Traning Report Mecon

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

MECON LIMITED

(A Govt. of India Enterprise)

Ranchi- 834002

SUBMITTED BY

DEVANSHU KUMAR

ROLL No.10901160911

BHAGWANT UNIVERSITY

AJMER, RAJASTHAN

TRAINING DATE04.06.2012 TO 13.07.2012


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Working in an illustrated company like MECON was a great learning experience. I am

thankful to MECON LIMITED for providing me the opportunity to work and learn under the

guidance of MR. MAINAK MOITRA, without whom. I would have never been able to complete

the project. I would also like to thank MR. M.S.S.N MURTHY for his support.

Working under them was an experience unparalleled. I would be forever indebted to themfor the knowledge, support and guidance they provided during the project

DEVANSHU KUMAR

B.E. Final year

BHAGWANT UNIVERSITY


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INDEX

S.No CONTENT Page No.1. COMPANY PROFILE

2. CC-TV SYSTEM

3. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

4. FIRE ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM

5. LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM

6. CONCLUSION

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY


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COMPANYS PROFILE

MECONMECON Limited, formerly known as (Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants (India)

Limited) is a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Steel of the Government of India.

It began in 1959 as the Central Engineering and Designing Bureau (CEDB) of the HindustanSteel Limited (HSL), the first public sector steel company. Subsequently, CEDB grew as

Metallurgical and Engineering Consultant (MECON), a subsidiary of the Steel Authority of India

Limited (SAIL) in 1973. It later became an autonomous company reporting to the Ministry of

Steel in 1978. 1st April is observed as Foundation Day in MECON.

MECON Limited provides services in Power, Energy & Environment, Infrastructure, Oil & Gas,

Metallurgy and other specialized areas. MECON is the first engineering consultancyorganization in India to be accredited with the ISO 9001 certification.

MECON GLIMPSES:

MECON LIMITED is a public sector undertaking under the Ministry of Steel,Government of India.

MECON LIMITED established in 1959 under the aegis of Central Engineering & DesignBureau (CEDB), is Indias frontline engineering, consultancy and contracting

organization, offering full range of services required for setting up of Project fromconcept to commissioning including turnkey execution.

MECON is a multi- disciplinary firm with 1285 experienced & dedicated engineers,scientists and technologists, having a network of offices spread all over the country,

experienced in handling consultancy assignments and EPC Projects.

MECON has played a significant role in the development and expansion of IndianIndustries. MECON is an ISO: 9001:2008 company and is registered with international

financial institutions like WB, ADB, AFDB and has technological tie-ups with worldleaders.

MISSION:

"Developing into an internationally recognized centre of excellence for providing quality

services in technical consultancy, design & engineering, design & supply of plant, equipment &systems, Project implementation from concept to commissioning for industrial development and

up gradation ventures, development of infrastructure and other service sectors."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Sector_Undertakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Sector_Undertaking


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QUALITY POLICY :

KEY AREAS OF ACTIVITIES :

METALS

Iron Making


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Steel Making Rolling Mills Non- Ferrous By- products & Chemicals Raw Materials & Mining

Beach Sand Mining & Mineral Beneficiation Refractories Research & Development

POWER

Power Plant- Thermal & Hydel Transmission & Distribution Non- conventional Energy sources Energy Management & Audit RLA & RMU Studies

OIL & GAS

Oil & Gas Pipelines Petrochemicals & Refineries CNG stations & City GAS Distribution POL Depots LPG bulk storage, handling, bottling & transportation Group Gathering station. Off-shore platforms & marine pipelines Retail Outlets

INFRASTRUCTURE

Civil & Structural Engineering Architecture & Town Planning Ports & Material Handling Roads, Bridges, Highways & Flyovers Defence Sector Environmental Engineering Hydro Engineering Information Technology Techno- Economics and Management Consultancy Services Healthcare Sector


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CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

SYSTEM (CCTV)


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Introduction

As the name implies, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a system in which the circuit is

closed and all the elements are directly connected. This is unlike broadcast television where any


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receiver that is correctly tuned can pick up the signal from the airwaves. Directly connected in

this context includes systems linked by microwave, infrared beams, etc.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use ofvideo cameras to transmit a signal to a specific

place, on a limited set of monitors.

It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may

employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video

cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used forsurveillance in areasthat may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience

stores.

In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central

control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may

operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form ofCCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years,

with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detectionand email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with

megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internalflash for completely stand-alone operation.

The Applications for CCTV

Probably the most widely known use of CCTV is in security systems and such applications asretail shops, banks, government establishments, etc. The true scope for applications is almost

unlimited. Some examples are listed below.

Monitoring traffic on a bridge. Recording the inside of a baking oven to find the cause of problems. A temporary system to carry out a traffic survey in a town centre. Time lapse recording for the animation of plasticine puppets. Used by the stage manager of a show to see obscured parts of a set. The well-publicised use at football stadiums. Hidden in buses to control vandalism. Recording the birth of a gorilla at a zoo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Recordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Recordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera


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Making a wildlife program using a large model helicopter. Reproducing the infrared vision of a goldfish! Aerial photography from a hot air balloon. Production control in a factory.

The list is almost endless and only limited by the imagination.

A mobile closed-circuit TV van monitoring a street market

The shop manager provides the closedcircuit television system for Control and supervision of

technological processes at points, which are difficult to be observed directly, or which require

monitoring from a remote control centre & General supervision.

