Transcendental Meditation: Evidence-based Path to Reducing ...
Transcript of Transcendental Meditation: Evidence-based Path to Reducing ...
Transcendental Meditation: Evidence-based Path to Reducing Effects of Trauma, Stress and Mental Health and Substance
Use Conditions•
• Jeffrey Friedman, MA – Chief Executive Officer, CN Guidance and Counseling Services
• Stuart Rothenberg, MD – National Director, Transcendental Meditation Health Professionals Association
• Jeanne Supin, MA, moderator, President, CEO Watauga Consulting
®
Enhancing Resiliency and Recovery through
Transcendental Meditation
Stuart Rothenberg, MDNational Director,
TM Health Professionals Association
TM technique: Overview
§ Introduced to the West in the late 1950s§ First published studies in 1970-1972:
Science, American Journal of Physiology, Scientific American
§ Research to date:- Over 400 peer-reviewed published
studies- NIH grant support: over $28 million
TM technique: Mechanics
§ Simple, effortless technique § Evidence-based restorative practice (not a
philosophy, religion, or belief system)§ Does not involve concentration, contemplation,
or mindfulness§ Easily added to daily routine without changes in mindset or lifestyle§ Taught by trained teachers in one-on-one
instruction
The Mind has a Vertical Structure
Conscious thoughts
Intuition
Transcending during TM
P u r e C o n s c i o u s n e s s
Fight or flight TM• Faster breathing • Decreased respiratory rate
• Faster heart rate • Decreased heart rate
• Increased blood pressure • Decreased blood pressure
• Increased muscle tension • Decreased muscle tension
• Sweaty palms • Dry palms
The Physiological Effects during TM are Opposite to Fight-or-Flight Response
Dillbeck M and Orme-Johnson D (1987). American Psychologist, 42, 879–881.
DecreasedCortisolduringTM
Jevning R, Wilson AF, Davidson JM. Adrenocortical activity during meditation. Hormones and Behavior 1978 10(1):54-60
Meditations Differ in their Effects on the EEG
Reference: Consciousness and Cognition 2010 19(4):1110-1118
Eyes Open TM PracticeEyes ClosedReferences: International Journal of Psychophysiology, 116, 1519-38 (2006); Biological Psychology, 61, 293-319 (2002); Consciousness andCognition, 8(3), 302-18 (1999); Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35 (1973); International Journal of Neuroscience 14: 147–151, 1981.
TM Increases Alpha1 EEG Coherence
Middle
TM Increases EEG Coherence, Reflecting Integration of Brain Function
International Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1981):211-217, 15 (1981):151-157, 116 (2006): 1519-38Journal of Moral Education 12, no. 3 (1983): 166-73
Reference. K. T. So, Orme-Johnson D. W. "Three randomized experiments on the holistic longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cognition." Intelligence 29, no. 5 (2001): 419-440.
Effects of TM on Trait Anxiety
40
50
60
70
80
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100
BeforeTM AfterTM
AnxietyLevel(Pe
rcen
tile)
Moderate Anxiety
High Anxiety
Orme-Johnson DW, Barnes V. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Trait Anxiety: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20 (2013): 330-341.
Meta-Analysis of 16 RCTs
Reduced Symptoms of PTSDin War Veterans
Transcendental Meditation
-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0
VAMinn.,2014
Brooks,1985
VASaginaw,2014
Rosenthal,2011
Herron,2016
Kearney,2013
Bremmer,2011
Goldsmith,2014
Kearney,2011
VASyrac,2014
Effe
ct S
ize
(g)
Effect Size (g)
Mindfulness-basedStress Reduction
Effectiveness in Decreasing Alcohol UseMeta-analysis of 97 studies
TM Technique
Effect Size (Standard Deviations)0
Peer Influence
Relaxation
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Alexander, C.N., Robinson, P., & Rainforth, M. (1994). “Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis.” Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 11, 13–88.
DUI Programs
PreventiveEducation
EffectivenessinDecreasingCigaretteUseMeta-analysisof131studies
TM technique
Effect Size (Standard Deviations)0
UnconventionalTreatment
PharmacologicalTreatment
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Alexander, C.N., Robinson, P., & Rainforth, M. (1994). Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 11, 13–88.
