Transcendental Transcendental Meditation & HealthMeditation & Health

Transcendental Transcendental Meditation & HealthMeditation & Health

David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.DDavid W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. . Former faculty Former faculty

Institute of Natural Medicine and PreventionInstitute of Natural Medicine and Prevention

Maharishi University of ManagementMaharishi University of ManagementFairfield, IA 52557Fairfield, IA 52557

Transcendental MeditationTranscendental Meditation

(TM(TM®®)) is from the is from the

Vedic Tradition of India, theVedic Tradition of India, the

oldest continuous traditionoldest continuous tradition

of human knowledge.of human knowledge.

TM is a key aspect of TM is a key aspect of Ayur Veda, a complete Ayur Veda, a complete traditional system of traditional system of

preventative medicine.preventative medicine.

The Transcendental The Transcendental Meditation TechniqueMeditation TechniqueThe Transcendental The Transcendental

Meditation TechniqueMeditation Technique

““Yoga is the least excited state ofYoga is the least excited state ofconsciousness, pure consciousness.” consciousness, pure consciousness.”

Yoga-Sutra Yoga-Sutra 1.2 1.2 ——Patanjali 250 BC Patanjali 250 BC

““Yoga is the least excited state ofYoga is the least excited state ofconsciousness, pure consciousness.” consciousness, pure consciousness.”

Yoga-Sutra Yoga-Sutra 1.2 1.2 ——Patanjali 250 BC Patanjali 250 BC

Forty Years of ResearchForty Years of Researchon the TM Techniqueon the TM Technique

Forty Years of ResearchForty Years of Researchon the TM Techniqueon the TM Technique

Restful AlertnessRestful Alertness

Decreased Acute Stress

Brain Coherence

Decreased Chronic Stress

Improved Cognitive Function

Improved Stress Resilience

Reduced Risk Factors

Decreased Disease and Aging

Systemic Effects of TMSystemic Effects of TMSystemic Effects of TMSystemic Effects of TM

Body Rebalance

TM Program

Activity

TM

Balance of Restand ActivityImproved Self-

Regulation

BaselineBaseline TM PracticeTM Practice

FDG-FDG-PPEETT

(N = 3)(N = 3)

Newberg, A., Travis, F., Newberg, A., Travis, F.,

Wintering, N., Nidich, S., Wintering, N., Nidich, S.,

Alavi, A. & Schneider, R. Alavi, A. & Schneider, R.

Neural ImagingNeural Imaging conference, conference,

Miami, Fl., 2006. Miami, Fl., 2006.

FrontalFrontalIncreaseIncreaseFrontalFrontal

IncreaseIncrease

ThalamicThalamicDecreaseDecreaseThalamicThalamicDecreaseDecrease

Basal GangliaBasal GangliaDecreaseDecrease

Basal GangliaBasal GangliaDecreaseDecrease

Increased EEGIncreased EEGPhase Synchrony During TMPhase Synchrony During TM

Ss: Control (12), TM (15)Ss: Control (12), TM (15)

Increased EEGIncreased EEGPhase Synchrony During TMPhase Synchrony During TM

Ss: Control (12), TM (15)Ss: Control (12), TM (15)

Functional integration Functional integration

of distant cortical of distant cortical

activity to enhance activity to enhance

flow of information and flow of information and

global binding of global binding of

elements of elements of

experience. experience. Hebert, Lehmann, Tan, Travis, & Arenander, Hebert, Lehmann, Tan, Travis, & Arenander, Signal ProcessingSignal Processing, 85(11), 2213-2232, 2005, 85(11), 2213-2232, 2005