Some of the uses are discussed in details:

>>Industrial processes

Industrial processes that take place under conditions dangerous for humans are today oftensupervised by CCTV. These are mainly processes in the chemical industry, the interior of

reactors or facilities for manufacture ofnuclear fuel. Special cameras for some of these purposes

include line-scan cameras and thermo graphic cameras which allow operators to measure the

temperature of the processes. The usage of CCTV in such processes is sometimes required bylaw.

>>Traffic monitoring

Many cities and motorway networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents. Many of these cameras however, are

owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers'GPSsystems.

TheHighways Agencyhas a publicly-owned CCTV network of over 1,200 cameras covering the

English motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor trafficconditions and are not used asspeed cameras. With the addition of fixed cameras for theActive

Traffic Managementsystem, the number of cameras on the Highways Agency's CCTV network

is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Line-scan_camera_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Line-scan_camera_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Line-scan_camera_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry


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TV CAMERA:

The camera unit shall be complete with all electronic circuitry, devices, components,control switches, standard mount foe lenses, mounting assemblies etc. Controls like

back focus lens select, phase adjustment, power ON/OFF etc. provided at the rear for on

the spot adjustment.

The mounting assemblies of the cameras shall be individually selected depending upon

the special requirements as per actual site conditions. The camera mounting platform

shall be suitable for, mounting the camera assembly on the walls/ false ceilings/ column/structures as per the area to be covered by the individual camera.

Technical data Camera:

TV system : CCIR-PAL, 625 lines, and 50 fields/sec.

Scanning system : 2:1 interlaced scanningMinimum scene : 10 lux for usable picture illuminationVideo output : 1.0V (p-p), 75 ohms

Lens type : Motorized zoom / fixed focal length

The camera mounting platform shall be suitable for mounting the camera assembly on

walls/ false ceilings/ column/ structures as per the area to be covered by the individual

camera.

The camera lenses shall be remote controlled motorized zoom/ fixed focal length type.

The choice of lenses, their focal length and viewing angle shall be judiciously done for

effective monitoring suited to the specific application requirements in the shop floor.

Auto iris lenses with internal spot filters shall be used for varying lighting conditions.

Protective Arrangements:

To protect the CCTV camera from high temperature, dust, humidity, corrosion of the

steel plant environment, weather proof housing (conforming to IP 54) shall be providedfor the cameras.


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The housing shall be made of rugged die-cast aluminium alloy and painted against

corrosion. All latches fasteners and mounting used in the weatherproof housing shall beof anti corrosion/ anti rust metal. Heavy duty type wash & wipe unit for cleaning the

front glass of the housing and blower fan for cooling the housing shall be provided as

part of the weather proof housing. The control for the wash & wipe unit blower unitshall be provided in the control panel at the operators deck.

Water cooling jacket for the camera

At the locations where the ambient temperature is high, the protective camerahousings will be provided with water cooling jacket to protect the camera againsthigh temperature in against high temperature in areas having ambient

temperature up to 120 degrees Celsius. Cooling water will be supplied to the

jacket continuously to cool the camera and keep it frilly efficient & operational.

Double walled stainless steel housing will be provided for protective camera

high temperature. Back cover of the water cooled housing will be detachable so

that the camera can be taken out / installed from the rear for service andinspection.

The cooling jacket will have temperature sensor to monitor the temperature ofthe camera, a toughened glass front, filter & an annuciator. Whenever the camera

temperature crosses the upper threshold limit of the desired temperature there

will be audio visual indication in the control panel at the operator desk.

Technical Parameter

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PARAMETERS

1. Type of camera used C/CS

2. Temperature range 60-120 degree Celsius

3. Cooling water Industrial grade cooling waterat 35 degree Celsius

PAN AND TILT UNIT:


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The remote controlled pan & tilt unit shall be rugged in construction and smooth in

operation. This unit shall be used to cover large area of interest for surveillance in

different directions, as required by the control room operator.

The unit shall be suitable for mounting on walls / column / structures / hanging from

ceiling to meet the indoor surveillance requirement. The unit shall have completefreedom of movement throughout the entire pan & tilt scan.

The unit shall comprise of pan & tilt head and control unit. The control unit shall be

installed in the control panel at the operators deck. The remote control unit shall bedesigned to move the camera both in horizontal and vertical planes.

Operating angle : Horizontal 0 to 355 degree, Vertical +/- 90 degree

Operating speed : Panning 4 degree/second, Tilting 4 degree/second

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PARAMETERS

1. Angular travel in horizontal plane 0 to 355

2. Angular travel in vertical plane +/- 90 degree

3. Operating speed Panning (no loadcondition)

6 deg./sec

4. Operating speed Tilting (no load

condition)

6 deg./sec

5. Maximum load (Load rating to be

compatible for camera, lens and housing

fitted)

6. Braking Mechanical friction type

7. Rated temperature range Up to 120 degree Celsius

CCTV MONITOR:

The Black & white / colour CCTV monitor shall be suitable for industrial application and

compatible for the TV cameras.


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It shall be of fully solid state, modular in design and shall provide a bright, clear and

well-defined picture display on the TV screen.

All controls for power supply on/off, brightness, contrast, vertical hold etc. shall be

provided on front panel for readily adjusting the video signal.

The rear panel shall be equipped with input and output BNC connectors for coupling the

video output to other TV equipment.

The video monitor shall be housed in a dust- proof metal enclosure with antidazzling

light shield. It shall be suitable for rack mounting / moon control console / ceiling hangtype as par the site requirement.

The specifications of the Camera to be used and different requirements:

Picture tube size : 19 diagonal

Scanning system : CCIR-B PAL, 625 lines and 50 field/sec

Horizontal resolution : Better than 600 lines

Vertical scan rate : 50 Hz

Power supply : 240V, 50Hz, single phase AC.