IndividualCounseling
Self-help Kits
Improved Outcomes in Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment• 3-monthcontrolledtrial,n=60:TAUvs.TAU+TM• Residentialalcoholtreatmentfacility• TMuptakewashigh:85%continuedtomeditate• TMgroupreportedhighadherence,satisfaction,andperceived
helpfulnessofTM• Subjectscloselyadherenttorecommendedpractice(2xperday)
improvedsignificantlycomparedtocontrolswithrespecttoprimaryoutcomemeasures:• returntoanydrinking(25%vs59%,p=.02)• heavydrinkingfollowingdischarge(0%vs.47%,p<.001)• Significantreductioninperceivedstress,psychologicaldistress,andalcoholcraving
GryczynskiJ,RothenbergS,etal. IntegrationofTranscendentalMeditationintoalcoholusedisorder(AUD)treatment.JournalofSubstanceAbuseTreatment,April2018,87:23-30.
Reduced HypertensionMeta-Analysis of 17 Studies
-5-4-3-2-1012345
TMTechnique
ProgressiveMuscle
Relaxation
SimpleBiofeedback
Relaxation-Assisted
Biofeedback StressManagement
plus Relaxation
* * *
Bloo
d Pr
essu
re C
hang
e Sc
ores
* p = .0002
* * p = .02
SBP
SBP
SBP
SBP
SBPDBP
DBP DBP
DBP
DBP
Rainforth, M. V., Schneider, R. H., Nidich, S. I., Gaylord-King, C., Salerno, J. W., Anderson, J. W. (2007). “Stress reduction programsin patients with elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Current Hypertension Reports, 9 (6): 520–528.
Decreased Heart Attacks, Strokes, and Deaththrough the Transcendental Meditation technique
Schneider RH, Grim CE, Rainforth MV, et al. Stress reduction in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: randomized controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation and health education in Blacks. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 5:750-758, 2012
0102030405060708090
Ris
k of
eve
nts
(Exp
ecte
d nu
mbe
r of
eve
nts
per y
ear p
er 1
000
even
t-fre
e p
erso
ns) 48% lower rate in
practitioners of Transcendental
TranscendentalMeditation
HealthEducation
Decreased Medical Expenditures in the Elderlythrough the Transcendental Meditation technique
Medical expenditures for people over 65 decreased 14% per year after learning TM, reaching a 70% reduction relative to non-TM controls after only five years.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 17 (2005): 415-442.
050
100150200250300350400450500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1992
Can
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olla
rs
TM NonTM
-70%, p < .001
--- TM Commenced
Years
Improved Resiliency and Prevention of Burnout for Providers
-2.83
-4.65 -5.61 -6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
Controls Transcendental Meditation
Depression Perceived Stress Overall TeacherBurnout
Charles Elder MD, MPH, FACP et al, Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Employee Burnout: A randomized controlled study. The Permanente Journal, 2014 Winter; 18(1):19-23
Mea
n C
hang
e
Reduced Professional Burnoutthrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
TM decreases depression, stress, and burnout in teachers
Improved Cardiovascular Reactivity During Dynamic Activity
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Pre Intervention Post Intervention
Max
imum
Driv
ing
Spee
d(D
rivin
g Si
mul
ator
)Faster Driving Speed
-6-4-20246
Systolic Diastolic
mm
Hg
Reduced Blood Pressure During Driving
TMControl
p =.04
Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Davis H. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2001 51(4):597-605
After two months of TM practice, meditating subjects were able to drive at a higher maximum speed on a driving simulator with less elevation of blood pressure during driving compared to controls.
p =.03
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
Anxiety Depression Anger Confusion Fatigue
Prof
ile o
f Moo
d St
ates
Pretest Posttest
p = .001 p = .001p = .001 p = .001p = .001
Decreased Mood Disturbances in Family Caregiversthrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Two months of regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique reduced caregivers’ anxiety by 31%, depression by 31%, anger by 36%, confusion by 19%, and fatigue by 29%.Reference: International Archives of Nursing and Health Care Perspectives 1, no. 011 (2015): 1-4.
How Do You Learn TM?
TMCOURSESTRUCTURE:FOURCONSECUTIVEDAYS
• ORIENTATION:IntroductoryTalk(1hour)• DAY1:Personalone-on-oneinstructioninTMtechnique(1.5
hours)• DAY2– DAY4:Groupfollow-upsessions(1.5hourseach)• FURTHERgroupandpersonalfollow-upmeetings/sessions
ResourcesTM Official Website:
tm.org
TM Health Professionals Association:tm.org/healthpro(844) 733-3786
David Lynch Foundation (DLF):davidlynchfoundation.org
DLF has extensive experience soliciting private funds and can partner with agencies to make specific proposals.
Questions?