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Training Manual Ppl Dv-20 Version 1 01-11-2011 (1)
Transcript of Training Manual Ppl Dv-20 Version 1 01-11-2011 (1)
1
Dear student
Welcome to the JAA PPL(A) course.
The course consists of the following:
1. At least 45 hours flight time as a pilot of airplanes
a. At least 25 hours dual instruction
b. At least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time
2. Theoretical knowledge examinations in seven (7) subjects:
a. Air Law and Operational Procedures
b. Aircraft General Knowledge and Principal of Flight
c. Flight Performance and Limitations
d. Human Performance and Limitations
e. Meteorology
f. Navigation
g. Communication
3. Practice progress test in each subject prior to taking each JAA PPL
theoretical knowledge examination
4. Skill test at Megas Alexandros airport
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FLIGHT EXERCISES
FLIGHT DESCRIPTION Ex1 Familiarization with the airplane
Ex1E Emergency drills
Ex2 Preparation for and action after flight
Ex3 Air experience
Ex4 Effects of controls
Ex5 Taxiing
Ex5E Emergencies
Ex6 Straight and level flight
Ex7 Climbing
Ex8 Descending
Ex9 Turning
Ex10A Slow flight
Ex10B Stalling
Ex11 Spin avoidance
Ex12 Take off and climb to downwind position
Ex13 Circuit, approach and landing
Ex12/13E Emergencies
Ex14 First solo
Ex15 Advanced turning
Ex16 Forced landing without power
Ex17 Precautionary landing
Ex18A Navigation
Ex18B Navigation problems at low levels and reduced visibility
Ex18C Radio navigation
Ex19 Basic instrument flight
Ex20 Night qualification
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EGNATIA AVIATION FLYING PROGRAM-MODULE 1 PHASE ONE 13.6 hours DUAL/0.4 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO
1. Exercise 1-2-3-5 (Familiarization flight) 1 hour
2. Exercise 2-3-4-5 1 hour
3. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 1 hour
4. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 1 hour
5. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 1 hour
6. Exercise 10A-10B 1.2 hours
7. Exercise 10A-10B-15 1.2 hours
8. Exercise 15-16 1.2 hours
9. Exercise 12-13 1 hour
10. Exercise 12-13 (Glide & Short Approach) 1 hour
11. Exercise 12-13 (EFATO-EFODW) 1 hour
12. Exercise 12-13 (Circuit Emergencies) 1 hour
13. Exercise 14 (Stage check/First solo 1 hour 0.4 hours
PHASE TWO 3.5 hours DUAL/2.6 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO
14. Exercise 14 1 hour
15. Exercise 12-13 1.3 hours
16. Exercise 19 1 hour
17. Exercise 12-13 1.3 hours
18. Exercise 18C-19 1.5 hours
PHASE THREE 4.5 hours DUAL/2.0 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO
19. Exercise 10A-10B-11 1.5 hours
20. Exercise 10A-10B 1 hour
21. Exercise 15-16-17 1.5 hours
22. Exercise 15-16 1 hour
23. Exercise 18C-19 1.5 hours
PHASE FOUR 4.9 hours DUAL/5.0 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO
24. Exercise 18A (Short X-Country) 1.9 hour
25. Exercise 18A (Short X-Country) 2.0 hours
26. Exercise 18A (Stage check/Long X-Country) 3.0 hours
27. Exercise 18A (Long X-Country) 3.0 hours
PHASE FIVE 8.5 hours DUAL DUAL SOLO
28. Revision for PPL Skill Test 1.5 hours
29. Revision for PPL Skill Test 1.5 hours
30. Revision for PPL Skill Test 1.5 hours
31. Revision for PPL Skill Test 2.0 hours
32. MOCK TEST 2.0 hours
TOTAL 35 hours 10 hours
4
LOCAL COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES
The principal of communication technique is based on listening, monitoring, requesting,
reporting and reading back. It is your responsibility to study the communication manual
provided by your flight school to gain all the knowledge that is required for a pilot at your
level. This is a quick reference example to brief you on a basic PPL training flight
examining the scenario of going to a training area starting with the first report just after the
start up until entering into the training area.
A/C: Megas Alexandros TWR good morning this is “SX-KIS” with information _____
received request radio check and I am ready to pass the flight plan.
(Flight plans for local VFR flights within TMA of Kavala airport are filed via the
radio)
ATSU: “SX- KIS” good morning readability 5 out of 5, ready to copy your flight plan.
There is the possibility to be told “standby for your flight plan”. In that case you wait
until you will be called back from the ATSU to pass your flight plan.
The information you need to pass is the following:
1. Registration
2. Flight time
3. Endurance
4. Route
5. POB
6. PIC name
A/C: 1. “SX- KIS”
2. 1 hr flight time
3. 4 hrs endurance
4. North training area
5. 2 POB
6. PIC name
As soon as the flight plan is filed the ATSU will either approve or reject your flight plan
according to the information you passed, traffic etc.
ATSU: “SX- KIS” flight plan is approved (sometimes you might hear them saying all
received) report when ready for taxi.
A/C: Report when ready to taxi “SX- KIS”
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Considering ‘’after engine started’’ checklist is completed and you are ready to taxi, you
request for the taxi clearance.
A/C: “SX- KIS” request taxi.
ATSU: “SX- KIS” taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R.
A/C: Taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R “SX- KIS”.
We have reached the holding point and completed the’’ before takeoff’’ checklist. We are
now ready to request the take off clearance.
A/C: “SX- KIS” ready for Departure.
ATSU:“SX- KIS” wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for take off.
A/C: Runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff “SX- KIS”.
Notice that we do not include wind information in our read back.
In many occasions takeoff clearances might include some instruction to follow after
departure. i.e. :
ATSU: “SX- KIS” wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff after departure
climb 1000ft straight ahead, turn left proceed to north training area 3000ft”.
Remember you are the PIC! If an instruction is applicable and suitable for you
and your flight characteristics you accept it. If not reject it. It is good airmanship
to make this decision before takeoff.
After takeoff your workload will degrade your decision making affecting your safety and
possibly creating confusions between you the ATSU and the traffic near you. If in any
case you are subjected to a situation like this remember: First Fly The Aircraft!
After airborne you will get information about your take off time and next reporting point.
ATSU: “SX- KIS” airborne at ____ report entering north training area.
A/C: Report entering north training area “SX- KIS”.
When entering your report has to include the following information:
1. Registration
2. Message (entering north training area)
3. Operating altitudes
4. Time remaining in the area
A/C: “SX- KIS” entering north training area request to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft
for 20 minutes.
ATSU:Cleared to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft report when leaving north training area.
A/C: Report when leaving north training area “SX- KIS”.
