Training Manual: The Basics of Financing Agriculture
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Transcript of Training Manual: The Basics of Financing Agriculture
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Training Manual:The Basics of Financing
AgricultureModule 6.1 | Roles and Responsibilities of ALOs
Module 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities of ALOs
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Acknowledgement
The Agriculture Finance Training Manual is part of AgriFin’s Agriculture Finance Training Tools. The Manual was developed by Internationale Projekt Consult (ICP) GmbH as part of AgriFin’s technical advisory project for Cameroon Cooperative Credit Union League (CamCCUL).
Terms of Use
Content from this manual may be used freely and copied accurately into other formats without prior permission, provided that proper attribution is given to the sources, and that content is not used for commercial purposes.
Module 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities of ALOs
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Session OverviewLEARNING OBJECTIVE
Agriculture Loan Officers (ALOs) require a basic understanding of the agriculture process to interact with their client and evaluate proposals effectively. An introduction to the agriculture sector will emphasize the basics in plant biology, climate interactions, soil management, as well as the leading practices in sowing, pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest processes.
SCOPE By the end of this presentation, the session will provide:• An understanding of climate interactions in production• An appreciation of soil properties and its management• The principle of crop rotation and why it is needed• Managing fertilizer optimally and safely• Crop practices to protect against pests, diseases, and weeds• Harvest and post-harvest processes in agricultural production
TARGET Agriculture loan officers, trainers, agriculture experts with limited financial analysis training, and other professionals interested in agriculture financing
DURATION 1 hour
Module 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities of ALOs
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Content 1. Lending methodology & credit cycle2. Role of a Loan Officer3. Best practices in lending4. Exercise
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1. Credit MethodologyObjective• Determine repayment capacity of the client• Determine the willingness of the client to repay the loan• Monitor the client until the end of the credit cycle
Principles• No distinction between household and business activity• Money is fungible• Alternative guarantees are necessary
since clients often do not dispose of fixed assets: - Personal guarantees (guarantors)- Movable assets
• Analysis of client morality is more important
Docu
men
ted
info
rmat
ion
Analysis on client character
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1a. Credit Methodology – Credit CycleNew
Application
First Contact
Application
Evaluation
Application Analysis
Credit Committe
e
Enter Project into IT System
Monitoring
Loan conditions: Approval or Rejection of the loan
LOAN OFFICER, MANAGER, ACCOUNTANT
Recovery Preliminary Discussion
Visit Date Collection
IT Reports
Data Analysis:Repayment Capacity/Willingness to Repay/Loan ProposalData entry of the loan’s
legal documents
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1a. Credit Methodology – Credit CycleNew
Application
First Contact
Application
Evaluation
Application Analysis
Credit Committe
e
Enter Project into IT System
Monitoring
Loan conditionsApproval or rejection of the loan
Data analysis:Repayment capacity/Willingness to repay/Loan proposal
Visit Date Collection
Preliminary discussion
Data entry of the loan’s legal documents
IT reports
Recovery
LOAN OFFICER/MANAGER/ACCOUNTANT
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2. Roles of ALOsWhat are the professional characteristics of an ALO?• Integrity (as credit union employee)• Sense for detail• Investigative• Member-service oriented• Good sales person• Polite, able to manage conflict• Analytical• Creative, solution-oriented
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2a. Job description of an ALO: General
• Potentially act as mentor for colleagues• Hand over the active portfolio in case of vacation/absence
(explains issues, follows up with colleague after absence)• Signal conflict of interest• Conduct market research and proposes new lending
products• Protect the client from over-indebtedness• Inform clients about other financial products (cross-selling)
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2b. Job description of an ALO: Specific
Loan application: • Advise and inform clients on loan products• Conduct effective screening and selection of loan applications• Signal a conflict of interest
Loan analysis: • Conduct loan assessments by visiting client’s residence and business,
contacting suppliers/clients/etc. and analysing in a professional way• Competently present results of his/her analysis to the credit committee• Define repayment capacity
Credit committee:• Provide all necessary information to credit committee to take an
informed decision• Follow up on necessary clarifications requested by the credit committee
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2b. Job description of an ALO: Specific (contd.)
