Training Report-Aniket

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1 Dept. CDSE,In CDGI’S CHAMELI DEVI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, INDORE Industrial Training at BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL) Su b m i tt e d t o :- Sub m i tt e d B y :- Mr. C.A.Patil Aniket Kumar Jain (HOD,ECE) (0832EC101011)

description

report

Transcript of Training Report-Aniket

CDGIS

CHAMELI DEVI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, INDORE

Industrial Training at

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL)

Submitted to:- Submitted By:- Mr. C.A.Patil Aniket Kumar Jain (HOD,ECE) (0832EC101011)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM.

ENGINEERING

ODD SEMESTER 2013 2014

1Dept. of ECECDSE,Indore

INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM.ENGINEERING

ODD SEMESTER 2013 2014

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide record of the training report in BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL)Carried out by Aniket Kumar Jain of VII semester (Department of Electronics & Comm. Engineering) during the Odd Semester 2013 14. He has satisfactorily completed the training report which is as prescribed by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, in partial fulfillment towards the award of B.E. Degree in Electronics & Comm. Engineering.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD (Mr. C.A.Patil) (Mr. C.A.Patil)

CDGISCHAMELI DEVI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,Date:

INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM.ENGINEERING

ODD SEMESTER 2013 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have immense pleasure in expressing our sincerest and deepest sense of gratitude towards my guide Mr. C.A.Patil for the assistance in preparing and presenting the training report. I also take this opportunity to thank training Coordinator and Head of the department, for providing the required facilities in completing this report.

I am greatly thankful to my Parents, Friends and Faculty members for their motivation, guidance and help whenever needed.

Aniket Kumar Jain

(0832EC101011)Table of contents

1) Introduction

2) About the exchange computer unit power plant central air conditioner main distribution frame

3) V-SAT network Categories Operational factors Types of access V-SAT networks fixed assignment time division multiple access(F-TDMA) Random access Code division multiple access (CDMA)

4) The Internet Introduction Internet connectivity OSI model National internet backbone

5) Global system for mobile communication (GSM) GSM Architechture Performance characteristics of GSM

6) Conclusion

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Chapter 1

An Introduction to BSNL

5Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreBHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL)

An Introduction -

Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers.

Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for introducing latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN (INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK), GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP) services etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the new services send technological advantages, which are available with any well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country.Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of the BSNL. Theadministration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite committed to provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued support and active co-operation.

BSNL Services -

When it comes connecting the four corners of the country , and much beyond , one solitary name lies embedded at the pinnacle- BSNL. A company that has gone past the number games and the quest to attain the position of the leader. It is working round the clock to take India in to the future by providing excellent telecom services for people of India.Driven by the very best of telecom technology from global leaders, it connects each inch ofIndia to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step in to tomorrow.The telecom services have been recognized the world over as an important tool for socio-

economic development for a nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated a crucial factor to realize the socio-economic objectives in India. Accordingly the Department of Telecom has been formulating developmental policies for the accelerated growth of the telecommunication services in various cities. The department is also responsible for frequency management in the field of radio connection in close coordination with the international bodies.

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Chapter 2

About The Exchange

7Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreABOUT THE EXCHANGE

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the exchanges central computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Todays automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.

All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:

1. subscribers connection unit2. switching network (CX)3. control unit4. OMC

For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:-

1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the help of computers.

2. Power Plant:- to feed proper power supply to exchange

3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange).

4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange.

2.1 COMPUTER UNIT

As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange.The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room. It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main servers of this roomare:-IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.

CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id number.

LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enquiry. The server present in the main computer room provides this service.

8Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreINTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type of service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room.

2.2 POWERPLANT

As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10Bexchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input.The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power. The main parts of the power room are:

Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.

UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data.

Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged.The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries.

Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange.

Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.

2.3 CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER

For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are following-1.It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment.2.It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipments.3.It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment.

The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as ton of refrigeration (TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree.

9Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreThe compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it. Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator.The refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience.

2.4 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

The primary function of MDF is:The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault Remove Section.For removing the fault of telephone number, we use the testing.These testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc.For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester, printer and computer test N.E. number of that particular telephone number.The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reason.

PARTS OF THE MDF

Horizontal sideVertical side

HORIZONTAL SIDE:

It is again subdivided in to two parts : Exchange sideLine side

Description of the horizontal side:-

RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7).

TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags.1 tag = 4 core1 core = 4 bunch1 bunch = 2 line

N.E.:- The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT. It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE.

WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.

10Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreVERTICAL SIDE:

The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber. Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:

One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.

This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have different architectures of switching call routing and other features.

Now let us see how BSNL has kept up with the changing world and provided the subscribers with the latest facilities technologies, which include the V-SAT network, Internet, the WLL (wireless in local loop) and the GSM mobile.

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Chapter 3

V-SAT NETWORK

12Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreV-SAT NETWORK

What is V-SAT?

It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated Telecom Services.It has the following components :a. Micro Earth Station b. Mini Earth Stationc. Personal Earth Station d. Roof Top Terminale. Customer Premises Terminal

ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT

Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last mile problem.Superior quality satellite based data services. Quick implementation time.Reliable communicationBroadcast feature on satellite communication. Communication to different areas.Flexibility for network and changes.Service in distance insensitive. Low cost.

