Training report of Alcatel Lucent for 3G

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYKATUNAYAKE

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

NAME : Mr.S.L.D.Kasun777777777ADM: NUMBER : EP/10/8027

COURSE : NDES

FIELD : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER TRAINING PROGRAM : BIT - (FIRST YEAR)

DURATION : FROM 2011.08.15 TO 2012.08.15

7 Eng. WEERARATNE M.W. HOD (E) - IT:

DATE OF SUBMISSION :2012/08/14

Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd.

Illukkumbura Industrial Automation

(PVT) Ltd.

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Preface

National Diploma in Engineering Sciences –EP\10\8027

PREFACE

This document is presented on the Industrial Training acquired at Rogessor Engineering (PVT)

Limited from the 15th August 2011 till the 20th April 2012. Also it should be mentioned here that

Rogessor Engineering is providing us 08 months training program.

The material covered in this report has been divided into three main chapters, starting with an

Introduction to Training Organization, proceeds with Training Experience and ends with a

Conclusion.

The first chapter Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Limited presents some historical background of

the company, the services provided, organization structure and the present performance of the

Company. The content of my report is being fashioned with the knowledge I have received from

Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. (Etisalat Installation).

Today Etisalat is one of the leading cellular operators in the country with a widespread network

with more than 2 million active customers. Along with the wide coverage and capacity, Etisalat

also provides many value added services (VAS) to its customers and introduces new prepaid

services for the customers. Engineering section of the Etisalat has the qualified & skilled

engineers who can be capable of overcome any type of network problem. Training under these

engineers, I had a good chance to know about the GSM.

Basic Industrial Training - Rogessor Engineering Acknowledgement

National Diploma in Engineering Sciences – EP\10\8027

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure to present this report as the evidence to my stay in Rogessor Engineering (PVT)

Limited as an Industrial Trainee. The value of the training is immeasurable. It is my sincere duty to thank

all the personnel involved in the process of making the training possible and useful.

Firstly, I would like to thank the Mr. Weerarathne (HOD Training- Electrical) and the officials of the

National Apprentice & Industrial Training Authority (NAITA), for taking all the necessary arrangements

related to our industrial training program.

There very special thanks should be made to the Mr. G.K.Dhahanayake, the Senior Project Engineer of

Rogessor Engineering (PVT) limited to request Trainees form Institute of Engineering Technology.

I wish to extend my sincere salute to Mrs.T.D.Dilhani Rathnathillake, the Managing Director, for

preparing almost all of the arrangements including scheduling our training program. My appreciation is

widening to Transmission and Maintenance Manager and Engineers of the Rogessor Engineering (PVT)

Ltd. on their effort to teach us as much as they know, in a friendly manner.

I also sincerely express my gratitude to other officers of the Alcatel Lucent for the help they rendered to

us even in the busiest period of the operation. In particular I would like to thank Mr.Pradeep

Dissanayake, the Project Manager, and all the technicians for support provided and sharing their

knowledge and experience.

In addition, I must not forget to thank my three colleagues for their wonderful corporation, and the

Lecturers/Instructors of the Institute of Engineering Technology to have brought me up to this standard

to have training in a company like this.

Finally, I must express my gratefulness towards my loving parents for the support and guidance and to

those who were so helpful in many ways in the period of training at Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Limited.

S.L.D.KasunEP/10/8027Department of Electrical Engineering Institute of Engineering TechnologyKatunayake.

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Content


CONTENT

Establishment 1:- Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd.

Chapter Page No.

1 Company Introduction & Tasks /Services 1-30

2 Global System For Mobile Communication 31-55

3 NodeB Integration 56-64

4 3G (3rd Generation) 65-73

5 Routers 74-74

6 NMS (Network Monitoring System) 75-90

Establishment 2:- Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd.

Chapter Page No.

1 Electrical Wiring 91-98

2 Electrical Tools 99-101

3 Earthing 102-105

4 Electrical Circuits 106-113

5 Safety 114-116

6 Duties & Responsibilities 117-120


INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORTSubmitted for completion of theBasic Industrial Training

Program at

Rogessor Engineering (PVT) LimitedFrom 15th August 2011 to 20th April 2012

BY

Mr. S.L.D.KasunEP / 10 / 8027

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: POWER

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES (NDES)

B.I.T. – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Introduction

National Diploma in Engineering Sciences (EP/10/8027) Page 1

B.I.T. – Rogessor Engineering (Pvt) Ltd.


1. GSM – Global System for Mobile

Communication.

Figure 1.1



Global System for Mobile communications

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is

widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division

multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony

technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it

down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at

either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more

than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4%

of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM

mobile phone users worldwide. Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with

foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other

countries. SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) holding home network access configurations

may be switched to those will metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs while

experiencing no reductions in service. GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the

evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data

(HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and

Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

GSM: Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses

the standard. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone

operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from

its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a

second generation (2G) mobile phone system. The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an

advantage to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without

switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the

many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier,

alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which

is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard

includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international

travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For

example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet

Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced

Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).



Figure 1.2

Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

900/1800 MHz band (US: 850/1900 MHz)

For 900 MHz band

Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960

25 MHz bandwidth - 124 carrier frequency channels, spaced 200 KHz apart

Time Division Multiplexing for 8 full rate speech channels per frequency channel.

Circuit Switched Data with data rate of 9.6 kbps

Handset transmission power limited to 2 W in GSM850/900 and 1 W in GSM1800/1900.



GSM Speech Coding

Figure 1.3

GSM service quality requirements

Figure 1.4



GSM 900 and GSM 1800

Figure 1.5

GSM Summary

Figure 1.6



Advanced Features Provided by GSM

• Ad Calling Line ID

- incoming telephone number displayed

• Alternate Line Service

- one for personal calls

- one for business calls

• Closed User Group

- call by dialing last for numbers

• Advice of Charge

- tally of actual costs of phone calls

• Fax & Data

- Virtual Office / Professional Office

• Roaming

- services and features can follow customer from market to market

Basic Features Provided by GSM

• Call Waiting

- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset

• Call Hold

- Put a caller on hold to take another call

• Call Barring

- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls

• Call Forwarding

- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user

• Multi Party Call Conferencing

- Link multiple calls together

Advantages of GSM • Crisper, cleaner quieter calls

• Security against fraud and eavesdropping

• International roaming capability in over 100 countries

• Improved battery life

• Efficient network design for less expensive system expansion

• Efficient use of spectrum

• Advanced features such as short messaging and caller ID

• A wide variety of handsets and accessories

• High stability mobile fax and data at up to 9600 baud

• Ease of use with over the air activation, and all account information is held in

a smart card which can be moved from handset to handset



Mobile station (MS)

The mobile station (MS) is the physical equipment used by a GSM subscriber. It comprises two

distant parts; a subscriber identity module (SIM) and the mobile equipment (ME).