VIDEO SWICHING UNIT:

The unit shall be suitable for switching & channelling of incoming video signals from

different TV cameras to a single monitor.

The switching unit shall have on screen camera identification and on screen operation

status. It shall confirm to the technical parameters given below.


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CONTROL PANEL:

The control panel shall facilitate easy operation and enable the operator to have a clear

and easy view of the pictures transmitted by various cameras.

All remote camera controls i.e.; control of camera, control of motorized zoom lens

assembly, pan & tilt head , control of blower unit , wipe & wash unit of the weather proofhousing and its associated equipment shall be mounted on one desk mounted type console

and shall be installed in the control pulpits.

The control panel shall indicate the temperature of the camera (the temperature inside the

water-cooling jacket) & there will be an audiovisual indication in case the temperature

violates the desired limits.

INTERCONNECTING CABLES:

The inter connection cables shall include:

Coaxial cable for transmission of video signal from camera to the monitor. Multi-core control cable for remote control of camera and pan & tilt unit through

remote control units from the operator console, as required.

Power supply cables for providing power supply to various equipments.


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Coaxial Cable Multi-core Cable Power Supply CableThe supplier shall furnish detailed technical specification of various types of cables

proposed to be used for providing interconnection between various units of the CCTV

system.

POWER SUPPLY:

All the equipment of the CCTV system shall work on 240 V, 50Hz, single phase AC

power supply.

The tenderer shall also supply and install the necessary power supply equipment required

for feeling stabilized power supply to CCTV system.

An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) system shall be supplied and installed by the

tenderer for providing necessary stabilized and continuous power supply to the completeequipment at the control centre. The power supply equipment shall include all

transformers, chargers and maintenance free battery bank (for 30 minutes back up),inverters, distribution boards etc. including all necessary cabling and other accessories.

Technological developments:


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Todays High-definition CCTV cameras have many computer controlled technologies that allow

them to identify, track, and categorize objects in their field of view.

>>Video Content Analysis:

VCA is the capability of automatically analyzingvideoto detect and determine temporal eventsnot based on a singleimage. As such, it can be seen as the automated equivalent of the biological

visual cortex.

A system using VCA can recognize changes in the environment and even identify and compareobjects in the database using size, speed, and sometimes color. The cameras actions can be

programmed based on what it is seeing. For example; an alarm can be issued if an object has

moved in a certain area, or if a painting is missing from a wall, and if someone has spray painted

the lens.

VCA analytics can also be used to detect unusual patterns in a videos environment. The system

can be set to detect anomalies in a crowd of people, for instance a person moving in the oppositedirection in airports where passengers are only supposed to walk in one direction out of a plane

or in a subway where people are not supposed to exit through the entrances.

VCA also has the ability to track people on a map by calculating their position from the images.

It is then possible to link many cameras and track a person through an entire building or area.This can allow a person to be followed without having to analyze many hours of film. Currently

the cameras have difficulty identifying individuals from video alone, but if connected to a key-

card system, identities can be established and displayed as a tag over their heads on the video.

There is also a significant difference in where the VCA technology is placed, either the data is

being processed within the cameras (on the edge) or by a centralized server. Both technologieshave their pros and cons.

>>Facial recognition system:

It is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital

image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selectedfacial features from the image and a facialdatabase.

The combination of CCTV and facial recognition has been tried as a form of mass surveillance,but has been ineffective because of the low discriminating power of facial recognition

technologyand the very high number offalse positivesgenerated. This type of system has beenproposed to compare faces at airports and seaports with those of suspected terrorists or other

undesirable entrants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Content_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Content_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Content_Analysis


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Eye-in-the-sky surveillance dome camera watching from a high steel pole

Computerized monitoring of CCTV images is under development, so that a human CCTVoperator does not have to endlessly look at all the screens, allowing an operator to observe many

more CCTV cameras. These systems do not observe people directly. Instead, they track their

behavior by looking for particular types of body-movement behavior, or particular types ofclothing or baggage.

>>Retention, storage and preservation:

Most CCTV systems record and store digital video and images to a Digital Video Recorder or in

the case of IP cameras directly to a server, either on-site or offsite.

The amount of data stored and the retention period of the video or pictures are subject to

compression ratios, images stored per second, image size and duration of image retention beforebeing overwritten.

Recordings are usually kept for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived,

overwritten or deleted. The amount of time the videos are kept allow retrieval and review in theevent a crime was committed or the information needs to be studied for any number of reasons.

>>Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP)

Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP) is more suited for capturing and saving recorded

high-resolution photographs, whereas closed-circuit television (CCTV) is more suitable for live-monitoring purposes.

However, an important feature of some CCTV systems is the ability to take high resolutionimages of the camera scene, e.g. on a time lapse or motion-detection basis. Images taken with a

digital still camera often have higher resolution than those taken with some video cameras.Increasaingly, low-cost high-resolution digital still cameras can also be used for CCTV purposes.

Images may be monitored remotely when the computer is connected to a network.

>>IP cameras
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye-in-the-sky083.jpg


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A growing branch in CCTV is internet protocol cameras (IP cameras). IP cameras use the

Internet Protocol(IP) used by mostLocal Area Networks(LANs) to transmit video across data

networks in digital form.

Easy Connect WirelessIP camera

IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view theircamera(s) through any internet connection available through a computer or a 3Gphone. Forprofessional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a

private network orVPN.

>>Wireless security cameras

Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance also. Wireless

cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power.

Wireless security camera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camera


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Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install. Previous generations of wirelesssecurity cameras relied on analog technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology

which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure and interference-free signal.