3.1CATEGORIES OF V-SATs

1. Broadcast/ point to multipointTypes of services :a. Broadcast videob. Program quality audio.c. Packetised data.In this mode of operation V-SATs transmit/receive data through a centralized HUB. This type ofnetwork is called star network.

2. Point to point Types of services : a. Voiceb. Datac. ImageIn this mode of operation, V-SATs transmit/receive data without the help of hub station. This

type of network is called a mesh network.

13Dept. of ECECDSE,Indore3. Two way interactiveTypes of services :a. Voice b. Datac. ImageIn this configuration, V-SATs can communicate both on star as well as mesh topology.

3.2 OPERATIONAL ASPECTS

Considering a V-SAT system from its operational aspects, there are five broad functions that determines how the system works. These are:Bandwidth allocationMultiplexingNetwork management Protocol handling Transmission

3.3 TYPE OF ACCESS FOR V-SAT DATA NETWORK

There are three types access available for V-SAT data networks. They are:

1. Fixed assignment time division multiple access (F-TDMA)2. Random access3. code division multiple access (CDMA)

3.3.1 FIXED ASSIGNMENT TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (F-TDMA)

In a fixed assignment TDMA, each frame is divided in two slots of fixed time durations among stations of network. The assignment of stations to slots is permanent similar to TDMA system carrying digitalized voice except FTDMA does not have synchronization. Packets are sent asynchronously, with no frame sync signals.

FEATURESNo inter modulation problems. Transport utilization is better. Throughput is 70% to 80% Delay medium is too high. Complexity-medium.

3.3.2 RANDOM ACCESS

With TDMA schemes, signals are transmitted by earth stations in a burst mode. If no scheduling is provided b/w the transmitting station, this type of access is called time random multiple access. This simplest method for the stations to transmit burst without regard for other station.

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Random access id of two types: Pure alohaSlotted aloha

3.3.3 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

With CDMA transmission from earth station are spread over the time frequency plane by a code transformation. These techniques are referred to as Spread Spectrum Systems. In addition to their multiple access capabilities, they are useful in combating jamming, and are for this reason principally used in military systems.

Features

All stations operate on the same transponder frequency using a large bandwidth than needed for the data rate.Network needs no time for frequency coordination.Provide anti jam capabilities or protection against interference.Provide for a graceful degradation of network performance as the number of simultaneous users increases.Low spectral density compared to conventional emissions. It yields same capacity as FDMA.

Limitations of CDMA

Require large transponder ratio.Due to imperfect code orthogonalities, expected simultaneous users may be limited. Requires a highly central earth station called HUB using star configuration.

VSAT technology using SSMA is presently available only for low bit rate application.

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Chapter 4

The INTERNET

16Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreINTERNET

The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of procedures. GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.

4.1 INTERNET CONNECTIVITYThe basic function of Internet can be summarized as under-Interconnecting of computers to form a network. Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks.To establish a communication link between two computers within as network.To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.

4.2 OSI NETWORKING MODELThe open systems interconnection model defines all the methods and protocols needed toconnect one computer to any other over a network.The OSI model separates the methods and protocols needed for a network connection in to seven different layers. Each higher layer relies on services provided by a lower level layer.The OSI model is sometimes called the seven layer model. It was developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and is documented as standard 7498.

Layers are:Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer

PHYSICAL LAYER:The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to make a network connection. The physical connection can be either point to point or multipoint, and it can consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or full duplex (both directions simultaneously) transmissions. For example, a NIC network interface network) is part of the physical layer.DATA LINK LAYER: The data link layer,defines standard that assign meaning to the bits

carried by the physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so the network layer (layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes error detection and correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The data elements carried by the data link layer are called frames.

17Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreNETWORK LAYER: The network layer, is where a lot of action goes on for most networks. The network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on network. The Network layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These packet protocols include source and destination routing information.

TRANSPORT LAYER: The Transport Layer,manages the flow of information from one network node to another. It ensures that the packets are decoded in the proper sequence and that all packets are received. Transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is used in concert with IP and IPX respectively.

SESSION LAYER: The session layer, defines the connection from a user to a network server,or from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as sessions.They include negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer, on matters of flow and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user information, and authentication to the network.

PRESENTATION LAYER: The presentation layer, takes the data supplied by the lower level layer and transform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include data compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption.

APPLICATION LAYER: The Application layer,controls how the operating system and its application interact with network.As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the operating system, and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers of the OSImodel one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted over the network connection. The computer at the receiving end reverses this process. At each stage of the OSImodel, the data is wrapped with new control information related to the work done at the particular layer. This control information is different for each layer, but it includes headers,trailers pre-ambles, and post-ambles.

4.3COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET:

WWW:

World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents.

HTTP:

Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).

18Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreHTML:

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics and link media.

ISDN:

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that provides both voice and data services over the same connection.

ISP:

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net related services.