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7
EXERCISE 1 : FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE A/C
1. Aircraft Operating Manual
2. Refueling of your aircraft and oil check
3. Checking out your aircraft (use of Checklist)
AH
ARTIFICIAL HORIZON
DI
DIRECTION INDICATOR
ASI
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
ALT
ALTIMETER
TC
TURN CO-ORDINATOR
VSI
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
Left Wing
Right Wing
Flap
Aileron
Right Main
Landing Gear
Nose Wheel
Engine
Cowling
Vertical
Stabilizer
Elevator
Horizontal
Stabilizer
Rudder
Flap
Left Main
Landing Gear
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EXERCISE 2 : PREPARATION FOR AND ACTIONS
AFTER FLIGHT
AIM: To learn the student how to prepare himself and the aircraft for
flight and also how to check and secure the aircraft after flight.
TOPICS
Student clothing suitability especially footwear.
Flight authorization, aircraft acceptance and serviceability documents.
External checks including local refueling procedures and fire precautions.
Internal checks.
Student comfort, harness seat and adjustment.
Special precautions – door locking and unlocking.
Starting and warming up checks.
Power checks.
Running down and stopping the engine.
Leaving the aircraft, noting of defects, security and picketing.
Completion of authorization and aircraft service documents, recording of any defects.
IMPORTANT
If it is necessary to move the aircraft on the ground without power, the tow bar is to be
used.
Moving the aircraft by pressing down on the tail plane is strictly forbidden.
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A.R.R.O.W.
A Airworthiness
R Radio License
R Registration
O Operation Manual
W Weight and Balance
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EXERCISE 3 : AIR EXPERIENCE
AIM: To familiarize a prospective pilot with flight in a light aircraft
AIRMANSHIP: Seat – Safety harness – Headset adjustment –
Emergencies.
AIR EXERCISE
Familiarization with the aircraft and the cockpit, including entry and exit.
Airfield layout and method of controlling the aircraft on the ground.
Airborne : new environment.
Familiarization with the aircraft controls, including use.
Re-joining and landing.
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PASSENGER BRIEF
The passenger brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) after all
occupants have boarded the aircraft and prior to starting the engine. The brief
is provided so that the passengers are aware of what they should not touch
during flight, how to secure and unfasten their seat belts, how to operate the
door including the emergency door release, where the fire extinguisher is
located and the first aid kit together with life jackets for across water flights.
Finally the brief should include what actions the passengers should take in the
unlikely event of a forced landing.
An example of a passenger brief is shown below:
As you can see this is a dual controlled aircraft, can I please ask you not
to place your feet on the rudder pedals nor touch the control column, also
please do not touch any of the buttons or switches and if you do please let
me know what you have touched.
The seat belt is secured like this (showing passenger) and unfastened by
rotating the belt lock.
The main door is opened by pulling the two red levers on the left and
right of the canopy, lifting up the red hook and push the canopy upwards
to open.
There is also an emergency unlock mechanism for the door by pulling to
the back stop one of the two red levers and lifting up the red hook. The
fire extinguisher and the medical kit of the aircraft are placed behind the
seats, in the baggage compartment.
In the unlikely event of an emergency, having to land in a field, I will say
BRACE, BRACE, BRACE at which time I want you to adopt the
following position(showing passenger) and remain in this position until
the aircraft comes to a stop. We will then exit the aircraft and move away
from the aircraft.
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EXERCISE 4 : EFFECTS OF CONTROLS (PART 1)
AIM: To learn the effects of the controls on an aircraft in flight
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Handing over and taking over control
Orientation / aircraft landmarks – Passenger brief.
AIR EXERCISE
1. CONTROL
a. Elevator Primary Effect Further Effect Stick Back Nose pitches up Speed reduces
Stick Fore Nose pitches down Speed increases
b. Aileron Stick Left Roll left Yaw left-More roll-Spiral descent
Stick Right Roll right Yaw right-More roll-Spiral descent
c. Yaw Rudder Left Yaw left Roll left-More yaw-Spiral descent
Rudder Right Yaw right Roll right-More yaw-Spiral descent
2. EFFECT OF AIRSPEED (At a constant power setting)
a. High speed: Controls firm and effective (sensitive)
b. Low speed: Controls sloppy and not so effective (less sensitive)
3. EFFECT OF SLIPSTREAM (At a constant IAS)
a. High power: Rudder / Elevator effective (sensitive) – Roll unaffected
b. Low power: Rudder / Elevator less effective (less sensitive) – Roll unaffected
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CAPTAIN’S BRIEF – VFR DEPARTURE
The captain’s brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) just prior
to lining up on the runway for take off. It is a verbal visualization of what
actions the pilot (or crew) will take in the event of any emergencies during
departure and of the initial route and altitudes to be used.
It should normally be performed on completion of the power checks and
before calling ready for departure.
An example is shown below of a VFR departure from Megas Alexandros
airport.
This is a VFR departure from runway 05R or 23L Megas Alexandros
airport
----Speed calls VR 50 kts, Initial Climb 75 kts, Enroute climb 75 kts and
set course to _ _ _ _ _ and then set initial heading of _ _ _ _ _ degrees.
If there are any abnormal engine indications or engine failure during the:
---- Take off (T/O) roll, I will call “STOP”, close the power to idle,
smoothly apply brakes and bring the aircraft to a stop on the runway.
---- If airborne and with sufficient runway left available I will call
“LAND” and land back onto the runway (use flaps as necessary).
---- If airborne and with insufficient runway remaining, I will call
“LAND” set the nose down, trim for 70 KIAS, set flaps T/O and look for
a suitable field to land 30° degrees either side of centre line.
---- In case of real emergency instructor has control.
---- Runway condition e.g. dry – Wind e.g. 210° / 12 Knots
Having completed the above and especially if you have come to a stop on the
active runway, inform ATC of the situation.
When a student is flying with an instructor after having given the Captain’s
brief the student should state that in a real emergency the instructor will
assume control of the aircraft.
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EXERCISE 4 : EFFECTS OF CONTROLS (PART 2)
AIM: To learn the effect of Power, Trim, Flaps.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Handing over and taking over control
Flap limiting speed - Orientation / landmarks – Captain’s brief.
AIR EXERCISE
1. POWER
2. TRIM
Trim is used to relieve forces on the stick when using the elevator.
a. Trim forward: Aircraft pitches down
b. Trim rearward: Aircraft pitches up
3. FLAPS
Flaps are used to provide lift at slower speeds. Example: landing the aircraft
a. Lower flap: Aircraft pitches up – Lower IAS – Trim changes
b. Raise flap: Aircraft pitches down – Higher IAS – Trim changes
NOTE: Raise or Lower flaps one at a time
Open throttle Increase power Nose pitches up Yaws to left Aircraft climbs
Close throttle Decrease power Nose pitches down Yaws to right Aircraft descends
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NOTES
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EXERCISE 5 : TAXIING
AIM: To learn how to maneuver the aircraft on the ground safely under its
own power.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Liaison ATC – Speed – Engine and brake
handling – Rules for taxi – Airfield procedures – Marshalling signals.