CCTV camera vandalism

Unless physically protected, CCTV cameras have been found to be vulnerable against a variety

of (mostly illegal) tactics:

Some people will deliberately destroy cameras. Some cameras can come with Dust-Tight, Pressurized, Explosion proof, and bullet-resistant housings.

Spraying substances over the lens can make the image too blurry to be read. Lasers can blind or damage them. However, since most lasers are monochromatic, color

filters can reduce the effect of laser pointers. However, filters will also impair image

quality and overall light sensitivity of cameras (see laser safety article for details on

issues with filters). Also, complete protection from infrared, red, green, blue and UVlasers would require use of completely black filters, rendering the camera useless.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safety


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TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

The telephone exchange presently being used in the industrial complexes are

designed with latest digital switching technology and offer utmost reliability and

efficiency in operation ensuring instant communication. The number of extensionlines may vary from 50 lines to 1, 00,000 lines depending upon the requirement.

INTRODUCTION:

The telephone exchange is microprocessor based, stored program controlled,

employing time division multiplexing and pulse code modulation technique.

The telephone exchange is modular in construction, thus enabling system up

gradation to meet future requirements in small steps.

Redundancy is provided in the exchange control unit & other critical components

to ensure uninterrupted operation of the exchange functions even in case of failure

of these units/components.

The telephone exchange are capable of simultaneously accepting, processing and

delivering information in various forms such as voice, data and text in wholly

integrated manner.

The exchange provide all familiar distinct tones, such as dial tone, busy tone, NU

tone, ring back tone etc.

Adequate protection of exchange is provided against electrical short circuits and

heavy current flow as a result of induced or conducted lightning or power systems

faults. The exchange is also protected against electromagnetic and electrostatic

interference.

Present day telephone exchange provides introduction of remote maintenance of

the exchange.

The exchange shall work on48V DC power supply. All auxiliary power supplies

required for equipment shall be derived internally from the 48 V supply.

All the components used in the telephone exchange are rated for round the clock

continuous operation.


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Equipment details:

The telephone exchange system shall broadly comprise of :

Telephone exchange equipment and peripherals Main distribution frame with protection devices Power supply equipment including rectifier cum charger Back up battery set and interconnecting cables & wires Auto-telephone instruments Telephone cable network comprising cables wires distribution & termination

devices and associated accessories required for connecting the telephone

instruments to the telephone exchange.

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE:

The exchange cabinet is complete with central processing unit,

control/extension/junction line/conference facility cards, switching circuits,

interfacing module and devices for processing and interconnection of speech, data

& text and service circuits, power supply modules, maintenance console, operator

console, interconnecting cables, wires, connectors and other auxiliary equipment.

The exchange is basically called as EPABX (Electronics Private Automatic Branch

Exchange). The main manufactures of such exchange are SIEMENS, NEON etc.

The one that used in MECON is NE1000 series which have its modules bigger in

size than that of SIEMENS. These are digital electronic circuits with normally

extensions from 512-6144. It uses pulse code modulation for speech path. It allows

the transmission of data, voice and image processing for office automation. It also

allows internet, word processing, simultaneous and bidirectional communication of

data along with mail service.

The main cabinet of an exchange mainly consist of two parts namely basic cabinet,and Link Terminal Equipment (LTE). Also there is a possibility for adding

additional cabinet units or LTEs depending on the requirement. In MECON, the

exchange uses 650 lines which can be extendible up to 1000 lines.


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LINK TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (LTE):

A LTE is equipment that is used to connect actual calls between different users. It

is terminated at the exchange mother-board through an Inter Unit Highway Bus.

For a typical exchange, there will be a number of LTEs present. It also consists ofMiscellaneous Equipment (MSEA) which is used as a Level adjustor.

Each LTE consists of number of PCBs. Each PCB can have a maximum of 8

numbers connected to it. These are all again interconnected using inter unit buses.

Each Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has a number of integrated chips (IC),

capacitors, resistors, and LEDs present on it. These are used for the proper

operation of the exchange. The LEDs are used to show the status of a particular

line. Since there are a maximum of 8 lines present, there will be 8 LEDs present on

each PCB for each line.

The PCB consists of a 16-bit microprocessor embedded in it which is used to make

computation and processing. It is also used to generate system clock and calendar.

There are also other applications like mathematical manipulations and also ability

of storage present in the microprocessor.

The LTE also consist of electronic switching circuits that are used to switch

between different users. These switching circuits are all controlled by the central

Mother-board present in the exchange. The entire cabinet is divided into a number

of rows. All the basic cabinets and LTEs are placed in these rows. The LTEs

normally must be mounted from the lower row. To increase the capacity of the

cabinet, additional units are simply mounted on to the previous rows.

Each LTE has two cords connected to it. They are power supply cord and a Bus

Interface Cord. The power supply cord gives the LTE a voltage of about 5V and a

current of 16A. The Bus Interface cord is used to interface the LTE section to the

Mother-board.

The maintenance of the cabinet and the motherboard along with all its equipment is

done by using peripherals like a computer, and a Line printer. Software called

Hyper Terminal is used in the maintenance works. The one that is used at MECON

is cgl.ht. Using the computer, the operator can know which lines are on and for


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what time. So this can be used to calculate the bills, the number of hours a line is

on etc.

The format that is used in this software is given by,

Interrupt FNC : p1, p2 :

ESCAPE FUNCTION delimit parameter End

Code section code section

The Function section is used to classify the function to be performed. The

parameter section takes in the addresses of LTEs and the numbers of the callers i.e.

the address of the terminal. The other parts are nothing but the syntax used in thesoftware.