Loan disbursement & monitoring: • Explaining contract terms, payment plan, etc. to client• Monitoring of loan (frequent visits, monitor account
movements, etc.). Inform management about potential problems
• Cross-sell savings/transactional products (increase turnover through member’s account to better manage credit risk)
• Review and discover if client has made additional loan requests
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2b. Job description of an ALO: Specific (contd.)
Recovery generalities: • Being fast with follow up. The majority of funds are recovered
in the first 5 days. • Being firm, but stay professional (i.e., polite, respectful)• Maintain professional attitude and not shouting at the clients• Going through the terms of the contract and remind the
client of his obligations• Being creative about solutions:
o Did you inform the guarantor? o Are there other assets the member could sell? o Are there smaller installments you could agree on?
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3. Making Loan Recovery
Know what card to play: • Be understanding in case of a real
problem (e.g., theft, fire, etc.)• Apply pressure when member is unwilling
to pay• Provide solutions when member is unable
to pay• Move quickly to legal procedures if
member is unwilling to repay even though he is able
Unwillingness to pay
Inab
ility
to p
ay A
B C
D
Recovery: Day 1-2: Call member and point out the overdue payment and his obligations
Day 5: Visit the member to find out more about the problem
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3a. Managing Over-Indebtedness
• When an institution has a high level of over-indebtedness among clients, it will likely have an unhealthy portfolio.
• These are a few of the most common ways that over-indebted clients affect a bank:• Increase in client delinquency• Portfolio provisioning prevents institution from making other
loans• Slow and costly legal proceedings for collections• Damage to the institution’s image and portfolio
Why should an ALO avoid over-indebtedness of its members (i.e. should only disburse loans if the member is able to repay)?
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2d. Sources of informationSource Quantitative
information Qualitative information
Neighbors Is this really the client’s business? - Does the shop open daily? - Is the business frequented by clients? - Does the member come in frequently? - What is the business’s reputation in the community?
Suppliers - Client invoices (outstanding)
- Volume and frequency of client purchases
What is the client’s business capacity? - How frequently does the member buy at the supplier
(cross check: client statement)- How reliable is the member’s payment behaviour? - Are there many outstanding invoices?
(cross check: client statement)
Clients How satisfied are clients with the member’s business? - What do clients appreciate about member’s business? What not? - Does our member readily give credit?
Member - Sales book- Client interview during
business and household visit
How does the member want to run his/her project?How profitable will it be? - What is the cash flow generated by the project?- What expenses will the member have to cover? - How much can he repay/month without getting overstretched?
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2e. Interaction with othersMembers: • To receive loan analysis-relevant information• To cross sell savings/transactional products
Guarantors : • To guarantee repayment capacity• To explain responsibility of guarantors
Neighbours/suppliers/clients: • Confirm client’s business location• Receive more information on client’s business operations/quality
Colleagues: • Hand over portfolio during vacation/absence• Provide/give advice on clients/business sector
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3. Best practices in lendingResponsible lending: • Ensure that you accurately determine the repayment
capacity of the member• Ensure that the member understands his obligations
Professional lending: • Implement the 4-eyes principle in all processes• Inform colleagues about conflicts of interest• Ensure integrity/independence: e.g. do not accept “gifts”
from a client you have to analyse
• Keep member information confidential• Keep a list of all your members and their repayment days!• Be transparent if you know the member!• Treat every member in the same way
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4. Exercise – Role Play Write up a text to present yourself as a loan officer from your CamCCUL-affiliated credit union, providing some information on available products and what solutions you provide. (10 minutes of preparation)Then, choose between one of these role plays:Please work in pairs, where one of you is the loan officer and the other the member. The member starts complaining about the time it takes to complete the financial analysis and the many questions the LO is asking. The LO has to placate the angry member. (10 minutes of preparation)Please work in pairs, where one of you is the loan officer and the other the member. The loan officer has to tell the client that his loan has been rejected and that the CU will not finance him. The member becomes furious. (10 minutes of preparation)
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Module 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities of ALOs