GROUND EXERCISE
1. PRE-TAXI CHECKS a. Brakes on d. Note W/V
b. Friction nut slackened e. ATC Clearance/Routing
c. Trim neutral f. F.I. to check student’s feet position
2. INITIAL TAXIING a. Lookout e. Close throttle for brake check
b. Route to be followed, and clear f. Resume taxiing
c. Close throttle - Brakes off g. Check rudder travel
d. Increase power sufficiently to move a/c h. Controls according to wind direction
3. CONTROL OF SPEED a. Lookout d. Instruments checks (compass, D.I.,
b. Speed control primarily with throttle T.C., A.H.)
and brakes (surface-slope) e. Smooth and gentle throttle movements
c. Fast walking speed or as appropriate f. Never brake against power
4. CONTROL OF DIRECTION AND TURNING a. Lookout d. Turning in confined space use differential
b. Rudder pedals for turning brake, slow speed,slight increase in power
c. Anticipate recovery e. Watch wing tips and tail,clear of obstacles
follow centerline
5. STOPPING a. Anticipate inertia d. Toe brakes, as applicable
b. Close throttle e. When stopped, parking brake
c. Rudder pedals central, nose f. For parking or power check turn into wind
wheel align
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F.R.E.D.A.
F Fuel systems check
R Radio correctly set
E Engine and systems normal operation
D Direction indicator aligned correctly and position checked on the map
A Altitude and altimeter subscale checked (QNH-QFE)
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EXERCISE 6 : STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT
(PART 1)
AIM: To fly the aircraft at a constant altitude, constant direction and in
balance.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Clock code – F.R.E.D.A. Checks.
AIR EXERCISE
1. TO MAINTAIN STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT
a. Constant Altitude
b. Constant Direction
c. Balance
2. POWER: 2000 RPM – MP 24ʺ (95 KIAS )
a. If low power: aircraft descends or speed low – adjust pitch up
b. If high power: aircraft climbs or speed is too high - adjust pitch down
Select attitude with elevator
Maintain and trim
Check V.S.I. & Altimeter
NOTE: Correct small errors (100´)
with elevator, for larger changes
correct with power
Select wings level
Prevent yaw (rudder)
Check external reference point
Check A.I. & D.I.
To regain heading use co-ordinated
aileron and rudder
Maintain ball in the center
Ball to right – Right rudder
Ball to left – Left rudder
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NOTES
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EXERCISE 6 : STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT
(PART 2)
AIM: To learn how to fly straight and level at various power settings,
selected airspeeds and with flap.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – F.R.E.D.A. Checks - Vfe.
AIR EXERCISE
1. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL AT A HIGHER SPEED
Increase power 26ʺ – 2000 RPM (maintain attitude – aircraft climbs).
Prevent yaw.
Select lower nose attitude to maintain level flight.
Trim for straight and level.
Check V.S.I. – ALT – T.C. – Adjust and re-trim if required
NOTE: Lower nose attitude, Higher power setting, Higher airspeed
2. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL AT A LOWER SPEED
Decrease power 20ʺ – 2000 RPM (maintain attitude – aircraft descends).
Prevent yaw.
Select higher nose attitude to maintain level flight.
Trim for straight and level.
Check V.S.I. – ALT – T.C.– Adjust and re-trim if required
NOTE: Higher nose attitude, Poor forward vision, Lower power setting, Lower airspeed.
3. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL WITH FLAP AT 50 KIAS
RPM max - Select power 15ʺ.
Prevent yaw.
Check Vfe (white arc-flap limiting speed).
Lower flaps T/O and then LDG position one at a time.
Adjust attitude for speed.
Adjust power to ~ 20ʺ to maintain level.
Trim.
NOTE: Improved forward vision.
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L.E.F.T.
(During climbing every 1000 feet)
L Lookout
E Engine instruments all in green
F Fuel sufficient
T Check OAT
23
EXERCISE 7 : CLIMBING (PART 1)
AIM: To learn how to put the aircraft in a climb at 75 KIAS and to level
off at a selected altitude.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout and above – Engine checks – Lower nose
every 1000´.
AIR EXERCISE
ENTRY IN THE CLIMB LEVEL OFF
P
Lookout
Select reference point
RPM max
Power full
Prevent yaw
Check balance
Note attitude and
maintain
Maintain correct
airspeed with elevators
Check engine instr.
Attitude select
Anticipate 50ft before
Wait for airspeed to
increase to 95 KIAS
A
A
Attitude select
Climb at 75 KIAS
Hold reference point
Maintain balance with
rudder
Weave every 1000 ft
for lookout purposes
Power 24ʺ
RPM 2000
Prevent yaw
P
T
Trim
Check IAS
Adjust attitude if
necessary
Re-trim if necessary
NOTE: ROC decreases
with altitude
Trim for S&L
Re-check power and
airspeed
Re-trim if necessary
T
Vso Stall speed
Full flap
Stall speed
clean Vs1
Maximum
flaps
extended
speed
VFE Normal
operating
limit speed
VNo
Never
exceed
speed
VNE
ROC: RATE OF CLIMB
ROD: RATE OF DESCENT
Vx: BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB
Vy: BEST RATE OF CLIMB
SAMPLE A.S.I.
24
NOTES
25
EXERCISE 7 : CLIMBING (PART 2)
AIM: To learn how to climb with varying amount of flap, and how to raise
flap during the climb.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout–Engine checks–Application “go-around”.
AIR EXERCISE
1. LOWERING FLAP
LOWERING FLAP
EFFECT
At 75 KIAS climb speed lower flaps T/O
Maintain speed 75 KIAS
Note reduced rate of climb plus lower nose
attitude and trim change
Raise the nose and select minimum speed
for go-around 60 KIAS
Climb rate largely restored
Attitude and trim change
2. RAISING FLAP
RAISING FLAP
EFFECT
Retract flap
Attitude and trim change
Climb at 75 KIAS
Rate of climb increases plus higher nose
attitude as flap is retracted
NOTE: Raise or Lower flaps one at a time
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NOTES
27
EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING - GLIDING (PART 1)
AIM: To learn how to glide the aircraft at 70 KIAS and to level off at a
selected altitude.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) – Carburator heat
(engine will get colder) – Altimeter settings.