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF):

MDF serves as a common terminating point of the telephone cable network. The

MDF shall be compact with systematic wiring and termination, following a

numbering scheme facilitating easy maintenance. MDF acts as a connection

between the exchange and the actual phone lines. So it has two sides present in it

namely the Exchange side, and the Line side. The exchange side is the side where

the MDF is connected to the cabinet. The line side is the side where it isconnected

to the phone lines.

MDF is mainly an interface between input and output lines. The main reason for

the use of MDF is that it allows a more number of phone lines to be connected than

what actually are present in the cabinet i.e. if there are some 600 lines in the

cabinet, then actually if no MDF is present there would be only 600 phones

connected to it. If MDF is present, it connects more than 600 phones (say 650

lines) to the cabinet. This is done by generalizing that not all the 650 phones are

actually used simultaneously. So using this principle it increases the number of

telephones that are connected to the exchange. MDFs that are used are of Krone


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type. MDF also consist of Tag blocks that are used to connect to the actual lines.

These are then connected to the MDF through normal cables.

MDF mainly consist of two section- one for input and other for outputs. Each

section has a number of blocks depending upon the requirements. Each block has10 pairs of wires connected to it and these can be allotted to 10 subscribers or 10

telephones. One block will be in the line side and the other will be in the exchange

side i.e. one is connected to the phone lines and the other to the exchange. The size

of the MDF depends on the number of phone lines and the capacity of the

exchange.

Each MDF block in the line side is provided with protection devices. These

protection devices are used to provide protection to the exchange from effects like

short circuit, open circuit and other voltage fluctuations. One of the mostly usedprotection devices is the Glass Discharge Tube (GDT). A GDT consists of a glass

discharge tube that is filled inside with vacuum at the centre. When a signal goes

through it, it is discharged through the tube in such a way that it is accordance with

the current present in the signal. So, based on the input current of the signal, the

signal is sent through it to the exchange side avoiding any adverse effects. This

protection should be given at line side because generally the variations are more in

the signal coming from the main phone line.

Generally the MDF is mounted on a wall and the connecting wires are made

through the ceiling or the flooring.

Power Supply Equipment:

Power supply to the exchange is provided from 240V, 50Hz, single phase, AC

supply. The exchange shall work off 48V DC obtained through a Rectifier cum

Charger or Automatic Charger cum Booster.

The power supply equipment shall comprise of suitably rated stabilized rectifiercum charger feeding to the Exchange and a set of battery in parallel float working

principle. The set of battery (lead acid type) works as a backup for providing un

interrupted power supply to the exchange equipment in case of AC mains failure.

A switching circuit in the power supply unit automatically change-over from

rectifier to battery supply in case of AC mains failure.


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The automatic charger cum booster is connected to the battery equipment and the

also is connected to the AC mains. When the electric mains are on, AC power is

delivered to the exchange. When there is no electric mains supply, then it

automatically changes to the battery unit for getting the supply. When the AC

mains are present, the rectifier automatically charges the battery unit. Also abooster unit is present inside, which is used to boost the power supply when

needed i.e. to increase the power supply instantaneously.

Battery Unit:

This unit consists of four batteries (may be of lead acid), each with a capacity of

12V. These are all connected in series to provide a total supply of 48V DC. This

battery unit should be kept in a separate room since there is a possibility of these

batteries leaking the acid out. These batteries are charged through the rectifier cum

charger when the supply mains are on. Some of the companies that provide

batteries are EXCIDE, Amara raja, VARTA etc.

This battery unit requires a completely independent room because of its heavy size.

But recently, the batteries have shrunk in size and the capacity is also increased.

The capacity of the batteries is measured in terms of the ampere-hours it can

produce. Typically, a battery unit will have about nearly 180 Amp-Hr. This value

will provide the information about how long a battery can give a backup to theexchange. Basing on the load it drives, which is about 25 A in a typical 1000 line

exchange, the capacity of battery unit will be around 7-8 hours continuously.

The battery room should have acid-resistance flooring and should have an exhaust

fan attached to the wall. The illumination to the room may be low.


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Telephone Instruments:

Telephone instruments are desk/wall mounted type, rugged in construction suitable

for industrial application. The telephone instruments shall be

Standard table top model Standard wall mounted model Executive secretary model Loud ringing model Multi-key model Cordless model

A standard telephone unit consists of mainly 4 sections:

Cradle unit Speech unit Dial unit Bell unit

Cradle Unit:

The cradle unit consists of a spring. This acts as a switch between the line in and

bell unit. When the spring is in depressed position, there will be a connection

between the line in and bell unit. Since the lines in has the signal input which

consists of 48V DC, the bell unit will be provided with a voltage. So whenever a

call comes, and then signal in comes and the bell unit gets the voltage and the bell

rings. Also when the spring is not in a depressed position i.e. the handset is lifted,

then the connection between bell unit and the signal in will be removed. But the

speech unit is connected always to the line in. so when the spring is not depressed,

i.e. the handset is released, the speech unit gets a signal from the exchange which

gives a dial tone to the line in.

Speech Unit:

The speech unit consists of an Integrated Chip TEA1060. It is mainly used to send

the speech signals to the exchange and from there to the other phone. It is also used


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to get the dial tone and other tones from the exchange. It will be connected to the

signal in always so that it gets the input voltage at all times.