Subscriber identity module (SIM)

The SIM is a smart card which carries all of the subscriber specific information needed by an

MS. The SIM can be moved between MSs, thereby enabling a GSM user to use any GSM mobile

as through it were the users own; that is, receiving all calls directed to the users number, and

incurring all charges for its usage. The main function of the SIM are to identify the current user

of an MS and to take part in certain security and confidentially procedures (subscriber

authentication and generation of ciphering keys).The SIM also stores recent location data, and

may have the facility to store personal information for the subscriber, such as abbreviated dialing

codes, messages received via the short message service, etc.

All security features of GSM are stored in the SIM for maximum protection

Authentication algorithm

Cipher key generation algorithm

PIN (personal identification number,4-8 digits)

PUK (PIN unblocking key,8digits)



Mobile Equipment (ME)

The mobile equipment (ME) provides the radio and signal processing needed to access the GSM

network, plus the man machine interface (MMI) to enable auser to access services.GSM uses a

particularly sophisticated radio interface, including features such as ciphering, slow frequency

hopping (SFH), discontinuous transmission (DTX), and the mobile may implement some or all

of these. The MMI, encompassing the display and the key pad of the ME, is crucially important

in enabling users to access the complex GSM service set intuitively and easily. Depending on the

ME’s application, it may have interfaces to external terminal equipment such as PCs fax

machines, and may even be integrated with such equipment.

Figure 1.7



GSM call routing

Figure 1.8

Base transceiver station (BTS)

The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio protocols with the

MS. In a large urban area, a large number of BTSs may be deployed. The BTS corresponds to

the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the

center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1 and 16

transceivers; depend on the density of users in the cell. Each BTS serves a single cell. It also

includes the following functions.



Figure 1.9

ding and rate adaptation

-or half-rate services

als



Figure 1.10

TRX radio interface functions:

GMSK modulation-Demodulation ~encryption/decryption

Channel coding ~burst formatting, interleaving

BTS Installation

All of GSM operators use BTS to expand their coverage. Usually use HUAWEI BTSs

(BTS3900A, BTS3012, APM30,….). Normally install Indoor BTSs. But because of low cost and

easy maintenance, Outdoor BTSs are used before installing the BTS cabinet; need to make the

following preparation. First familiarize yourself with the types, quantities, and installation

positions of the devices to be installed. Second unpack the cases and check the items in the cases.

Third, keep the installation tools and instruments ready. If the floor has a sufficient load capacity

(greater than 800kg/m2) can install a concrete plinth before installing the cabinet.



Figure 1.11



Installation Tools

Figure 1.12

The selection of the correct most suitable tool is very important when installing devices.



BTS Commissioning

Figure 1.13



TDMA/FDMA

Figure 1.14



BTS COMMISSIONING

Group Task Sequence

Figure 1.15



Preparation

You must have the following specific information to complete the scenario:

Site

BTS position onsite

Position of BTS power breakers on the customer’s power panel

For indoor: Position of PCM cables (Abis, Abis2) at the DDF

For outdoor: Arrival of PCM (via microwave link or external PCM

cable).

Equipment configuration

BTS type

Number of sectors and bridges to be used

Number of AN/TRX per sector

Antennas to be connected to the BTS

Twin mode for twin TRE modules

Position of external alarms cables to be connected

Defense parameter T_POWER_DOWN: inhibited or not

Tools

Hardware Tools Utility PC (BTS LMT) & Cable

Digital multimeter

Basic kit

Trace mobile

Software Tools 9100 BTS commissioning B10 in standalone mode package:

BTS NEM Software

BTS Software

BTS NEM User Guide

Check Power Supply and Power Up BTS

Before powering up the BTS

Ensure that the protective earth is connected to the equipment earth terminal.

The electrical power to the equipment is disconnected from the site power panel

Check or set the switch positions. Check that breakers are in the power OFF position

marked ’0’. If they are not, set them to the ’0’ position.



Power up the BTS and measure the Power Supply Voltage:

1. At the site power panel, check that the power supply line to the BTS is disconnected.

Result: The line is disconnected.

2. Remove the rubber protective caps from the power supply terminals (on the right, at the

top of the connection area)

3. Check that nothing can provoke a short circuit between the 0 and 48 V connectors.

4. At the site power panel, set up the power supply line, operate fuse holder 1 (e.g.: BS X-1

in which X is the BTS rack number).

Result: The line is connected.

5. Check with the multimeter that the 0V and -48V voltages are on the right terminals

6. At the site power panel, disconnect the power supply line, operate the fuseholder.

Result: The line is disconnected.

7. Replace the rubber protective caps on the power supply terminals (rack top).

Check the power supply to the modules:

1. Check that all the TREs are set to ENABLE. Result: TRE enabled

2. Power supply at the site power panel: Connect line for BTS

Result: The line is connected

3. Set switches INT&DCOUT, SR1 to SR5 to ON (marked ’1’ position) in the Result: The power SUM LEDs come on.



Prepare BTS NEM

Install BTS NEM on PC 1. Start the LMT PC on which you want to install the BTS NEM

2. When Windows is operational, insert the CD-ROM containing the BTS NEM software in the

CD-ROM drive

3. Select the folder containing the BTS NEM software BTSWAXxx and double click on

BTSWAXxx.exe.

4. The "BTSNEM - xxxx Setup" window opens.

5. Click on [Next] to start the installation or click on [Cancel] to abort the installation.

Figure 1.16 6. A new window appears in which you must enter the destination folder.



Figure 1.17

7. Enter the name of the folder in which you want to place the BTS NEM installation files.

8. Click on [Install] to continue with the installation or click on [Cancel] to abort the installation

9. The following window indicates that installation is in progress:

Figure 1.18



10. When the installation is completed, the “completion” window appears.

Figure 1.19

11. Click on [Finish].

The BTS NEM application is now installed. An BTS NEM icon appears on the LMT desktop

window.



To start the BTS NEM software:

1. Click on the Start menu item and follow the path:

Start -> Programs -> BTS -> BTSNEMxxxxx

The "BTS NEM Startup" window is

Displayed, as shown in the following

Figure.

2. Enter your user name in the ’User Name’ field in the

"BTS NEM Startup “window.

3. Enter your password in the ’User Password’ field in

the "BTS NEM Startup” window.

4. If you want to set up the interface, click on [Interface

Settings] to display the"BTS Interface settings"

panel, as shown in the following figure.

5. In the "BTS Interface settings" window select the

appropriate interface

6. . If the RS232 serial interface is used select the

appropriate COM Port and Baud rate, as required.