AIR EXERCISE
ENTRY IN THE GLIDE LEVEL OFF
P
Lookout
Select reference point
RPM max
Power idle
Prevent yaw
Flaps T/O
Carburator heat ON
Check balance
Note attitude – R.O.D.
and maintain
Maintain correct
airspeed with elevators
Anticipate 100’before
Power 24ʺ
RPM 2000
Prevent yaw
Flaps UP
Carburator heat OFF
P
A
Attitude
Hold attitude for
airspeed to decrease,
then select lower nose to
descent at 70 KIAS
Maintain balance with
rudder
Warm engine and
weave every 1000 ft
for lookout purposes
Attitude
Select for straight and
level flight
A
T
Trim
Check IAS
Adjust attitude if
necessary
Re-trim if necessary
NOTE: Controls,
especially the tail
surfaces, are less
effective
Trim for S&L
Re-check power and
airspeed
Re-trim if necessary
T
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NOTES
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EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING (PART 2)
AIM: To learn how to descent the aircraft at specific speeds and various
rates of descent, in various configurations.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) – Carburator heat
(engine will get colder) – Altimeter settings - VFE
AIR EXERCISE
3. VARYING THE DESCENT
Put aircraft into glide
Increase power 17'
Raise nose attitude to maintain 70 KIAS
Visibility is poor
Select flap LDG
Visibility improves
1. DESCENDING WITH FLAP
Put aircraft into glide
Note rate of descent ~ 600'/min
Lower flap LDG
Maintain attitude
Airspeed decreases
Lower nose to maintain 70 KIAS
Trim
NOTE: Lower nose attitude and higher
rate of descent – Better forward visibility
2. DESCENDING WITH POWER
Put aircraft into glide
Note rate of descent ~ 600'/min
Increase power 17'
Maintain attitude
Airspeed increases
Raise nose attitude to maintain 70 KIAS
Trim
NOTE: Higher nose attitude and lower rate
of descent
Repeat power 15'
a. If too high on descent Reduce power
Lower nose to maintain 70KIAS
Trim
NOTE: Increased rate of descent
b. If too low on descent Increase power
Raise nose to maintain 70 KIAS
Trim
NOTE: Decreased rate of descent
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NOTES
31
EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING (PART 3)
AIM: To learn how to descent at greater than normal rates of descent
without increasing the airspeed.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) – Anticipate safe
recovery by 200 ft AGL – Carburator heat (engine will get colder)
AIR EXERCISE
1. SIDESLIP
a. Entry From straight glide adopt moderate bank (15°)
Use opposite rudder to maintain heading
Adjust nose attitude to maintain correct airspeed
NOTE: Increased rate of descent - T.C. ball out of balance
b. In the slip Maintain selected bank
Use sufficient opposite rudder to maintain direction
Hold attitude for correct speed
c. Recovery to glide Anticipate safe recovery not below 200 ft AGL
Level wing simultaneously centralising rudder
Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed
2. SLIPPING TURN
a. Entry From a gliding turn to the left apply opposite rudder to the turn
Maintain bank angle with ailerons
Adjust nose attitude to maintain correct airspeed
NOTE: Increased rate of descent - T.C. ball out of balance
b. In the turn Maintain selected bank with sufficient opposite rudder
Hold attitude for correct speed
c. Recovery to gliding turn Apply rudder pressure to the direction of the turn – Use ailerons to maintain bank
Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed
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NOTES
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EXERCISE 9 : TURNING
AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft using bank up to 30° level,
climbing and descending and to roll out on specific headings.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Synchronization of D.I. and
compass in the air.
AIR EXERCISE
1. LEVEL TURN – MEDIUM BANK
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLLING OUT Lookout all around and
above
Roll on bank up to 30° on
A.H.
Rudder to balance
Back pressure on stick to
maintain height
Lookout
Maintain constant bank
constant height
in balance
NOTE: Slight loss of
Airspeed
Lookout
Anticipate required heading
Roll wings level
Rudder to balance
Relax back pressure
Centralize controls
NOTE: IAS restored
2. CLIMBING TURNS
Straight climb
Roll on bank up to Rate one/15°
Maintain speed with elevator
NOTE: Rate of climb reduced
2. DESCENDING TURNS
Straight descent
Roll on bank up to 30°
Maintain speed with elevator
NOTE: Rate of descent increased
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H.A.S.E.L.L.
H Height
Sufficient to recover from 3000´ feet AGL
A Airframe
Flaps and landing gear as required, brakes off, trim
S Security
Hatches and harnesses secure, loose articles stowed
E Engine
RPM max, Normal operation, fuel OK
L Location satisfactory
Away from towns, aircraft, controlled airspace
L Lookout
Inspection turns
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EXERCISE 10A : SLOW FLIGHT
AIM: To acquaint the pilot with the handling characteristics at speeds
close to the stall.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Engine handling - H.A.S.E.L.L. – Safe
height.
AIR EXERCISE
1. LEVEL FLIGHT
Introduce HASELL safety checks
Set RPM max
Set power 15ʺ
Reduce speed at VS1 + 5 KIAS ( 50 KIAS)
Select attitude and trim
Power required for S & L ~ 20ʺ
Maintain attitude, heading and balance
NOTE: Sluggish control, high nose attitude
and poor forward vision
2. CLIMBING
Lookout
Increase power ~ 23ʺ
Adjust attitude to maintain 50 KIAS
Rate of climb 300΄/min
Maintain heading and balance
Stabilize power when R.O.C. achieved
Trim
3. DESCENDING
Lookout
Reduce power idle
Lower the nose to maintain 50 KIAS
Rate of descent 500΄/min
Maintain heading and balance
Stabilize power when R.O.D. achieved
Trim
5. TOLERANCE 6. SLOW FLIGHT FLAP LDG
Height: ± 150 feet Repeat slow flight with:
Heading: ± 10° Flap LDG
Speed: -0/ +5 Knots Speed VSo + 5 KIAS (45 KIAS)
Power required for S & L ~ 23ʺ
NOTE: A lot of right rudder required during the exercise
4. TURNING FLIGHT
Lookout
From slow straight and level flight at
50 KIAS enter rate one turn
Increase power as required
Maintain altitude and airspeed
Trim
36
NOTES
37
EXERCISE 10B: STALLING (PART 1)
AIM: To examine the symptoms of approaching stall and recovery with
minimum height loss.
AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L.
AIR EXERCISE
POWER IDLE – CLEAN CONFIGURATION
a. Entry Lookout – Clearing turns – RPM max – Power idle – Prevent yaw - Maintain height
by pitching nose up - Maintain heading - Maintain ailerons neutral
b. Stall approach symptoms
Reducing speed - sloppy controls - stall warning horn - slight buffet
c. Stall symptoms Heavy buffet – sink rate - nose drops – wing drops (possible)
d. Recovery without power (elevators only) Pitch slightly below horizon until buffet stops
Speed rises – Ease out of dive above 60 KIAS
Back to S&L – Height loss approx. 300 ft
e. Recovery with power (Standard Stall Recovery) Pitch slightly below horizon until buffet stops
Power max – Prevent yaw
Speed rises to safe speed 60 KIAS – Stop R.O.D.