TMTM

ControlControl

NeuromuscularNeuromuscularEfficiencyEfficiency

NeuromuscularNeuromuscularEfficiencyEfficiency

Self-Self-AwarenessAwareness

Self-Self-AwarenessAwareness

AcademicAcademicPerformancePerformance

AcademicAcademicPerformancePerformance

DecreasedDecreasedAnxietyAnxiety

DecreasedDecreasedAnxietyAnxiety

Self-Self-DevelopmentDevelopment

Self-Self-DevelopmentDevelopment

InnerInnerOrientationOrientation

InnerInnerOrientationOrientation

MoralMoralReasoningReasoning

MoralMoralReasoningReasoning

ConceptConceptLearningLearningConceptConceptLearningLearningEmotionalEmotional

StabilityStabilityEmotionalEmotionalStabilityStability

DecreasedDecreasedNeuroticismNeuroticismDecreasedDecreasedNeuroticismNeuroticism

IntelligenceIntelligenceIntelligenceIntelligence

ComputationalComputationalEfficiencyEfficiency

ComputationalComputationalEfficiencyEfficiency

CreativityCreativityCreativityCreativity

BrainwaveBrainwaveCoherenceCoherenceBrainwaveBrainwaveCoherenceCoherence

Effect Size (Standard Deviations)Effect Size (Standard Deviations)

00 0.20.2 0.40.4 0.60.6 0.80.8 11

Basal SkinBasal SkinResistanceResistance

RespiratoRespiratory Ratery Rate

Plasma LactatePlasma Lactate TMTM

RestRest

DecreasedDecreasedPhysiological StressPhysiological Stress

Meta-analysis of 32 studiesMeta-analysis of 32 studies

DecreasedDecreasedPhysiological StressPhysiological Stress

Meta-analysis of 32 studiesMeta-analysis of 32 studies

Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, American PsychologistAmerican Psychologist 42:879-81, 1987 42:879-81, 1987

0 0.5 1

Concentration

Mantra

Meditation

EMG-Biofeedback

PMR

Other Meditations

Relaxation Response

Other Relaxation

Placebo

TM

Effect Size (Standard Deviations)

Decreased Decreased Trait AnxietyTrait AnxietyMeta-analysis of 146 studiesMeta-analysis of 146 studies

Decreased Decreased Trait AnxietyTrait AnxietyMeta-analysis of 146 studiesMeta-analysis of 146 studies

Eppley, Abrams, & Shear: J Clinical Psychology, 45:957-974,1989

00 0.50.5 11

Self-Help KitsSelf-Help Kits

Individual Individual CounselingCounseling

Pharmacological TreatmentPharmacological Treatment

Unconventional Unconventional TreatmentTreatment

TMTM

Effect Size (Standard Deviations)Effect Size (Standard Deviations)

Decreased Decreased Cigarette UseCigarette UseMeta-analysis of 131 studiesMeta-analysis of 131 studies

Decreased Decreased Cigarette UseCigarette UseMeta-analysis of 131 studiesMeta-analysis of 131 studies

Alexander, Robinson, & Rainforth, Alexander, Robinson, & Rainforth, Alcohol Treatment QuarterlyAlcohol Treatment Quarterly, 11:13-87, 1994, 11:13-87, 1994

0 0.5 1

Preventative Ed

DUI

Relaxation

Peer Influence

TM

Effect Size (Standard Deviations)

Decreased Alcohol UseMeta-analysis of 97 studies

Decreased Alcohol UseMeta-analysis of 97 studies

Alexander, Robinson, & Rainforth, Alcohol Treatment Quarterly, 11:13-87, 1994

00 0.50.5 11

Preventive EdPreventive Ed

Peer InfluencePeer Influence

TMTM

Effect Size (Standard Deviations)Effect Size (Standard Deviations)

Decreased Decreased Drug AbuseDrug AbuseMeta-analysis of 70 studiesMeta-analysis of 70 studies

Decreased Decreased Drug AbuseDrug AbuseMeta-analysis of 70 studiesMeta-analysis of 70 studies

Alexander, Robinson, & Rainforth, Alexander, Robinson, & Rainforth, Alcohol Treatment QuarterlyAlcohol Treatment Quarterly, 11:13-87, 1994, 11:13-87, 1994

Alexander, Rainforth, & Gelderloos, J Social Behavior & Personality, 6:189-247, 1991

0 0.5 1

Other Meditation

Other Relaxatio

n

TM

Effect Size (Standard Deviations)

Increased Increased Self-ActualizationSelf-ActualizationMeta-analysis of 42 studiesMeta-analysis of 42 studies

Increased Increased Self-ActualizationSelf-ActualizationMeta-analysis of 42 studiesMeta-analysis of 42 studies