7. Click on [ OK ] in the "BTS Interface settings"

window

8. . Click on [ Connect ] in the "BTS NEM Startup" window

Figure 1.20



Base station controller (BSC)

The BSC is effectively a small switch with enhanced processing capability. In terms of traffic, it

acts as a local concentrator, and provides local switching to achieve handover between a number

of BTSs. In terms of control, the BSC takes a leading role in managing handover, power control

and other radio matters, ensuring that reliable radio links are maintained.

An important feature of the BSC is the transcoding and rape adaptation unit (TRAU), which is

responsible for converting between air interface data rates and network data rates; for example,

transcoding speech between 13kbit/s and 64kbit/s. In practice, the TRAU is often located

remotely from the rest of the BSC, at the mobile services switching centre (MSC)/visitor location

register (VLR) in order to save transmission costs.

The BSC manages the radio resources for 1 or more BTSs. It handles radio channel setup,

frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC.

The BSC also translate the13kbps voice channel used over the radio link to the standard 64kbps

channel used by the public switched Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN. It assigns and

releases frequencies and the time slots for the MS. The BSC also handles intercell handover. It

controls the power transmission of the BSS and BTS and the MSC. IT is a switching device that

handles the radio resources.

Additional functions include:

Control of frequency hopping

Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from the MSC

Providing an interface to the operations and maintenance center for the BSS

Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs

Time and frequency synchronization

Power management

Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS



Mobile switching center (MSC)

The mobile services switching center (MSC) is essentially an ISDN switch with enhanced

processing capability to cater for the special needs of GSM, An MSC will parent a small number

of BSCs. Its primary responsibility is call handling for the mobile subscribers within its domain,

including the generation of charging records and execution of some supplementary services (in

cooperation with an associated VLR).

The msc participates in various mobility Procedures.

An ISDN switch (64kbps channels)

Performs all the switching and routing functions of a fixed network Switching node

PLUS specific mobility-related function:

Allocation and administration of radio resources

Management of mobile users

registration, authentication

handover and execution and control

Pagging

A PLMN (operator network) has, in general, many MSC

Each MSC is responsible of a set of BSS

Interworking functions (IWFs)

MSCs have interworking functions (IWFs) associated with them, to suit particular network and

service interconnection requirements; for example, rate adaptation of data services for

interworking to data networks/ISDN, modems for supporting data communications across

PSTNs, fax adapters to support for group3, and protocol conversion. Also, echo cancellers can be

switch into speech circuit, to compensate the codec delays experienced in a GSM network. In

practice, the MSC is invarial implemented with a VLR, forming a single MSC/VLR unit.

Visitor location registers (VLR)

The VLR an intelligent service control function and data base. It stores the information needed to

handle calls set up to, received by local MSs registered with it. This includes identities, service

profiles, and authentication data. The VLR is responsible for undertaking various mobility

procedures and controlling data services (primarily those associate with outgoing calls).



Introgating node (IN)

The interrogating node (IN) is the initial target for call bound for GSM users. It is responsible for

determine the location of a called subscriber and routing calls accordingly.IN is commonly

combined with an MSC, forming what is known as a Gateway MSC (gmsc)

Home location register (HLR)

The home location register (HLR) an intelligent service control fund and database, responsible

for the management of mobile subscribe recodes, and control of certain services (associate with

incoming calls.).It carries subscription details such as the teleservices, bearer services and

supplementary services that are made available to a subscriber, and location information

enabling the routing of incoming calls towards the relevant MSC/VLR. This information can be

accessed by reference to the subscribers’ diallable number (mobile subscriber ISDN number

(MSISDN)) or the subscriber’s system identity (IMSI).

Authentication centre (AUC)

The AUC is an intelligent database concerned with the regulation of access to the network,

ensuring that services can be used only by those who are entitled to do so, and that access is

achieved in a secure way. The principle is that the AUC and SIM have a unique key for every

subscriber, which is used as the basis for generating a response to a random number generated by

the AUC. Only the true SIM will be able to generate the correct response, and thus gain access to

the network. The AUC is generally integrated with the HLR.



2. NodeB Integration

Required Documents & Tools

Cat5e Patch Codes. Cat5e Cables. RJ45 Connectors & Crimping tool. Ethernet Tester. Laptop. USB to Serial Cable. Labeling Machine. CIQ Database.

Definition Of Integration

Remote Nodeb connect to the Core Network through Transmission

Figure 2.1



END to END Transmission Patching

Figure 2.2



END to END Transmission Patching

Figure 2.3

End To End Transmission Patching Scenario

Figure 2.4



Transmission Parameters in AWY

Configure 9 VLANs in AWY as a below picture

Figure 2.4

Should be select tagged frames when connect link or nodeb directly to the AWY.

Figure 2.5



Transmission Parameters in MPR

Figure 2.6



Parameters In NodeB

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8



Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10



Ping Test

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12



Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Hello…. WNMS. Please

download configuration file

for Nodeb_X



3. 3G (3rd

Generation)

3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third

generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations.

The first generation (1G) began in the early 80's with commercial deployment of Advanced

Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Early AMPS networks used Frequency

Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analog voice over channels in the 800 MHz

frequency band.

The second generation (2G) emerged in the 90's when mobile operators deployed two competing

digital voice standards. In North America, some operators adopted IS-95, which used Code

Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel in the 800 MHz band.

Across the world, many operators adopted the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)

standard, which used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to multiplex up to 8 calls per

channel in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands.

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile

telephony standards IMT-2000 to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more

diverse applications. For example, GSM could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched

data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver

packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds.

However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make "evolutionary" upgrades to existing

networks while simultaneously planning their "revolutionary" new mobile broadband networks.

This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of 3G

networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows.

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.

• Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.

• UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps.

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14Mbps.

• LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps.



GPRS deployments began in 2000, followed by EDGE in 2003. While these technologies are

defined by IMT-2000, they are sometimes called "2.5G" because they did not offer multi-

megabit data rates. EDGE has now been superseded by HSDPA (and its uplink partner HSUPA).

According to the 3GPP, there were 166 HSDPA networks in 75 countries at the end of 2007. The

next step for GSM operators: LTE E-UTRA, based on specifications completed in late 2008.

A second organization, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) -- was formed to help

North American and Asian operators using CDMA2000 transition to 3G. 3GPP2 technologies

evolved as follows.

• One Times Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT) offered speeds up to 144 Kbps.

• Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) increased downlink speeds up to 2.4 Mbps.

• EV-DO Rev. A boosted downlink peak speed to 3.1 Mbps and reduced latency.

• EV-DO Rev. B can use 2 to 15 channels, with each downlink peaking at 4.9 Mbps.

• Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) was slated to reach 288 Mbps on the downlink.

1xRTT became available in 2002, followed by commercial EV-DO Rev. 0 in 2004. Here again,

1xRTT is referred to as "2.5G" because it served as a transitional step to EV-DO. EV-DO

standards were extended twice – Revision A services emerged in 2006 and are now being

succeeded by products that use Revision B to increase data rates by transmitting over multiple

channels. The 3GPP2's next-generation technology, UMB, may not catch on, as many CDMA

operators are now planning to evolve to LTE instead.

