023.31Al-Mizan, .20, 62.32A, Q.Maatih al-Jinan, P

. (Q: N P. 86), 887-82.


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Towards a Qurnically-basedUnderstanding of a HistoricallyProblematic Term

By: Aisha Musa

Colgate University, New Yor

Te Arabic term jizya is generally understood to be a kind o tax, in particular, a tax his-torically levied on non-Muslims, oten but not always, Christians and Jews, living in Muslimlands. Some scholars have suggested associations between the Arabic word jizya and the Ara-maic word gizit/gizyat1or even to the Persian word gizyah2, which reer to orms to taxationprevalent in neighboring empires prior to the appearance o the Qurn and the rise o Islamin Arabia.3 Tese associations have helped to urther the historical traditional understandingsand applications o the term jizya, which dene it as a tax levied non-Muslims by Muslimstate in return or b eing allowed to maintain their religion and or protection provided themby the state.4 Te most odious understanding o jizya portrays it as one o three choices o-ered to Christians and Jews: convert, pay the tax, or die. Indeed, this conceptualizationo jizya is a popular point rom which modern-day detractors o Islam attack the religionitsel as inherently intolerant and oppressive.5 However, the long and complex history o jizyashows such a wide variety o understandings and implementations that it becomes clear thatthere has been no general a greement among Muslims on what just what the term means.6 Tisambiguity o denition in both history and tradition has led individual Muslim jurists and

scholars throughout history to dene and understand the term according to the particularcircumstances o their own milieus. In certain times and places, jizya as it was applied, wasindeed an oppressive tax burden that led some to convert to Islam. 7 Nonetheless, the wide

variety o understandings and implementations o jizya indicates that both the meaning andthe signicance o the term or Muslims are not xed. 8 Indeed, jizya as a poll tax applied tonon-Muslims disappeared with the emergence o the modern nation-state and changing at-titudes toward religious diversity.9

Focusing an historic view rather a Qurnic view is problematic in several ways. Whilean historical examination o how various taxation systems used similar terms may be able toofer valuable insights into inuences on the emerging Muslim empire and its developmento its own taxation structure, such an examination does not necessarily suggest a n essentiallyQurnic understanding o the term jizya. Likewise, an examination o the various ways in

which diferent Muslim authorities understood and implemented jizya reects the values othose authorities rather than values o the Qurn. Indeed, the Qurn, as any scripture, isreracted through the values o its readers. Changes in understanding and interpretation have,throughout history, led to changes in societies. As Amina Wadud has observed:

o avoid potential relativism, there is continuity and permanence in the Quranic text itsel as exem-plied even through various readings by their points o convergence. However, in order or the Quranto achieve its objective to act as a catalyst afecting behavior in society, each social context must under-stand the undamental and unchangeable principles o that text, and then implement them in their ownunique reection.10

Tis article proposes a literal and holistic analysis o the text rom a contemporary per-spective and applying the exegetical principle o tasr al-qurn bil-qurn (explaining theQurn with the Qurn)11 without reracting the Qurnic usage through the lens o historyand tradition. Considering the semantic eld o the root, together with the ways in which

words o this root are used throughout the Qurn and the context in which the specic wordjizya itsel is used, together with the Quranic discussion o other key issues, suggests a signi-cantly diferent meaning than a poll tax levied on non-Muslims.


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QURNIC CONEXR :2 Q

x f - , -x. A Qx f q jizya :2. W - G L D? W G H ? W ? J , , -- , jizya?

Q x .V :2 -:

1. l yuuminna billhi wa l bil-yawm il-khiri( G L D)

2. l yu arrimna m arrama allhu warasluh (

G H )

3. wa -qq ( )

L . A , jizya C J I ( ) (alladhna t

Transcendental Thought Journal (Pre-Inaugural Issue)

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