Back to S&L – Height loss approx. 150 ft
f. Recovery from wing drop Confirm power idle
Apply sufficient opposite rudder to prevent further yaw
Simultaneously pitch down until buffet stops
Power max – Prevent yaw
As speed rises to safe speed 60 KIAS, roll wings level and climb away
38
NOTES
39
EXERCISE 10B: STALLING (PART 2)
AIM: To examine the aircraft stalling in various configurations of power
and flap and to recover with minimum height loss.
AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - VFE
AIR EXERCISE
1. POWER IDLE – FLAP LDG (GLIDE APPROACH STALL)
ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.) Lookout – Select visual reference point
RPM max – Power idle – Prevent yaw
Select flap T/O
Maintain altitude by pitching nose up
Speed reduces flap LDG (white arc)
Glide 70 KIAS – Descent ~200´
Pitch up – Stall approach symptoms
Recover at incipient stage – Stall worn horn
Pitch slightly below horizon
Power max – Prevent yaw – Flap T/O
Speed rises – Above safe speed 60 KIAS
Nose just above horizon
Positive R.O.C. – Flap up
Regain starting altitude
2. BASE TO FINAL TURN STALL
ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.) Lookout – Select visual reference point
RPM max – Power 15ʺ – Prevent yaw
Maintain altitude by pitching nose up
Select flap T/O – When speed 65 KIAS
Descent ~200´
Pitch up and turn (gently) 25°-30° bank
Stall approach symptoms
Recover at incipient stage – Stall worn horn
Pitch slightly below horizon
Power max – Prevent yaw
Speed rises – Wing level
Above safe speed 60 KIAS
Nose just above horizon – Positive R.O.C.
Flap up – Regain starting altitude
3. STALL ON FINAL APPROACH
ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.) Lookout – Select visual reference point
RPM max – Power 15ʺ – Prevent yaw
Maintain altitude by pitching nose up
Select flap T/O
Speed reduces flap LDG (white arc)
When speed 60 KIAS – Descent ~ 200´
Pitch up – Stall approach symptoms
Recover at incipient stage – Stall worn horn
Pitch slightly below horizon
Power max – Prevent yaw – Flap T/O
Speed rises – Above safe speed 60 KIAS
Nose just above horizon
Positive R.O.C. – Flap up
Regain starting altitude
40
NOTES
No spinning allowed for PPL level – Just entry recovery demonstration
41
EXERCISE 11: SPIN AVOIDANCE
AIM: To recognize the symptoms of an approach to a spin and to recover
with safety.
AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Lookout
AIR EXERCISE
1. ENTRY
Lookout
Enter as normal stall
Apply full rudder to the direction of spin
Stick back pressure
Ailerons neutral – Wing level
Wing drops to the side of rudder or spin
2. RECOVERY
Delay until wing drops between 45° and 60°
Power idle
Stick neutral
Full opposite rudder until rotation stop – Rudder neutral
Level the wings – Smoothly pitch up – Ease out of dive
Above horizon – Apply power max – Recover to climb – Reduce speed to 75 KIAS
Regain starting altitude
NOTES: a. Prompt recovery is essential
b. High rate of descent during dive out of spin
42
CIRCUIT TRAFFIC PATERN
VR=5
0 K
TS
CIR
CU
IT P
AT
TE
RN
DV
-20
KA
TA
NA
POWER FULL SPEED 75KTS
Cle
aran
ce
Air
fram
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Hei
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Inst
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Fuel
1.5 NM
PO
WER
17
ʺ FL
AP
S T/
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PO
WER
20
ʺ FL
AP
S LD
G
SPEE
D 6
0KTS
CA
SH C
HEC
KS
PO
WER
15
ʺ ST
AR
T D
ESC
ENT
CROSSWIND LEG
CLIMB
DO
WN
WIN
D C
HEC
KS
CA
SHIF
P
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4ʺ
RP
M M
AX
TR
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CIR
CU
IT P
AT
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RN
DV
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KA
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CLI
MB
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WIN
D L
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40
0'
PO
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FU
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RP
M M
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FLA
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UP
SP
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75
KTS
LDG
LIG
HT
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50
0'
INIT
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CLI
MB
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V =
75
KTS
BASE LEG
SPEED 65 KTS ROD 500' / MIN
DESCENT
DES
CEN
T
FIN
AL
10
00
'
43
EXERCISE 12 & 13: TAKE-OFF AND LANDING
AIM: To learn the technique of take-off, climb to a downwind position,
approach and landing.
AIRMANSHIP: Vital actions – Lookout – Pre-landing checks –
Orientation – Judgement.
AIR EXERCISE
1. BEFORE TAKE-OFF CHECKS Taxy checks - Take-off checks - R/T call
2. TAKE-OFF Line up – Use center of runway – Reference point
Check magnetic compass – D.I. – runway heading
Check W/V – Apply full power smoothly
Control direction with rudder – Ailerons according to wind direction
Ease stick back – Lift off at 50 KIAS – Select climbing attitude – Check drift
3. CLIMB Wings level - Climb at 75 KIAS
At 400 feet A.G.L.: Flap up – Trim – Landing lights OFF – Check engine instruments
At 500 feet A.G.L.: Lookout – Rate one turn onto crosswind leg
Allowance for drift – Trim - Level off 1000 feet A.G.L – Reduce power 24ʺ
Trim – Position to turn downwind
4. DOWNWIND Lookout - Maintain 1000 feet AGL – Parallel track with the runway – Allowance for drift
C.A.S.H.I.F. checks – Abeam threshold: Reduce power 17ʺ – Flap T/O – Trim
5. BASE LEG When threshold falls behind wingtip 45° - Turn to base leg max 30° bank
Descent at 65 KIAS – R.O.D. 500´/min – Trim – Allowance for drift
6. APPROACH AND LANDING When threshold at 15° to aircraft - Turn to final – 500 feet A.G.L. – Flap LDG
C.A.S.H. checks – Maintain speed 60 KIAS – Trim – Allowance for drift
7. GO-AROUND Decision height min 200 feet A.G.L.
Power full – RPM max – Prevent yaw – Carb. heat OFF – Flap T/O – Climbing attitude
R/T call – Speed rises above 60 KIAS – Positive rate of climb – At 400 feet flap up
Climb away – Trim – Resume normal climb out – Continue in circuit
44
C.A.S.H.I.F. ( On downwind )
C Clearance
R/T call
A Airframe
RPM max, flaps and landing gear as required, trim, landing light on
S Security
Hatches and harnesses secure
H Height
1000´ feet AGL
I Instruments
Check within limits (green indications)
F Fuel
Sufficient – Emergency fuel pump ON
C.A.S.H. ( On final )
C Clearance
R/T call
A Airframe
Flaps and landing gear as required, trim – No brakes
S Speed
60 KIAS
H Height
500´ feet AGL
45
EXERCISE 12 & 13 : CROSSWIND TAKE OFF,
APPROACH AND LANDING
AIM: To learn the procedure and control technique to take-off and land
safely during crosswind conditions.
AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations – Aircraft DV-20
max. crosswind component 15 KT – Solo PPL student 10KT.
AIR EXERCISE
1. PRE-TAKE OFF Calculate crosswind component – Line up – Stick into wind
2. TAKE OFF Progressively centralize stick as speed increases to maintain lateral level
Keep straight with rudder
Lift off speed 50 KIAS – Immediate allowance for drift
3. CLIMB AND CIRCUIT Maintain extended runway center-line on climb out, if there is a headwind component
Normal circuit pattern plus allowance for drift
4. APPROACH AND LANDING Approach as normal – Flap as required – Allow for drift
Round out as normal – Just before touchdown yaw aircraft into centerline direction
Stick into wind to counteract any roll
After touchdown lower nose immediately (gently) to assist with directional control
Keep stick into wind during ground roll
46
NOTES
47
EXERCISE 13: FLAPLESS APPROACH AND
LANDING
AIM: To learn the technique of approach and landing without flap.
AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations.
AIR EXERCISE
1. DOWNWIND LEG Fly a little further downwind due to flatter angle of approach
2. BASE LEG Level turn up to 30° bank onto base leg
Descent using less power than normal – No flap
Airspeed 70 KIAS – Trim
3. FINAL APPROACH Aim to be lined up with runway by 500 feet
Airspeed 65 KIAS – Trim
Flatter approach path – Higher nose attitude
Cross the hedge at 60 KIAS
4. LANDING A shallower round out will be required
Higher touchdown speed
Longer landing distance
NOTE: This approach is used in high crosswind conditions but must have sufficient
runway
48
NOTES
49
EXERCISE 13: GLIDE APPROACH AND LANDING
AIM: To learn how to complete a successful approach and landing
from a pre-determined position without the use of power.
AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations – Engine handling.
AIR EXERCISE
1. DOWNWIND LEG As for normal circuit but earlier turn onto base leg – No flap
Select aiming point upwind of the intended point of touchdown
2. BASE LEG Power idle – Glide 70 KIAS – Trim – Flap T/O
Allowance for drift
Look at selected aiming point and assess:
If very high – Lower flap LDG
If high - Turn away 10° approx
If low - Turn towards runway 10° approx
3. FINAL APPROACH Maintain 60 KIAS
Lower flap LDG as required reaching intended landing point
4. LANDING Initiate round out in good time due to high rate of descent and large attitude change
NOTE: This exercise forms the basis for forced landing procedure
If undershooting on this exercise do not “Stretch The Glide”
50
NOTES
51
EXERCISE 12 & 13: SHORT FIELD/SOFT FIELD
TAKE-OFF AND LANDING
AIM: To learn take-off and landing techniques where the field length
is restricted or is soft due to grass, mud, snow, slush etc.
AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations – Consult A.F.M. for
performance.
AIR EXERCISE
1. SHORT FIELD
a. Take off Take off checks complete – Align aircraft with selected path using max run available
Flap T/O – Full power against the brakes – RPM max
Lift off 50 KIAS – Maintain Vx=58 KIAS until clear of obstacles
b. Landing Initial approach as for standard circuit - Select flap LDG on final
Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS – Power as required
Position aiming point as close to the threshold as practicable
Maintain power until the round out
Power idle just before main wheels contact the ground
Lower the nose and apply brakes gently – Retract flap
2. SOFT FIELD
a. Take off Take off checks complete – Align aircraft with selected path using max run available
Flap T/O – Full power – During the take off run hold stick well back to maintain nose
wheel off ground – Aircraft will lift off earlier – Fly into ground effect until normal speed
b. Landing Initial approach as for standard circuit – Select flap LDG on final
Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS – Power as required
During the landing roll hold nose up as long as possible
52
VFR CIRCUIT JOINING PROCEDURE
Aircraft taking off, going around or
making touch and go landings are to
remain at below 500 ft QNH until the
upwind end of the runway in use has
been passed
Join crosswind overhead the upwind end of
the runway at circuit height 1000 ft
Pontolivado
Keramoti
Maintain 1500 ft if over
flying the circuit
53
EXERCISE 14: CONSOLIDATION FLIGHT
AIM: To prepare the student for local flights away from the base
aerodrome following circuit consolidation.
AIRMANSHIP: Relevant documentation – Local landmarks.
AIR EXERCISE
1. PROCEDURES FOR LEAVING AND JOINING
THE CIRCUIT
Local procedures
Signals area
Re-join procedures – Radio and non-radio
ATC liaison
2. ORIENTATION IN LOCAL TRAINING AREA
Awareness of training area boundaries, and local features
Ability to estimate compass headings to return to base, plus knowledge of compass
turning errors
Knowledge of SSR equipment, for routine and emergency use
Need to equip with kneeboard, navigation and radio data
Knowledge of lost or uncertain of position procedures
Practice Pan call to be made
54
NOTES
55
EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 1)
AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft at angles of bank between 30°
and 45° in level flight and to improve the pilot co-ordination and
competency.
AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Orientation.
AIR EXERCISE
STEEP LEVEL TURN (45°) FROM S & L FLIGHT
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Lookout
Enter 30° bank turn
Increase bank to 45°
Rudder for balance
Increase stick back pressure
to maintain altitude
Increase power as required
to maintain airspeed
Lookout
Maintain 45° bank with
aileron
Maintain constant height
with elevators
Maintain constant speed
with power
Balance with rudder
Lookout
Anticipate heading
Roll wings level
Reduce stick back pressure
Balance with rudder
Reduce power
Check for S&L flight
NOTE: For small variation of ROC / ROD vary your bank by max. 10°
Gain height: Reduce bank
Loosing height: Increase bank
56
NOTES
57
EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 2)
AIM: To learn how to make descending and climbing steep turns.
AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Orientation.
AIR EXERCISE
1. DESCENDING STEEP TURNS
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Lookout
RPM 2000
Reduce power 12ʺ
Carburator heat ON
Descent 75 KIAS
Increase bank to 45°
Rudder for balance
Increase stick back pressure
to maintain airspeed
Lookout
Maintain 45° bank with
aileron
Maintain constant speed
with elevators
Balance with rudder
Lookout
Anticipate heading
Roll wings level
Reduce stick back pressure
Balance with rudder
Maintain descending
attitude
NOTE: Repeat exercise: RPM max – Power idle – Flaps T/O – 70 KIAS (Glide) – 45°
bank
2. CLIMBING STEEP TURNS
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Lookout
RPM max
Increase power max
Climb 75 KIAS
Increase bank to 45°
Rudder for balance
Reduce climbing attitude
to maintain airspeed
Lookout
Maintain 45° bank with
aileron
Maintain constant speed
with elevators
Balance with rudder
Lookout
Anticipate heading
Roll wings level
Increase stick back pressure
Balance with rudder
Maintain climbing attitude
58
NOTES
59
EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 3)
AIM: To learn how to recover from unusual flight attitudes.
AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. – Orientation.
AIR EXERCISE
1. NOSE HIGH
ENTRY RECOVERY Lookout
Adopt steeply banked attitude
Nose high – Low airspeed
Ease (gently) forward on stick
RPM max
Full power
Wings level
Return to straight and level flight
2. NOSE LOW
ENTRY RECOVERY Lookout
Adopt steeply banked attitude
Nose low – Increasing airspeed
Power idle
Wings level
Ease (gently) out of the dive
Return to straight and level flight
60
PRACTICE FORCED LANDING
COMBINED METHODS
a) “High key” – “Low key” technique
b) 1000 ft AGL close base leg technique
61
EXERCISE 16: FORCED LANDING
(WITHOUT POWER)
AIM: To learn how to carry out a safe descent, approach and landing
in the event of complete or partial engine failure in flight.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Engine considerations – Not fly below
500 feet above ground level.
AIR EXERCISE
1. ACTION TO TAKE 2. SELECTING A FIELD Instructor set RPM max power idle and say
“Simulated forced landing, you have
control” – Carburator heat ON
Glide attitude 70 KIAS – Flaps T/O – Trim
Check wind direction
Select landing area
Size adequate
Surface wind firm
Free of obstructions
Landing run available
Approach and overshoot areas clear
Close to civilisation
3. PLAN DESCENT PATH 4. DISTRESS CALL 7700 Check height available
Select proper approach technique:
“1000΄ AGL base leg or high-low key
point”
Keep field in sight
Check wind strength
Use of flap
May day - May day - May day
Megas Alexandros
SX-KIS
DV– 20
Engine failure
Forced landing
Kalambaki
Passing 3000 feet
180°
PPL
2 POB
5. RESTART CHECKS 6. CRASH CHECKS Maintain airspeed 70 KIAS
Fuel quantity - CHECK
Fuel valve – Open
Electric fuel pump - ON
RPM max
Power lever – IDLE
Choke (if the engine is cold) - ON
If the prop is windmilling - Ignition BOTH
If the prop has stopped – Engine starter ON
Airspeed 70 KIAS
Seat belt – Tighten
Electrical equipment – OFF
Fuel valve – CLOSED
Ignition switch – OFF
Battery – OFF
62
MAYDAY CALL
MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY
STATION MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER
AIRCRAFT IDENT SX-KIS
AIRCRAFT TYPE DV-20
NATURE OF EMERGENCY ENGINE FAILURE
INTENTIONS FORCED LANDING
POSITION KALAMBAKI
HEIGHT PASSING 3000´ FEET
HEADING 180°
QUALIFICATIONS PPL
POB 2 POB
PAN CALL
PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN
STATION MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER
AIRCRAFT IDENT SX-KIS
AIRCRAFT TYPE DV-20
NATURE OF EMERGENCY HIGH OIL PRESSURE
INTENTIONS POWER FORCED LANDING
POSITION KALAMBAKI
HEIGHT PASSING 3000´ FEET
HEADING 180°
QUALIFICATIONS PPL
POB 2 POB
63
EXERCISE 17: FORCED LANDING
(WITH POWER)
AIM: To learn how to make an emergency / precautionary landing
away from a normal aerodrome when power is available.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Engine considerations – Not fly below
500 feet above ground level.
AIR EXERCISE
1. INITIAL PROCEDURE A forced landing with power is usually made necessary due to deteriorating weather, the
approach of darkness or a low fuel state
Seek assistance by R/T if possible
Fly downwind for max coverage
Note W/V and select field if no aerodrome is available
Over fly the area at 65 KIAS and flap T/O
Note landing direction on D.I.
2. INSPECTION PROCEDURE First circuit 500 feet AGL: Over fly landing area in the landing direction examining for
any obstructions
Second circuit 300 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 300 feet AGL
examining again for any obstructions and drift
Third circuit 50 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 50 feet AGL examining
again for any obstructions, drift and the suitability of the surface for landing
3. APPROACH AND LANDING On final to the landing area select flap LDG
Aim to land one third way into field
4. AFTER LANDING Release seat belts when aircraft comes to rest
Normal shut down - Do not taxi the aircraft until ground inspected
Move aircraft as necessary for shelter – Tie down – Protect from damage by people and
livestock
Inform Base – Police - Landowner
Do not take off again
64
NOTES
65
EXERCISE 18A: PILOT NAVIGATION
AIM: To learn all aspects of pilot navigation.
AIRMANSHIP: Good flight planning – Weather appreciation – Good
cockpit management in flight – Lookout – F.R.E.D.A.
AIR EXERCISE
1. PLANNING 2. ROUTE PROCEDURE Met information
Notams
Route planning and marking
Drift lines from departure and destination
Time – Distance markers
Log preparation – Use of computer
Safety altitudes
Regional QNH
Station frequency
Route study – Controlled airspace,
dangerous areas
ATC notification
Fuel requirements for flight
Apply compass deviation to heading before
starting engine
Set course at selected point of departure
Log departure time
Calculate ETA
Fly accurate heading
Check D.I. synchronization
Instrument checks
Fuel handling
Log keeping
Map reading – Map orientation
Distance estimation
Identification of turning point
Turning over turning point
Check D.I. synchronization when steady on
new heading
3. DESCENT – JOINING AT
DESTINATION AIRFIELD
4. REVISION OF HEADING
Knowledge of cruise descent
Calculate rate of descent
Information of destination airfield available
Altimeter settings
Circuit direction
Parking
Security of aircraft
Refueling
Booking in
Note position and time on log
Estimate track error (TE)
Regain track by doubling TE
Turn toward track
Adjust heading by TE when track regained
Check time
Revise ETA
66
NOTES
67
EXERCISE 18C: RADIO NAVIGATION
AIM: To learn the use of Radio Navigation equipment in the aircraft.
AIRMANSHIP: Pre-flight AIP references – Notams check –
Equipment to be set up-checked after start up and in the air.