In fact, LTE and UMB are often called 4G (fourth generation) technologies because they

increase downlink speeds an order of magnitude. This label is a bit premature because what

constitutes "4G" has not yet been standardized. The ITU is currently considering candidate

technologies for inclusion in the 4G IMT-Advanced standard, including LTE, UMB, and

WiMAX II. Goals for 4G include data rates of least 100 Mbps, use of OFDMA transmission, and

packet-switched delivery of IP-based voice, data, and streaming multimedia

Modules and Other Equipments Used in 3G Nodes B

•D2U Node B

•RRH

•Rectifier and DCPDB

•Jumper cables and 3G Antennas

•Power cables

•Optical Fiber cables



RRH [Remote Radio Head]

How They Will Change Mobile Wireless and Cellular Infrastructure

Remote radio heads have become one of the most important subsystems of today's new

distributed base stations. The remote radio head contains the base station's RF circuitry plus

analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters. RRHs also have operation

and management processing capabilities and a standardized optical interface to connect to the

rest of the base station. This will be especially true as LTE and WiMAX deploy. Remote radio

heads make MIMO operation easier and they increase a BTS's efficiency and facilitate easier

physical location for gap coverage problems. RRHs will use the latest RF component technology

including GaN RF power devices and envelope tracking technology within the RRH RFPA.

This study examines the ways in which radio heads will capture an increasing share within the

BTS marketplace. It includes shipments and revenue forecasts for 2009-2014 segmented by air

interface, as well as ASP and vendor market share data.

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2




Antenna Location on RRH

Figure 3.5



Status Of LEDs After Power-up RRH 60W21

LED1 & LED2: provide visual CPRI Link status. RED= no link, Green= link good

LED 3: Power and status display, not powered = LED OFF, Powering- up = AMBER,

Waiting RAC configuration = AMBER BLINKING, Transmitting = LED GREEN, Fault=

RED, Down

Figure 3.6

SFP (small form-factor pluggable)

The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) or Mini-GBIC is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver

used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. It interfaces a network

device mother board (for a switch, router, media converter or similar device) to a fiber optic or

copper networking cable. It is a popular industry format supported by many network component

vendors. SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel, and

other communications standards.

In Multi Mode the SFP module uses a transmitter 850 nm wavelength (Slave and/or Master

port).

Figure 3.7



In Single Mode the SFP module uses a transmitter 1310 nm wavelength on slave port and a

transmitter 1550 nm wavelength on master port (daisy chain).


SFP Transceiver Location

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11



Connection R2CT solution on RRH

If necessary remove the protective cap

(1) Pull the Coupling nut to see the plug body and the fiber

(2) Put the plug body on the RRH connector

(3) Turn to lock the plug body

(4) Plug the optical fiber in the transceiver r

(5) (Don’t forget to remove the ferule cap of optical fiber) Push the coupling nut to protect

the plug body and fiber

(6) Turn the coupling nut to lock it (7)

Figure 3.12



Assembly R2CT Kit on Optical fiber (Single Mode or Multi mode)

Pass the fiber optic in the nut tail of pig

Figure 3.13 Place the tightening cone on the fiber cable

Figure 3.14

Select the correct Clamp Split Gasket and put on the cable fiber, place the clamp nut & Push the

cone in the nut tail of pig


Pass the fiber cable in the coupling nut and plug body, push the clamp nut in the coupling nut

Figure 3.17

Start screw the cone and nut tail assembly on coupling nut, adjust the length cable fiber and

after screw completely the nut tail of pig.



Alcatel-Lucent 9926 digital 2U Node B (D2U)

The Alcatel-Lucent 9926 digital 2U Node B (9926 d2U) offers cost-effective entry into the

UMTS market for locations where site selection is difficult. It is a particularly good choice for

fast integration within an existing 2G base station user space or existing standard 19-inch racks.

This digital Node B can be used with existing Remote Radio Heads (9341 or 9442 RRH) and

with the Alcatel-Lucent 9332 radio Compact Node B (9332 r Compact). The 9926 is shipped

LTE Ready which is enabled with the addition of 9426 LTE software.

Figure 3.18



4. Routers

Router Configuration

In the Etisalat 3G project they use various types of routers. At the ware house I got experience

with router configuration in 7705 SAR-F and SAR-8 routers.

7705 SAR-F Router SAR-8 routers


In helping service providers profitably meet the massive bandwidth demands driven by

explosive growth in video traffic and sophisticated consumer and business IP services,

Alcatel-Lucent is the first to deliver 100 Gigabit interfaces that combine speed, services

and industry-leading power efficiency. Leveraging the power and flexibility of innovative

FP2 silicon, the service router portfolio goes far beyond faster transport: unleashing

powerful 100GigE interfaces that support the full scope and scale of broadband services

such as IPTV, Internet access, IP and Ethernet VPNs, Internet peering and LTE mobile

broadband — speed, services and scalability with no compromis 7250 SAS router & 7710

router



5. NMS (Network Monitoring System)

Required Documents & Tools

Lap Top

Ethernet Cable

USB 2 Serial Cable with Male/Female Adapter

IP Database

Labling

Ethernet Tester

Cat5e Patch Codes

Cat 5e Cable Role

NMS Cables

Flat Screw

Crimping Tool

What are the Devices used in NMS….?

IDU

2.0 version of AWY

2.1 old version of AWY

2.1 new version of AWY

MPR

MPT

MXC

Routers

Cisco routers

7705 SAR-8 routers

7705 SAR-F routers



What are the softwares required for NMS…?

Alcatel 1320 to login to AWY 2.0 old version of AWY

AWY_CT software to login to 2.1 version of AWY

NEO_Web EML software to login to MPR & MPT.

Connectivity of NMS Cables…

NMS cable has two available terminals. Ie. V11 & G703. If you connect both the terminals to

AWY ports, you must activate both ports via it’s software. Imagine that if only the G703 is

connected, you must only activate the G703 port on the software.

Rack 01 Rack 02 Rack 03 Rack 04

Figure 5.1

Note: You can’t put Dagonna AWY for both V11 & G703 port configuration, because it is 2.0 Old

version AWY. It is physically have no option to het that function. So, if we got 2.0 Old AWY, like this

we need to put them in the corners of the designing diagrams.

Seeduwa Town

Raddoluwa

Airport Out

Katunayake FTZ

Awariwatta Zone

Dagonna

Ukgalboda

Katunayake RT

G V G

G

G

G

G

G G V V V

V

V

V

V



V-LAN Configuration

V/ID V/NAME

1011 RNC 1 OAM TRAFFIC

1012 RNC 1 TELECOM TRAFFIC

1013 RNC 1 PTP TRAFFIC







Figure 5.2

Tributaries Data should be 802.1Q format. * QoS should be as follows….