4.4NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB)

Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations. The networking equipments like access servers, routers and modems are critical to the successful functioning of ISP.An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments as given below.Access server Router Modem bankLAN (Local Area Network) componentsSecurity server

Rack, console & power supply Network management agent. Help desk

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Chapter 5

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

20Dept. of ECECDSE,IndoreGLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach, offering a full range of business and technical services to its members. This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulae the specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz.

5.1GSM Architechture: It has basically 4 elements:

1)MS(mobile station) 2) BSS(Base station subsystem)

3)NSS(network & switching subsystem) 4)OSS(Operational Subsystem)

Figure 1.GSM Network Architechture

21Dept. of ECECDSE,Indore1)Mobile Station: GSM MSs consist of:

Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module(SIM)

Functions of Mobile Station:

Voice and data transmission & receipt Frequency and time synchronization Can receive, store, send SMS up to 160 characters. MS identified by unique IMEI MS power output: 0.8 to 2 watts.

SIM:

The SIM is a removable card, containing an integrated circuit chip with a microprocessor, random access memory (RAM), and read only memory (ROM). The subscriber inserts it in the MS unit when he or she wants to use the MS to make or receive a call.Fixed data stored for the subscriptionAuthentication Key, Ki

Figure 2. Components of mobile station

Mobile Equipment:

Refers to handset or terminal equipment (IMEI).The international mobile station equipment identity (IMEI) uniquely identifies a mobile station internationally. It is a kind of serial number.

2)Base Station Subsystem (BSS): The BSS is a set of BS equipment (such as transceivers and controllers) that is the entry responsible for communication with Mobile Stations in a certain

22Dept. of ECECDSE,Indorearea. A BSS may consist of one or more BS. The BSS includes two types of machines1) BTS (Base transceiver Station) 2)BSC (Base Station Controller)

Figure 3. Base Station Cell Site Architechture

Functions of BTS :

Signal Processing Synchronization Local maintenance handling

Functional supervision and Testing

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Figure 4. BSS

Functions of BSC :

Radio Resource management Performs call processing Handling of MS connections Performs Operation and Maintenance (0 & M).

Figure 5. BTS

3) Network and Switching Subsystem:It consists of:

1. MSC 2. HLR 3. VLR 4. GMSC 5. EIR 6. AUC

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Figure 6. NSS

1. Mobile Switching Center(MSC):

The main role of the MSC is to manage the communication between the GSM users and other telecommunication network users.. The MSC has interface with the BSS on the one side and the external networks on the other. MSC Functions:

Switching and call routing Charging Communication with HLR & VLR Communication with other MSCs Control of connected BSCs

2. Home Location Register (HLR):

Reference store for subscribers parameters, numbers, authentication & Encryption values. Current subscriber status and associated VLR. Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC. One PLMN may contain one or several HLR.

3. Visitor Location Register(VLR)

It contains data of all mobiles roaming in its area. One VLR may be in-charge of one or more LA. VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area.

VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.

25Dept. of ECECDSE,Indore4)Operation subsystem:The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems.

Functions of OSS:

Performs alarm handling, fault management, performance management, configuration management, traffic data acquisition, activate and deactivate functions, Long term planning, normally centralized in a network.

5. Cellular Principle & Mobility Issues : In mobile communication the wired 2W subscriber line is replaced with a wireless mobile link. Once the customer is liberated from the confines of the wire and made free to move, the following issues arise:-

Demand on the scarce radio resources. Authentication of the customer. Security and privacy on the radio Provide unique service profile.Keep track of the user as they move. Proving service across networks.Billing the customer whenever and wherever he makes and receives calls from.

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Figure 7. A comparison of typical PSTN and mobile call scenarios.

The central concept that made mobile communication as a usable commercial proposition is the cellular principle. BELL Laboratories, US in 1970 first introduced cellular principle Under cellular concept, the service area is divided into a number of CLUSTERS, each cluster consists of a number of CELLS and each cell is assigned as many CARRIERS as required by the traffic in that cell. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the cells in each of the clusters that these cells use the same carrier frequencies.

Since the frequency used being the same, the principle of frequency reuse demands that the interference between them when serving different cells and therefore different customers should be kept within permissible limits.

Figure 8. Frequency Reuse In Seven Cell Pattern

Above figure shows a 7-CELL reuse pattern. The 7 cells, shown as seven different hexagons that are tagged in contiguity are called a cluster. The cluster is repeated in such a manner that the distance between the cells using the same frequency is kept as far as possible.

27Dept. of ECECDSE,Indore5.2 Performance characteristics of GSM

Communication -Mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services.Total mobility- international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers. Worldwide connectivity -one number, the network handles localization. High capacity- better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell.High transmission quality-high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains). Security functions -access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN.

CONCLUSION

Hence in the last I can say that taking training in such an organization proved to be very beneficial for me. I learnt quite a lot about electronic exchange, Internet, Land line, WLL, Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basis of processing Exchange. I also got firsthand knowledge of how a Telephone Exchange works. The first phase of training has proved to be quite fruitful. It provides an opportunity to encounter with such huge machines. The architecture of company has various units. They are linked and working of whole plant is controlled make the student realized that engineering is not just learning the structure description and working of various machines. But the greater part is planning proper management.

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