Dial Unit:

The dial unit consists of an IC UM 9559E, a number pad and sensors. Whenever

the handset is lifted, the dial tone is heard. Then the number is pressed on the

number pad. The dialing can be of two types-

Tone Dialing Pulse Dialing

In the tone dialing, each number will be given some frequency, and if a number is

pressed, then that particular frequency is set and given to the exchange. At the

exchange the digit is identified by using the frequency.

In the pulse dialing, when a digit is pressed, then the circuit is selected a number of

times equivalent to the digit pressed. So, based on the number of times a circuit is

selected, the digit is identified.

The digit pad is attached with a sensor for each digit. These sensors are used to

sense the digit that is pressed and give to the exchange, based on whether tone

dialing is being used or pulse dialing. A 10 line parallel bus is used to connect the

digit pad to the actual circuit, this is if the form of parallel gateway.

Bell Unit:

This unit consists of an IC LS1240, a condenser and a volume control knob. The

bell unit is connected to the line in through the cradle unit. The spring in the cradle

unit acts as a switch between the bell unit and the line in. Whenever the spring is

depressed, there will be connection between the bell unit and the line in. Then if a

call comes, there will be a signal from the line in, which in turns on the beli byproviding a voltage required for the bell. When the handset is lifted, i.e. the spring

is not depressed, and then there will be no connection between the bell unit and the

line in.

The IC produces a sound based on the input voltage it obtained. A condenser or a

capacitor will be there to maintain a uniform voltage and to reduce the variations in


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the input voltage. It is also used in speech recognition. It is typically of 350 V DC

and 1.5 micro farad (+/- 10%). There is also a volume control knob to adjust the

sound of the ring of the phone. This is done by using a resistor-capacitor network

which changes the voltage coming to the IC. Thus the IC produces the sound based

on the input voltage applied and so the ring sound changes accordingly.

There will also be a bridge circuit to reduce the microphone signal. Also there will

be points for in line coming from the exchange and for connecting the handset.

Sound proof booths for telephones:

Soundproof booths are provided for the telephones to be installed in noisy areas in

the shop floor. These booths are provided with audio visual indication facilities for

incoming calls.

Cable Network:

The telephone exchange has a separate cable network for facilitating the provision

of the specified number of telephones in various units of the plant complex.

For interplant cabling, cables shall generally be laid in the manner as follows

Directly buried in ground or in cable trenches with cables laid in racks In underground cable tunnels & overhead cable galleries In concrete ducts/ pipes buried in ground where burial are not possible due

to presence of other service lines.


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FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fireby

monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is

classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm

systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other

emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services,

and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

FIGURE: Fire alarm system

Purpose of a fire alarm system:

It is the task of the fire alarm systems to detect a fire soon after it breaks out and o warn

persons who are able to initiate suitable protective measures.
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The sooner an alarm signal reaches the central alarm unit, the greater is the chance that

the fire can be brought under control in good time. This helps to keep the extent of damage and

the associated sequential damage and the losses due to the interruption of the plant operation as

low as possible.

General principles for design of fire detection and alarm system:

Detect quickly enough to fulfill its intended functions. Reliability transmits the detection signal. Remains insensitive to phenomena other than those, which its function is to detect. Signal immediately and clearly and supervised fault that might jeopardize the correct

performance of the system

Standards and statutory requirements:

The system offered shall conform to the latest editions of the following Indian standards

(IS), British standards (BS), and relevant stipulations of National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA) of USA.

IS 2189: Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of automatic

(Amend. In 1989) fire detection and alarm system.

All requirements shall comply with statutory requirements of the Government of India &

the state government, which may be enforced during the execution of the contract.

Design and arrangement of a fire alarm system:

After the fire protection goals are established - usually by referencing the minimum

levels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and

other authorities - the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components,

arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically


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manufactured for these purposes are selected and standardized installation methods are

anticipated during the design.

Fire alarm system generally consists of the following components:

Fire alarm control panel: This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs andsystem integrity, controls outputs and relays information.

Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt AlternatingCurrent source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications,

a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated

branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply

energy to a single appliance.

Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealedlead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to

supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.

Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and areeither manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices like pull stations

or smoke detectors.

Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarmsystem or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take

action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light,

electromechanical horn, speaker, or a combination of these devices.

Building Safety Interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspectsof the built environment and to prepare the building for fire and to control the spread of

smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human

transport and exit.

Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any numberof detectable physical changes associated with fire: convicted thermal energy; heat detector,

products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector, combustion gasses;

carbon monoxide detector and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector. The

newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze the visible effects of

fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.
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Automatic Fire detectors or fire identifiers:

Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems have two main purposes, in the event of a fire:

to provide a warning to the occupants of a building. and to initiate the emergency plan for the premises which can include evacuation.

Figure: Automatic fire detector

When properly installed and maintained, these systems can be a significant factor in reducing

the risk to life and limiting damage to your property in the event of a fire. These systems can

help us to respond very quickly to genuine emergencies.

Depending on the criterion to which they respond, automatic fire detectors are classified as

follows:

Heat detectors:

A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the convicted

thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The

thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the

element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors have two main

classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature."

Fixed temperature heat detector:
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This is the most common type of heat detector. Fixed temperature detectors operate

when the heat sensitive eutectic alloy reaches the eutectic point changing state from a

solid to a liquid. Thermal lag delays the accumulation of heat at the sensitive element so

that a fixed-temperature device will reach its operating temperature sometime after the

surrounding air temperature exceeds that temperature. The most common fixed

temperature point for electrically connected heat detectors is 136.4F (58C).

Technological developments have enabled the perfection of detectors that activate at a

temperature of 117F (47C), increasing the available reaction time and margin of safety.

This type of technology has been available for decades without the use of batteries or

electricity as shown in the picture.