Figure 5.3



AWY CT - Network Element Overview

Before you log in to AWY CT NEO, you have to configure and run Alcatel-Lucent Lower Layer in

your PC.

Lower Layer Settings

In Alcatel-Lucent lower layer manager, you can select the type of accessing the AWY whether via

USB Serial cable or R232 cable. As well as the bit rate and port speed also assign as you preferred.

Figure 5.4



In Alcatel-Lucent Lower Layer Manager,

The interface shows the logged computer port with port speed.

Lower Layer IP address showed as Local Address ad the adjecent IP is the logged AWY’s IP.

Figure 5.5

In NEO, IP address or DNS name field, you have to put adjecent Address from Lower Layer Manager

to log in to the software. After press OK, you can see the Link name and home location in the NE

Description area.



Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Username – initial

Password - initialing



Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

NEO Time should be

match to the PC time.

To operate NEO,

supervision key should

be Green.



Routing Protocol

In Etisalat network, they use the routing protocol type as OSPF. They have chosen it because of the

easy access and the network is not so load beard at one segment. Some other networks uses RIP,ISIS

and some advance protocols such as IGRP & EIGRP. But Alcatel supplying enough amounts of

network running stations at regular distances for Etisalat Sri Lanka.

Figure 5.10



OSPF is consists of four separate numbers. Generally starts with three zeros and the last number should

be placed as the alcatel designs. And the stub flag should be similar with the remote setting. Generally

we use false as the stub flag.

Figure 5.11



IP Configuration

To view/set /update IP parameters of the Local device and the remote device in NEO, we have to

follow below path.

In “IP Point to Point Configuration” we can view the settings…

Figure 5.12



RF field related to the remote Lik IP parameters. And the V11 & G703 fields related with the NMS

ports configuration.

To avoid from interference of Local & Remote Links, The OSPF Area number must be eaqual in bothe

sides. By viewing this we can identify the remote link’s local Ip as at remote address in the RF field.

Figure 5.13

To activate NMS ports we can use V11 & G703 fields. If you put cable only to G703 port you only

need to activate G703 port. Mode should be “Codirectional”. IP Routing Protocol should be “OSPF”.

And OSPF Area Pointer should be “1”. And especially status must be “Enable”.



Ethernet Configuration.

Sometimes we use Ethernet cables to configure NMS between AWY & MPRs. In particular occasions,

Port4 of MPR interface is connecting to the OS port of the AWY.

To activate OS port interface, we use Ethernet Configuration as showed in below.

Figure 5.14

Ethernet IP should be 10.2.X.X and the 3rd

digit must be eaqual with the OSPF value and 4th

one is

assign as Alcatel designs. Routing Protocol should be “OSPF” and Area Pointer should be same as

MPR port4 settings.



E1 Dropping From 7705 SAR-F Router.

This is the latest Project which completed by Rogessor Engineering (Pvt) Ltd. For Alcatel-Lucent. For

the 1st time in Etisalat network.

In 7705 SAR-F router, it has 16 consecutive Ethernet ports. We use 4 DDF modules in a mounting

frame to 19” rack and connect by using 16 Ethernet cables. One end with the RJ45 socket, connect to

the Router port. And the other end should be fixed to the DDF modules after having some operation.

Normally we use 1, 2 cables as RX and 4, 5 cables as TX in the DDF.

Figure 5.15

Mounting Frame

DDF Module



Figure 5.16

Tools Required.

Scissor / Paper Cutter

Labels / Cello Tape

Cat 5e Patch codes / Cat5e Cable Role

Ethernet Tester

Crimping Tool

L.E.D. Bulb

Permanent Marker

Crone Tool

Camera

7705 SAR-F Router

Labeling



Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18



Figure 5.19

Finally we have to submit a photo report after the operation. To Alcatel-Lucent.

As well as have to check the ports by using L.E.D. bulb on call with Alcatel- WNMS operator.


INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORTSubmitted for completion of theBasic Industrial Training

Program at

Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) LimitedFrom 08th May 2012 to 15th August 2012

BY

Mr. S.L.D.KasunEP / 10 / 8027

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: POWER

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES (NDES)

B.I.T. – Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (Pvt) Ltd.


1. Electrical Wiring

Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and

associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide

power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. This article is

intended to describe common features of electrical wiring that may apply worldwide. For

information regarding specific national electrical codes, refer to the articles mentioned in the

next section. Separate articles cover long-distance electric power transmission and electric

power distribution.

Wiring methods

Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:

Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit

Type of occupancy and size of the building

National and local regulations

Environment in which the wiring must operate.

Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex, for example, are simple, with relatively low

power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and layout, usually with dry,

moderate temperature, and non-corrosive environmental conditions. In a light commercial

environment, more frequent wiring changes can be expected, large apparatus may be installed,

and special conditions of heat or moisture may apply. Heavy industries have more demanding

wiring requirements, such as very large currents and higher voltages, frequent changes of

equipment layout, corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres. In facilities that handle

flammable gases or liquids, special rules may govern the installation and wiring of electrical

equipment in hazardous areas.

Wires and cables are rated by the circuit voltage, temperature rating, and environmental

conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can be used. A wire or cable has a

voltage (to neutral) rating, and a maximum conductor surface temperature rating. The amount of

current a cable or wire can safely carry depends on the installation conditions.



Color code

To enable wires to be easily and safely identified, all common wiring safety codes mandate a

colour scheme for the insulation on power conductors. In a typical electrical code, some colour

coding is mandatory, while some may be optional. Many local rules and exceptions exist. Older

installations vary in colour codes, and colours may shift with insulation exposure to heat, light,

and ageing.

Standard wire colours for FLEXIBLE cable

Phase – Brown

Neutral – Blue

Protective Earth/ Ground – Yellow/Green

Standard wire colours for FIXED cable

Phases – Brown, Black, Grey

Neutral – Blue

Protective Earth/ Ground – Green / Yellow

Figure 1.1



Cables

Armoured cables with two rubber-insulated conductors in a flexible metal sheath were used as

early as 1906, and were considered at the time a better method than open knob-and-tube wiring,

although much more expensive.

The first polymer-insulated cables for building wiring were introduced in 1922. These were two

or more solid copper electrical wires with rubber insulation, plus woven cotton cloth over each

conductor for protection of the insulation, with an overall woven jacket, usually impregnated

with tar as a protection from moisture. Waxed paper was used as a filler and separator.

Over time, rubber-insulated cables become brittle because of exposure to atmospheric oxygen,

so they must be handled with care, and are usually replaced during renovations. When switches,

outlets or light fixtures are replaced, the mere act of tightening connections may cause hardened

insulation to flake off the conductors. Rubber insulation further inside the cable often is in better

condition than the insulation exposed at connections, due to reduced exposure to oxygen.