Intima-Intima-MedialMedial

ThicknessThicknessAdjusted mean Adjusted mean

changes in changes in millimetersmillimeters

- 0.10- 0.10

+ 0.10+ 0.10

+ 0.05+ 0.05

- 0.05- 0.05

TMTM

Health Health EducationEducation

pp < .038 < .038

00

Castillo-Castillo-Richmond, et al.. Richmond, et al.. StrokeStroke 31: 568, 31: 568,

20002000

Decrease inDecrease inCarotid AtherosclerosisCarotid Atherosclerosis

Decrease inDecrease inCarotid AtherosclerosisCarotid Atherosclerosis

Paul-Labrador etal, Paul-Labrador etal, Arch Int MedArch Int Med,, 20062006

TM & Metabolic SyndromeTM & Metabolic Syndrome

-5-5-4-4-3-3-2-2-1-1001122334455

TMTM

PMRPMR SBFSBF

RABFRABF

SM +SM +relaxationrelaxation

* *** **

Blo

od

Pre

ssu

reB

loo

d P

ress

ure

Ch

ang

e S

core

sC

han

ge

Sco

res

Rainforth, Schneider, Nidich, et al, Rainforth, Schneider, Nidich, et al, Current Hypertension ReportsCurrent Hypertension Reports 9:520-528, 9:520-528, 20072007

** p = .0002 p = .0002

**** p = .02 p = .02

Meta-analysis of Stress Reduction Meta-analysis of Stress Reduction Programs in Patients withPrograms in Patients with

High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

Meta-analysis of Stress Reduction Meta-analysis of Stress Reduction Programs in Patients withPrograms in Patients with

High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

Cardiovascular MortalityCardiovascular Mortality

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

TMTM

ControlsControlsCombinedCombined

8080

9090

100100

YearsYears

p = .06p = .06RR = .53RR = .53%

Su

rviv

al%

Su

rviv

al

Schneider, RH, et al. Society for Behavioral Medicine Annual MeeSchneider, RH, et al. Society for Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting, March 1999, San Diegoting, March 1999, San Diego

Orme-Johnson, Orme-Johnson, Psychosomatic MedicinePsychosomatic Medicine 59: 493-507, 59: 493-507, 19871987; Orme-Johnson & Herron, ; Orme-Johnson & Herron, American Journal of Managed Care American Journal of Managed Care 3(1): 135-144.3(1): 135-144. 19971997

Decreased Medical Care UtilizationDecreased Medical Care UtilizationTM: N = 2000 over 5 years compared to normative data and matched controls

Decreased Medical Care UtilizationDecreased Medical Care UtilizationTM: N = 2000 over 5 years compared to normative data and matched controls

OtherOtherTMTM

AgeAge

Doctor VisitsDoctor Visits

Ou

tpa

tien

t V

isit

s/1

000

Me

mb

ers

Ou

tpa

tien

t V

isit

s/1

000

Me

mb

ers

0–180–18 19–3919–39 40+40+00

100100

200200

300300

pp < .0001< .0001

HospitalizationHospitalization

00

200200

400400

600600

800800

10001000

12001200

AgeAge0–180–18 19–3919–39 40+40+

pp < .0001< .0001

Pa

tien

t D

ays

/10

00 M

em

be

rsP

ati

ent

Day

s/1

000

Me

mb

ers

D. Orme-Johnson, D. Orme-Johnson, Psychosomatic MedicinePsychosomatic Medicine, 49:493–507, 49:493–507, , 19871987

Decreased Medical Care UtilizationDecreased Medical Care Utilization

TM practitioners vs. the NormTM practitioners vs. the Norm Decreased Medical Care UtilizationDecreased Medical Care Utilization

TM practitioners vs. the NormTM practitioners vs. the Norm

R. Herron, etal, R. Herron, etal, J. Soc Behav PersonalityJ. Soc Behav Personality, 2001, 2001

Reduction in Health Care CostReduction in Health Care CostAnnual inflation-adjusted payments toAnnual inflation-adjusted payments to

private physicians for treatmentprivate physicians for treatmentCanada, >65 yrs age; all settings; N=163Canada, >65 yrs age; all settings; N=163

Reduction in Health Care CostReduction in Health Care CostAnnual inflation-adjusted payments toAnnual inflation-adjusted payments to

private physicians for treatmentprivate physicians for treatmentCanada, >65 yrs age; all settings; N=163Canada, >65 yrs age; all settings; N=163

p p = 0.0017= 0.0017