AIR EXERCISE
ADF VOR AIP: Availability - Frequencies
After start and in the air:
Select – Identify – Check display
Orientation
Method of obtaining QDM – QDR
Homing to a beacon
Station passage
Tracking from beacon
Obtaining fix if other aids available
AIP: Availability - Frequencies
After start and in the air:
Select – Identify – Check display
Orientation
TO – FROM indications
Intercepting and maintaining Radials
VOR passage
Obtaining a fix
VDF DME SSR AIP: Availability -
frequencies
R/T procedures
Orientation
Obtaining QDM - QDR
AIP: Availability -
Frequencies
After start and in the air:
Select – Identify – Check
display
Orientation
Method of obtaining:
time to beacon and ground
speed
Station passage
Obtaining fix if other aids
available
Warm up in the Standby
position during the taxi
Select a four figure number
Set Function Button
“ALT” position just prior to
take-off
Press “Ident” button only if
it is requested from the radar
controller to
“Squawk Ident”
68
NOTES
69
EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
(PART 1)
AIM: To learn how to control the aircraft in straight and level flight by
sole reference to instruments.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Selective & Full radial scan
AIR EXERCISE
ACHIEVING MAINTAINING Select 2000 RPM - Power 24ʺ
Set miniature airplane against the horizon
line of the AH
Hold the attitude and allow airplane to
stabilize
Selective radial scan: AH-ALT-AH-DI-AH
Trim
Full radial scan: AH-ALT-AH-DI-AH-TC-
AH-VSI-AH-ASI-AH
For small errors in altitude use pitch change
For larger errors re-adjust power
For small errors in heading use small bank
angles
NOTE: Repeat exercise in straight and level flight for fast cruise, slow cruise, with flap
Scan will be as above but power indicator will be involved
70
NOTES
71
EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
(PART 2)
AIM: To learn how to control the aircraft in climbing and descending
flight by sole reference to instruments.
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Selective & Full radial scan
AIR EXERCISE
1. CLIMBING
ACHIEVING MAINTAINING LEVEL OFF RPM max - Full power
Prevent yaw
Select attitude for climb on
AH
Airspeed 75 KIAS
Selective radial scan:
AH-ASI-AH
Trim
Full radial scan: AH-ALT-
AH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-
AH-ASI-AH-Engine
instruments
Anticipate by 10% of R.O.C
Set miniature airplane
against the horizon line of
the AH
Selective radial scan:
AH-ALT-AH
RPM 2000
Reduce power 24ʺ
Trim
Full radial scan
2. DESCENDING
ACHIEVING MAINTAINING LEVEL OFF RPM 2000 – Power 17'
Prevent yaw
Select attitude for descent
on AH
Airspeed 95 KIAS
R.O.D. 500´/min
Selective radial scan:
AH-ASI-AH-VSI-AH
Trim
Full radial scan: AH-ALT-
AH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-
AH-ASI-AH-Engine
instruments
Anticipate by 10% of R.O.D
Increase power 24'
Set miniature airplane
against the horizon line of
the AH
Selective radial scan: AH-
ALT-AH
Trim
Full radial scan
72
NOTES
COMPASS ERRORS
1. ACCELERATION ERROR
Accelerate heading north – decelerate heading south
Demonstration: Fly on compass heading 270° and push the nose down to accelerate
Compass is reading closer to north ~ 290°
Raise the nose to decelerate, compass is reading closer to south ~ 250°
NOTE: No error on 360° and 180° compass heading
2. TURNING ERROR
Zero on 90° and 270° compass heading – max on 360° and 180° compass heading
360°
030°
060°
090°
120°
150°
180°
210°
240°
270°
300°
330° Roll out early
Roll out before
Undershoot North
Roll out late
Roll out after
Overshoot South
73
EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
(PART 3)
AIM: To learn how to turn in level, climbing and descending flight by
sole reference to instruments.
AIRMANSHIP: All normal instruments flying aspects apply
AIR EXERCISE
1. RATE ONE LEVEL TURN
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Enter 15° bank turn on AH
Rudder for balance
Increase stick back pressure
to slightly raise index
aircraft to maintain height
Selective radial scan: AH-
VSI-AH-TC-AH
Maintain rate one turn
As recovery heading is
reached: Selective radial
scan: AH-VSI-AH-TC-AH-
DI-AH
Anticipate recovery by ½
the bank angle
Roll wings level
Reduce stick back pressure
Balance with rudder
Check for S&L flight
Full radial scan
2. RATE ONE CLIMBING TURN
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Straight climb at 75 KIAS
Enter 15° bank turn on AH
Rudder for balance
Lower index aircraft to
maintain correct speed
Selective radial scan: AH-
ASI-AH-TC-AH
Maintain rate one turn
As recovery heading is
reached: Selective radial
scan: AH-ASI-AH-TC-AH-
DI-AH
Anticipate recovery by ½
the bank angle
Roll wings level
Balance with rudder
Maintain climbing attitude
Full radial scan
3. RATE ONE DESCENDING TURN
ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Straight power descent
Enter 15° bank turn on AH
Rudder for balance
Lower index aircraft to
maintain correct speed
Selective radial scan: AH-
ASI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-AH
Maintain rate one turn
As recovery heading is
reached: Selective radial
scan: AH-ASI-AH-TC-AH-
VSI-AH-DI-AH
Anticipate recovery by ½
the bank angle
Roll wings level
Balance with rudder
Maintain descending
attitude
Full radial scan
74
NOTES
75
EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
(PART 4)
AIM: To learn how to recover from unusual flight attitudes by sole
reference to instruments.
AIRMANSHIP: All normal instruments flying aspects apply.
AIR EXERCISE
1. NOSE HIGH
ENTRY RECOVERY Adopt on AH steeply banked attitude - nose
high – low airspeed
TC shows full deflection
Controls sloppy
Ease (gently) forward on stick to set
miniature airplane against the horizon line
of the AH
RPM max
Full power
As speed increases, wings level
Return to straight and level flight
2. NOSE LOW
ENTRY RECOVERY Adopt on AH steeply banked attitude - nose
low – increasing airspeed
TC shows full deflection
Controls heavy
Power idle
Wings level
Ease (gently) out of the dive - set miniature
airplane against the horizon line of the AH
Return to straight and level flight
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NOTES
DV-20 is approved for flights by day in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC – Day)
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EXERCISE 20: NIGHT QUALIFICATION
AIM: To learn all the aspect and main differences about night flights
AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Human factor for night
environment – Night adaptation and illusions
AIR EXERCISE
Night Vision Photopic vision for daytime with Cones receptors (7 million receptors)
Scotopic vision for nighttime with Rods receptors (120 million receptors)
Dark adaptation as key factor for night environment. About 30 minutes adaptation
Illusions – Optical illusions and disorientation problems
Instrument flight Use of basic instrument scan to support the external visual references
Selective and full radial scan through the standard instrument panel
Lighting Aircraft lights legal requirements
Aerodrome lights and signals
Obstacles illumination
Preflight Procedures
Walkaround: Lights check and aircraft inspection using a hand torch
Internal checks: Cockpit equipments
Start-up clearance
Taxy Taxyway lights, direction & speed check during taxy
Night Circuits Technique to fly the circuits and different references to use during the approach to land
Navigation Planning according the reduced visual references and different available ground features
Emergencies Radio failure - Electrical failure – Lighting failure – Engine failure