Rubber insulation was hard to strip from bare copper, so copper was tinned, causing slightly

more electrical resistance. Rubber insulation is no longer used for permanent wiring

installations, but may still be used for replaceable temporary cables where flexibility is

important, such as electrical extension cords.




Bus bars, bus duct, cable bus

For very heavy currents in electrical apparatus, and for heavy currents distributed through a

building, bus bars can be used. Each live conductor of such a system is a rigid piece of copper

or aluminum, usually in flat bars (but sometimes as tubing or other shapes). Open bus bars are

never used in publicly accessible areas, although they are used in manufacturing plants and

power company switch yards to gain the benefit of air cooling. A variation is to use heavy

cables, especially where it is desirable to transpose or "roll" phases.

Figure 1.4

In industrial applications, conductor bars are often pre-assembled with insulators in grounded

enclosures. This assembly, known as bus duct or bus way, can be used for connections to large

switchgear or for bringing the main power feed into a building. A form of bus duct known as

"plug-in bus" is used to distribute power down the length of a building; it is constructed to allow

tap-off switches or motor controllers to be installed at designated places along the bus. The big

advantage of this scheme is the ability to remove or add a branch circuit without removing

voltage from the whole duct.



Bus ducts may have all phase conductors in the same enclosure (non-isolated bus), or may have

each conductor separated by a grounded barrier from the adjacent phases (segregated bus). For

conducting large currents between devices, a cable bus is used.

For very large currents in generating stations or substations, where it is difficult to provide

circuit protection, an isolated-phase bus is used. Each phase of the circuit is run in a separate

grounded metal enclosure. The only fault possible is a phase-to-ground fault, since the

enclosures are separated. This type of bus can be rated up to 50,000 amperes and up to hundreds

of kilovolts (during normal service, not just for faults), but is not used for building wiring in the

conventional sense.

Electrical panels

Electrical panels are easily accessible junction boxes used to reroute and switch electrical

services. The term is often used to refer to circuit breaker panels or "fuse boxes"




A distribution board (or panel board) is a component of an electricity supply system which

divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or

circuit breaker for each circuit, in a common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in recent

boards, one or more Residual-current devices (RCD) or Residual Current Breakers with Over

current protection (RCBO), will also be incorporated.

Figure 1.7



Cable Laying

Underground Armoured Cable

1. Excavate the Drain & Lay Armoured Cables.

2. Put a Sand Layer on it.

3. Install a Tile layer. (To protect cables from future excavations)

4. Put some soil on the Tile Layer.

5. Lay some Warning Tapes.

6. Fill with good soil.




2. Electrical Tools

Most electrical wiring jobs are relatively easy to handle with a few inexpensive tools.

Figure 2.1



Circuit Tester.

Figure 2.2

Multi Meter

Figure 2.3

Drill Machine

Figure 2.4

A circuit tester plugs into a conventional outlet and

tells you whether the circuit is "hot" (charged) or

properly grounded.

You'll want to have a multi-meter on hand

for making a variety of continuity checks,

checking voltage, and other similar tasks..

There are many types of drills: some are powered manually,

others use electricity (electric drill) or compressed air (pneumatic

drill) as the motive power and a minority is driven by an internal

combustion engine (for example, earth drilling augers). Drills

with a percussive action (hammer drills) are mostly used in hard

materials such as masonry (brick, concrete and stone) or rock.

Drilling rigs are used to bore holes in the earth to obtain water or

oil. Oil wells, water wells, or holes for geothermal heating are

created with large drilling rigs. Some types of hand-held drills

are also used to drive screws and other fasteners. Some small

appliances that have no motor of their own may be drill-powered,

such as small pumps, grinders, etc.



Angle Grinder

Figure 2.5

Lug Tool

Figure 2.6

Hole Puncher Revert Gun


Angle grinders may be used both for removing excess

material from a piece or simply cutting into a piece. There

are many different kinds of discs that are used for various

materials and tasks, such as cut-off discs (diamond blade),

abrasive grinding discs, grinding stones, sanding discs,

wire brush wheels and polishing pads. The angle grinder

has large bearings to counter side forces generated during

cutting, unlike a power drill, where the force is axial.

Mechanical crimping tool for cable lug



3. Earthing

Earthing or grounding of equipment refers to the connection of non-current carrying parts of

electrical equipment to the earth to maintain earth potential. In domestic systems, the earthing

circuit is usually earthed by connecting to metallic water pipes buried in ground. An effective

earthing (grounding) system avoids having dangerous potentials on the equipment even during

electrical faults and also ensures the proper operation of electrical protection equipment during

fault conditions (this will be discussed under the operation of Earth Leakage and Residual

Current Circuit Breakers).

Earthing or Grounding

Earthing is carried out in an electrical installation for the purpose of,

(a) Limiting the potential (voltage) of current carrying conductors forming a part of the system − “neutral

earthing”

(b) Limiting the potential of non-current carrying metal work associated with equipment, apparatus and

.

The potential of an installation is measured with respect to the general mass of the earth or commonly

called earth. Thus the potential is limited with respect to earth.

Neutral Earthing

This is important because the performance of the system in terms of short circuits, stability, protection,

etc., is greatly affected by the state of the neutral conductor. When the neutral is properly grounded,

voltages of the phases are limited to near phase to ground voltage.

Equipment Earthing

This refers to grounding of all metal work of equipment other than the parts which are normally current

carrying. This is governed by various regulations such as the IEE regulations. The objective of this

grounding is to ensure effective and rapid operation of the protective gear in the event of earth fault

currents which might otherwise be undetected and cause fire and also protect against danger to life

through shock due to installation metal work being maintained at a dangerous potential relative to earth.



Types of Earthing Arrangement

In the regulations for electrical installations, the types of earthing systems are identified as follows,

depending on the relationship of the source (supply authority network) and of the exposed conductive

parts of the installation, to earth. These are;

TN - earthing of the installation is done to that supplied by the supply authority

TT - supply authority earth and the installation earth is independent

IT - supply authority has effectively an isolated neutral and the installation has an independent

earth

In these, the first letter denotes the earthing arrangement at the supply authority side and the second letter

denotes the relationship of the exposed conductive parts of the installation to earth.

With the First letter, T (short for terra or earth) refers to a direct connection of one or more points of the

source to earth, and I (short for isolated) indicated that all live parts are isolated from earth or one point

connected to earth through a high impedance.