Figure: Fixed temperature heat detector

Smoke detector:

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system,

while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or

visual alarm from the detector itself.
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Figure: Smoke detector

Ionization smoke detector:

An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope such as americium-241 to

produce ionization in air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated.

Ionization detectors are more sensitive to flaming fires than optical detectors, while

optical detectors are more sensitive to smoldering fires.

An ionization type smoke detector is generally cheaper to manufacture than an

optical smoke detector; however, it is sometimes rejected because it is more prone to

false (nuisance) alarms than photoelectric smoke detectors. It can detect particles of

smoke that are too small to be visible.

Figure: Ionization smoke detector
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Optical smoke detector:

An optical detector is a light sensor. When used as a smoke detector, it includes a light

source (incandescent bulb or infrared LED), a lens to collimate the light into a beam, and a

photodiode or other photoelectric sensor at an angle to the beam as a light detector. In the

absence of smoke, the light passes in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters

the optical chamber across the path of the light beam, some light is scattered by the smoke

particles, directing it at the sensor and thus triggering the alarm.

Also seen in large rooms, such as a gymnasium or an auditorium, are devices that detect a

projected beam. A wall-mounted unit sends out a beam, which is either received by a separate

monitoring device or reflected back via a mirror. When the beam becomes less visible to the

"eye" of the sensor, it sends an alarm signal to the fire alarm control panel.

According to the National Fire Protection Agency, "photoelectric smoke detection is

generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering (called smoldering

fires)." Also, studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto California

state, "Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but

laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning

for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants."

Although optical alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide

adequate protection from flaming fires, fire safety experts and the National Fire Protection

Agency recommend installing what are called combination alarms, which are alarms that either

detect both heat and smoke, or use both the ionization and photoelectric / optical processes. Also

some combination alarms may include a carbon monoxide detection capability.

Not all optical or photoelectric detection methods are the same. The type and sensitivity

of the photodiode or optical sensor, and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers.
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Figure: optical smoke detector

Flame detector:

There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a detector that

uses optical sensors to detect flames. There are also ionization. flame detectors, which use

current flow in the flame to detect flame presence, and thermocouple flame detectors.

Combined with the ionization smoke detector it is also suitable for supervising high room

e.g. oir craft hanger & rooms with highly inflammable materials. it can also be used where

deception probability due to simulation flame characteristics is especially high e.g. motor test

stand

The flame detectors respond to the modulated radiation in the infra red range emitted by

flames.

Non automatic fire detectors:

The person in the affected room or area operates non automatic fire detectors by hand,

usually. The non-automatic fire detectors are preferable mounted in escape routes at exits,

stairways, in areas with a special fire hazard and spread over buildings covering a large area.
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Depending on where they are used, there are different type manual fire alarm call points.

Fire Alarm Control Panel:

Fire Alarm Control Panel is the controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The

panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated

with fire, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment,

and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a

predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated

sensor, control, transmitter, or relay. There are four basic types of panels: coded panels,

conventional panels, addressable panels, and multiplex systems.

Figure: Fire alarm control panel
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Conventional panels have been around ever since electronics became small enough tomake them viable. conventional panels are used less frequently in large buildings than in the

past, but are not uncommon on smaller projects such as small schools, stores, restaurants, andapartments.

A conventional Fire Alarm Control Panel employs one or more circuits, connected tosensors (initiating devices) wired in parallel. These sensors are devised to dramatically decrease

the circuit resistance when the environmental influence on any sensor exceeds a predetermined

threshold. In a conventional fire alarm system, the information density is limited to the numberof such circuits used.

To facilitate location and control of fire within a building, the structure is subdivided intodefinite areas or zones. Floors of a multistory building are one type of zone boundary.

An Initiating Device Circuit connected to multiple devices within the same "zone" ofprotection, effectively provides 2 bits of information about the zone corollary to the state of the

circuit; normal, or off normal and alarm or quiescent. The state of each Initiating Device Circuitwithin a zone displays at the Fire Alarm Control Panel using visible indications called

Annunciators.

These Annunciates may employ a graphical representation of the Zone boundaries on afloor plan (Zone map) using textual descriptions, illuminated icons, illuminated sections, orilluminated points on the map corresponding to Initiating Circuits connected to the Fire Alarm

Control Panel.

For this reason, slang often inaccurately refers to initiating circuits of a Fire Alarm

Control Panel as Zones.

Larger systems and increasing demand for finer diagnostic detail beyond broad area

location and control functions expanded the control by Zone strategy of conventional systems byproviding multiple initiating circuits within a common Zone, each exclusively connected to a

particular type of initiating device, or group of devices. This arrangement forms a device type by

Zone matrix whose information is particularly suited to the Tabular Annunciate orIn multistory

buildings employing a Tabular Annunciate or for Example; rows of indicators define the floorshorizontally in their stacked relationship and the type of device installed on that floor displays as

columns of indicators vertically aligned through each floor. The intersection of the floor and

device indicators provides the combined information. The density of information however

remains a function of the number of circuits employed.

Even larger systems and demands for finer diagnostic and location detail led to the

introduction ofaddressable fire alarm systems with each addressable device providing specificinformation about its state while sharing a common communication circuit. Annunciation and

location strategies for the most part remain relatively unchanged.
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Power Supply:

The power supply, which is usually integrated in the fire alarm panel, consists of two

power sources each independent of the other. One is the main supply, the other is a chargeable

battery that in the event of a main failure automatically supplies power to the fire alarm system

without interruption. The battery is constantly kept in a state ready for operation,. Faliour of one

of the power source is indicated as a fault on the fire alarm panel.