With the Second letter, T denotes a direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts of the

consumers installation to earth, independently of the earthing of any point of the supply authority side,

while N denotes a direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts to the earthed point of the

supply authority side, which for ac is usually the neutral point.[There are further sub-divisions of the TN

system, but are considered to be beyond the contents of this course. Even the details of the earthing

systems other than the one used in Sri Lanka will not be dealt with in this course]



TT System

The TT System of earthing is the one used in Sri Lanka. In this system, the supply is earthed at

the source end, and all exposed-conductive parts of the installation are connected to an

electrically independent earth electrode at the consumer end.

Figure 3.1

The normal earthing practice is to provide a circuit protective conductor throughout every

installation. A circuit protective conductor connects exposed conductive parts of equipment to

the main earthing terminal. As mentioned earlier, the most common method employed for

earthing, at the domestic installations in Sri Lanka, is to use an earth electrode (commonly a

galvanized iron pipe). The resistance of this electrode to earth also depends on the condition of

soil and may have values in excess of 100 Ω. Thus in the TT system of earthing, it is now

essential to use an RCCB for protection.



Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3



4. Electric Circuits

Final circuits for socket outlets

Socket outlets (commonly called plug points by electricians) are wired in two ways. These are

the ring circuit connection and the radial connection.

Ring circuits

Each circuit commences from consumer unit (or distribution board) through an MCB (or fuse) of

specific rating usually 30 A, loops into each socket outlet and returns to the same MCB (or fuse)

in the consumer unit (distribution board). Looping must be done for the live conductor, neutral

conductor and the protective conductor in separate rings. The ring method of connection is done

only for the 13 A socket outlets, as the individual 13A plugs are separately having fuses (fuses

may be usually rated at 13 A or 3 A depending on the type of load).

Figure 4.1



A ring circuit may have an unlimited number of socket outlets provided that the floor area served

by the ring does not exceed 100 m2 and that the maximum demand of the circuit does not exceed

the MCB (or fuse) rating. A kitchen should usually have a separate ring circuit.

Radial circuits

Each circuit commences from the consumer unit/distribution board through an MCB/fuse of

specific rating (e.g. 20A), loop into each socket outlet but ends at a socket outlet (does not return

to the original fuse/MCB).

Figure 4.2



Loop-in Method

Figure 4.3

Figure shows the use of loop-in method for wiring a final circuit for lighting. The loop in method

enables all joints and terminations in a single final circuit to be made at ceiling roses, switches or

other accessories. This makes all joints accessible for the purpose of alterations and for testing.

Each final circuit has both its live conductor as well as the neutral conductor terminating at the

consumer unit. The wires are usually laid in PVC conduits. Lamp circuits do not normally need

an earth wire unless there is a metallic fitting which needs to be earthed for safety.

Two way switches

Figure 4.4

A two-way switch is used when it is necessary to operate a lamp from two positions, such as at the top

and bottom of a staircase and at the ends of a long corridor



Circuit Breakers

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault

condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a

fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either

manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying

sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear

designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Figure 4.5



Operation

All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary substantially

depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker.

The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this is usually

done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually

arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening mechanism.

The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some

high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protection relays, and

an internal control power source.

Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit;

some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air) contained

within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be

obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger

units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also

withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made

of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive materials. Service life of

the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the

current. Miniature and molded case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have

worn, but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and

extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the

voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the

medium the arc forms in. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including:

Lengthening / deflection of the arc

Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)

Division into partial arcs

Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC

waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero crossing

occurs at twice the line frequency i.e. 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per

second for 60 Hz AC)

Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits

Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore

power to the interrupted circuit.



Types of circuit breakers

Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as

voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features.

Low voltage circuit breakers

Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial and industrial

application, and include:

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A. Trip

characteristics normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers

illustrated above are in this category.

MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)—rated current up to 2500 A. Thermal or thermal-

magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings.

Low voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in low-voltage

switchboards or switchgear cabinets.

Figure 4.6



Magnetic circuit breakers

Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force increases with the

current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid. The

circuit breaker contacts are held closed by a latch. As the current in the solenoid increases

beyond the rating of the circuit breaker, the solenoid's pull releases the latch, which lets the

contacts open by spring action. Some magnetic breakers incorporate a hydraulic time delay

feature using a viscous fluid. A spring restrains the core until the current exceeds the breaker

rating. During an overload, the speed of the solenoid motion is restricted by the fluid. The delay

permits brief current surges beyond normal running current for motor starting, energizing

equipment, etc. Short circuit currents provide sufficient solenoid force to release the latch

regardless of core position thus bypassing the delay feature. Ambient temperature affects the

time delay but does not affect the current rating of a magnetic breaker

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in most distribution boards,

incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in

current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer-term over-

current conditions. The thermal portion of the circuit breaker provides an "inverse time" response

feature, which provides faster or slower response for larger or smaller over currents respectively.

Common trip breakers

When supplying a branch circuit with more than one live conductor, each live conductor must be

protected by a breaker pole. To ensure that all live conductors are interrupted when any pole

trips, a "common trip" breaker must be used. These may either contain two or three tripping

mechanisms within one case, or for small breakers, may externally tie the poles together via their

operating handles. Two pole common trip breakers are common on 120/240 volt systems where

240 volt loads (including major appliances or further distribution boards) span the two live wires.



Three-pole common trip breakers are typically used to supply three-phase electric power to large

motors or further distribution boards.

Two and four pole breakers are used when there is a need to disconnect multiple phase AC—or

to disconnect the neutral wire to ensure that no current flows through the neutral wire from other

loads connected to the same network when workers may touch the wires during maintenance.

Separate circuit breakers must never be used for live and neutral, because if the neutral is

disconnected while the live conductor stays connected, a dangerous condition arises: the circuit

appears de-energized (appliances don't work), but wires remain live and RCDs don't trip if

someone touches the live wire (because RCDs need power to trip). This is why only common

trip breakers must be used when neutral wire switching is needed

Figure 4.7



5. SAFETY

Top 10 Rules for Electric Safety

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

1. DON'T plug a bunch of stuff into one outlet or

extension cord.

It could damage the electrical system in your house

or even cause a fire.

2. Make sure all electric cords are tucked away,

neat and tidy.

Pets might chew on electrical cords, and people

might trip and fall.

3. DON'T ever climb the fence around an electrical

substation.

If a ball or pet gets inside the fence, ask a grown-up

to call the electric company - they'll come and get it

out for you.

4. DON'T yank an electrical cord from the wall.

Pulling on a cord can damage the appliance, the

plug or the outlet.

5. Fly your kite far away from power lines or

substations.

The kite and the string may conduct electricity -

sending it right through you to the ground.

6. 6. Ask a grown-up for help when you need to use

something that uses electricity.



Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

7. DO look up and look out for power lines before you

climb a tree.

The electricity can go right through the tree branch -

and right through you!

8. Have a grown-up put safety caps on all unused

electrical outlets.

Covering outlets will also help save energy by stopping

cold drafts.

9. Remind your mom or dad to watch out for power

lines when they're using a ladder, chainsaw or other

outdoor equipment.

10. Keep electrical stuff far away from water.

Most electrical accidents around the house happen when

people use electricity near water



Figure5.7 Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Yes, I’m fully

sounds with Safety



6. DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES

DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT MANAGER

He should responsibilities for around all section of the site administration, technical and

other parts.

He should prepare programs & progress charts for the site organization.

He should co- ordinates between head office and site and also between the client &

contractor

He must select who are the best for each work and who can do hard works.

He should co-ordinating with different sub contractor agencies to maintain the speed of

construction project work.

He should attend site meetings, preparation of proceeding for tomorrow, discuss the

difficulties, suggestions taken out the meeting.

He should give instructions to the engineers, assistance engineers & officers as it required

by the site conditions.

Complete the project with in given time & cost also good quality must there.

DUTIES OF ENGINEERS

Keeping overall watch on working of all the supervisors & workers to obtain maximum

output from them.

To control wastage & details provided by the consultants & explain to supervisors.

To prepare reinforcement schedules of the project.

To work out the requirement of different material necessary for work involved.



DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

Security services should be careful checked on daily basis & report promptly all

shortcomings to project manager.

Maintenance & movements of machineries, vehicles & arrangement it requirement in

time.

All transfers of employers from one work site should be organized an in order to prepare

the transfer documents. ( gate passes )

All the copies of attendance sheet & any other document pertaining to site employee’s

from; be carefully packed and dispatched to teed office at the end every month.

The passes must be issued all sub contractors employees & re-new or alter each 6

months.

Every personal accidents looks after the purpose of employees & he should take action to

overcome problems as soon as possible.

STORE MANAGEMENTS

To get good store handling without wasting the materials or working hours of labors due to

the finishing of materials, the site manager should keep close associated with store keepers.

Main stores managed site stores.

Storekeepers should maintain the following records

Material requisition

Goods Received note

Stores requisition

Gate pass

Transfer voucher

Issue receipt voucher



Material Requisition

This is used to issue the material to the workers from the site office. Officers

have to fill this form & sign it & worker give it to stores and store keeper was issued

request quantity for the worker.

Goods Received Note

When the requested materials are supplied to the site, the store keeper prepares

the “Goods Received Note” by checking quantity of the goods received thoroughly. The

project manager must give the final approval.

Purchase Requisition

If any material is not available or not on sufficient quantities in the site the store keeper

should inform the project manager about the stock levels when a requirement arises a

“Purchase Requisition” is prepared stating the required materials, quantities etc. and

forwarded to the site manager for approval.

Store Requisition

If a material purchasing through the head office stores requisition is prepared. Then

certified it by site manager and forwarded to the head office.

Transfer voucher

To transfer any equipment, material from one site to another site or head office stores

to the site transfer voucher is issued. This is consisting of four copies.

Original - to receive place

Duplicate - to certify that goods received and return it to the site

Triplicate - to the security book copy

Gate pass

If something is taken out from the site the gate pass is issued. Especially for the sub

contractors



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSULTANT

Consultant has to design and prepare the details of the project to the satisfaction of the

client has to administer the work till its completion.

In this task consultant has to give details and certification where ever necessary. If all of his

responsibilities be has,

1. Closely supervises the work

2. Review the progress and propose remedial action

3. Check and certify the bills

4. Check and approve the new rates, day works, variation orders

5. Supervise the rectification work during maintenance period

6. Issue as certificate of completion at the end of the project

7. Check the quality of the work that client wishes

8. Complete project within given time period and given cost by the client.

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. References


REFERENCES

Establishment 1:- Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd

1. www.alcatel-lucent.com

2. www.etisalat.lk

3. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

Establishment 2:- Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd.

1. www.central-electric.blogspot.com

2. www.alliantenergykids.com

3. www.en.wikipedia.com/wiki/circuit-breaker

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Conclusion


CONCLUSION

Rogessor Engineering (Pvt) Ltd. is one of the leading Engineering establishments of

Telecommunication industry in the country, so as you expect it is a great privilege for an

Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering students to get his or her in-plant training at an

organization of this nature. Rogessor is a well capable and committed company to provide

more than useful training to Engineering students.

At Rogessor the training program is handled by Mr. G.K.Dhahanayake, who is the Project

Engineer and Network Quality he has this great ability to train people. Whenever he assigns a

project to us the theoretical background to it, is also explained so our minds are clear of what

to do. And he knows how to motivate people to do things, so by working with people like Mr.

G.M.A.D.Karunarathna you can gather knowledge not only on technical matters but also on

how to handle different situations and people. Almost all the employees of the company had a

very good enthusiasm in training students. They helped us in many ways and tried to make our

stay at the company as pleasant as they can. The technicians of the company are very friendly,

and has a great enthusiasm to give all the knowledge they have on various components and

practices to us.

Unlike other companies, that other students underwent their in-plant training we had

opportunity to, not to learn only by observing and listening, but by actually do the thing and

learn by practice. And the projects we did were not just for display, some of them got

implemented during our stay at Rogessor and others will get implemented soon. So it’s a great

feeling to see you work is not wasted and it in operation. I think Rogessor is the only place

where a student undergoes this experience.

Overall, I would like to say that Rogessor is an able company to give a useful training

for engineering students and to make them well-informed practical Engineers.

Mr.S.L.D.KasunEP / 10 / 8027Electrical Engineering: Power Institute of Engineering Technology Katunayake 05.08.2012

CERTIFICATION BY TRAINING ENGINEERThis is to certify that Mr.S.L.D.Kasun (EP/10/8027) from Institute of Engineering Technology-(IET) at Katunayake has undergone his Industrial training – (BIT) at Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd as an implant trainee in the field of Electrical Engineering- Power from 15th August 2011 to 20th April 2012 and he has personally prepared this industrial training report.

I hope that the knowledge gathered at Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd was beneficial to his in producing this training report.

……………………………………. ……………………………….. Date Mr. G.M.A.D.Karunarathna (Project Engineer) Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. (Rubber Stamp of Estb)

CERTIFICATION BY TRAINING ENGINEERThis is to certify that Mr. S.L.D.Kasun (EP/10/8027) from Institute of Engineering Technology-(IET) at Katunayake has undergone his Industrial training – (BIT) at Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd as an implant trainee in the field of Electrical Engineering- Power from 08th May 2012 to 15th August 2012 and he has personally prepared this industrial training report.

I hope that the knowledge gathered at Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd was beneficial to his in producing this training report.

……………………………………. ……………………………….. Date Mr. Rajathe Attygaller (General Manager - Project) Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd. (Rubber Stamp of Estb)

(Office use only )Evaluation by HOD (E) –IT

Training report of Alcatel Lucent for 3G

Technology

Transcript of Training report of Alcatel Lucent for 3G