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LOUDSPEAKER:

This system is intended to provide instantaneous and reliable communication as per the technological

requirements between various process control points, senior operation and maintenance personnel of

the shop/plant.

1. LSIS(Loudspeaker Intercommunication System)

2. LSTBS(Loudspeaker Talkback System)

3. General Announcement System

LSIS(Loudspeaker Intercommunication System)

The system is microprocessor based and consists of a Central Control Unit(CCU) number of subscriber

stations, power supply equipment and interconnecting cable network. The subscriber stations can be

switched in as desired through the central control units.

The system shall provide the following modes of communication amongst its various subscribers:

a) Master to subscriber

b)Subscriber to master

c)Subscriber to subscriber through master

d)Subscriber to subscriber direct


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There is no limitation on no of simultaneous communication channels. In point to point call mode , a

subscriber can called a chosen subscriber by pressing the switch or no allotted for the called subscriber .

Priority calls for a subscriber by pressing priority breaks in. Group calls from a subscriber is possible and

diagnostic features is inbuilt in the system.

The equipment is designed for reproducing high level perfectly intelligible speech and shall have highoperational reliability under adverse reliable condition such as corrosive and dusty atmosphere , high

temperature, humidity and vibration of industrial complexes .

In principle all subscriber station shall be connected to the central unit by ordinary standard twisted ,

multi paired PVC insulated , PVC sheathed telephone cable.

Equipment details :

The system microprocessor based and consist of the following :

a)CCU for system

b)No of subscriber stations

c)Power supply units including set of backup battery

d)Interconnecting cables

CCU:- CCU is microprocessor based intended foe automatic speech path switching and blocking between

various subscriber station connected to the system.It is modular in design and is hosed in dust proof , self

supporting or wall mounting cabinet with a lockable rear door . The CCU is provided diagnostic features

that is facility for monitoring and checking the function subscriber station .

Subscriber stations:- Each subscriber station consist pre amplifier ,an amplifier ,a loudspeaker a noise

compensated microphone , power supply equipments and a switch board carrying no of push button for

station selection and group calls and junction boxes.

Power supply:-The equipment is suitable for operation from a centralized 240 Volt, 50 Hz Single phase AC

mains power supply. On failure of AC supply the system will automatically switch over to inverter supply

derived from a set of back up battery.

Interconnecting Cables:-The CCU shall be connected with all the subscriber stations using multi pair

telephones cables and shall have termination facility as required for incoming as well as outgoing

cables.Each subscriber stations is connected to its loudspeaker through a pair of copper cables .

Each subscriber station will be connected to the centralized power supply source by a core , 1.5 sq.mm .

ATC , PVC , insulated and PVC sheathed power supply cables.


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LSTB(Loudspeaker talkback system)

Loudspeaker Talkback System works in one to one mode in which

A calling person lift the handset and press to PAGE to call the desired person. Paging announcement is heard by all the loudspeaker except that of the calling station or calling

person .

After announcement calling person releases the press to PAGE and waits for response of calledperson .

Called person will go to the nearest station and communicate with the calling person directly inprivate mode.

Various modes of Loudspeaker Talkback System is:-

1. Press-to-Talk Mode:

As the term implies, the operator merely presses the Off/Listen/Talk switch to its Talk position to

communicate with other stations on the system. The loudspeaker acts as a microphone in this position.

The spring-loaded switch will return to the Listen position when released. The Off/Listen/Talk switch will

mute the loudspeaker when placed in the Off position. The signal lamp will still operate with this switch

turned Off.

2. Headset/Handset Mode:

Plugging a headset or telephone handset into the front panel will cause the LS-3 to function exactly as a

headset station. The LS-3 detects the presence of the headset or handset, and automatically disconnects

the loudspeaker. The Microphone On/Off switch is used to mute the microphone in the headset or

handset. The Off/Listen/Talk switch should be left in the Listen position in this mode.

3. Full Duplex, Hands-free Mode:

When an LSM-1 or 2 gooseneck microphone is plugged into the front panel , the LS-3 detects this and

shifts to its full duplex, hands-free mode. The gooseneck microphone and the built-in loudspeaker

operate simultaneously, with none of the clipping off of initial consonants, as happens in a VOX

operated circuit. The operator may speak and listen at the same time, without any switching. The very


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high side tone rejection performance of Production Intercom systems permits this use without

feedback, and at surprisingly high levels. For best performance in this mode, the recessed side tone

control must be optimized. Only one LS-3 may be used in this mode within any one acoustic

environment. Attempting to use more than one without acoustic isolation may result in serious feedback

problems. In a noisy environment, the Microphone On/Off switch may be used to mute the output of the

microphone to other stations.

There are five modes of control, determined by the position of the recessed Override level control

accessible through the front panel, and adding or removing links on the rear PC board.

Mode 0: No override function

Mode 1: Switch to preset override volume level

Mode 2: As mode 1, plus shunts Off/Listen/Talk from Off to Listen

Mode 3: As mode 1, plus shunts Off/Listen/Talk from any position to Listen.

Mode 4: As mode 1, plus shunts Off/Listen/Talk from Talk to Listen


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CONCLUSION

It was a great opportunity undergoing a summer training programmed at MECON. Not

only during these 45 days I, learnt about various methods of communication used in the

industries and many other things related to studies, also gave me an insight about how people

work in the industries. I also got to understand the work environment in the industries that will

definitely prove fruitful in my life when my chance to work in such an environment comes by.

Traning Report Mecon

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Transcript of Traning Report Mecon