Training manual CE marking - ifm · 2020-05-16 · 1.3 On the contents This manual is to provide...

fluid sensorsand diagnostic

systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors

and objectrecognition

Training manual

CE marking

Training manual

2

For further information, data sheets, prices etc. please go to: www.ifm-electronic.com

Training manual CE marking (as in March 2003)H:\STV\INTERN\Sc- und Se-Unterlagen alt\DEUTSCH\Sc\SC100\sc100.doc 17.01.07 10:54

Note on guarantee

This manual was written with the utmost care. However, we cannot assume any guarantee for the contents.

Since errors cannot be avoided despite all efforts we appreciate your comments.

We reserve the right to make technical alterations to the products which might result in a change of contents of themanual.

http://www.ifm-electronic.com/

CE marking

3

Contents

1 Introduction 4

1.1 Proximity switches in industrial processes 4

1.2 Spelling 5

1.3 On the contents 5

2 Basics 7

2.1 Physics 7

2.2 Legislation 92.2.1 Terms 9

2.2.2 Evolution 11

3 CE for ifm units 13

3.1 Formal criteria 13

3.2 Characteristics of the units 15

3.3 EMC test of the units 16

Index 23


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

4

1 Introduction

1.1 Proximity switches in industrial processes

What for? Automated production processes require sensors for supplyinginformation. They provide the necessary signals about positions, endstops, levels or serve as pulse transmitters. Without reliable sensors eventhe best controller is not able to control processes.

In general, a distinction is made between binary sensors which provide adefinite high-low signal and analogue sensors which are preferably usedfor temperature, distance, pressure, force measurement, etc. Here, thesensor supplies an analogue signal which is further analysed formeasurement and control.

Figure 1 : Structure of a sensor

In general, all these sensors consist of two components: The first registersthe change in the physical conditions (basic sensor), the second convertsthe signals of the basic sensor into electrical output signals (signalprocessing).

Sensor The figure shows the general structure which basically applies to everysensor. Only some details are different, e.g. individual components whichare not used or cannot be separated. Sometimes the basic sensor isbriefly called sensor. In this case it must be deduced from the contextwhether the whole unit or the basic sensor is meant. Some units consistof separate components, e.g. ATEX units (NAMUR sensors) and often alsotemperature sensors. Here the transducer is connected to a separateevaluation unit or amplifier. Such sensors are used in considerablequantities worldwide. Sensors belong to the field of electrical equipment.

There used to be a number of standards, specifications, test andcertification procedures etc. for electrical equipment which were country-specific and which evolved on the basis of special conditions in different

CE marking

5

countries. In order not to obstruct the free movement of goods withinthe European Community a uniform marking was introduced for thisterritory – the CE marking. Its signification will be explained in thefollowing.

1.2 Spelling

For a better understanding a few notations will be explained in order tomake reading the text and finding information easier.

Keywords Keywords are given in the left margin. They refer to the topic to be dealtwith in the following section.

What does FAQ mean? It means Frequently Asked Questions. This term is for example used in thecontext of modern electronic media. Almost every beginner starting todeal with a new subject has the same questions. Occasionally the FAQswill be put before a section instead of a keyword. To differentiate themfrom simple keywords, they are written in italics.

( 4) A figure in round brackets in the left margin refers to a formula used inthe text, e.g. see (4). Of course these formulas do not need to be learntby heart. They are to make understanding the subject easier because aformula, similar to an illustration, describes a relation more briefly andclearly than many words.

1.3 On the contents

This manual is to provide basic information on the CE marking and EMC.Important terms and correlations are explained, the state of the art isdescribed and technical data of ifm’s units are presented. This results inthe following structure.

1. Introduction This introduction is followed by the chapter:

2. Basics The physical and legal basics are briefly described here. A few basic termsand their correlations are explained.

3. CE for ifm units The criteria for ifm units are listed and explained here.

Annex This manual is also intended to help you with studying on your own. Theindex will help you find terms in the manual.

Much success! These basics should enable everybody to successfully use ifm’s units.


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

6

Please note! This manual is intended to help you understand terms andcorrelations. Not only the most up-to-date information can provideyou with a good understanding of a topic. On the contrary, theknowledge of the development of a topic improves theunderstanding. As legal provisions and standards change over timeit should be verified in case of doubt in a concrete application howa unit was tested and which requirements it meets.

Currently and in the past It may seem a bit confusing to compare terms and regulationswhich used to be valid to the current terms and regulations. Forthe following reason we do not only take into account the currentterms and regulations:• The currently valid and even more the future regulations relate to

units which are put on the market now or in future.In addition to these there are of course units which in practicehave already been in use for some time and which comply with theearlier regulations.

How up to date is this manual? The date of creation is indicated on page 2. This technical trainingmanual is supposed to help you develop a sense of the subject, e.g.which quantities are measured, etc. We do not claim to be alwaysup to date. Further on in the text you will find some referencewhich is intended to help you obtain more precise and more up todate information (this is not guaranteed, please note the date ofcreation). If you have any specific questions ifm electronic’sdifferent departments will be pleased to help you.

CE marking

7

2 Basics

Do I have to know this? Some basic knowledge is necessary to be a competent partner in adiscussion. Most of the time it is not sufficient to learn some definitionsby heart, the correlations are essential.This description is not supposed to be too long and theoretical. We havetried to focus on the essential information. To do so, it has beennecessary to shorten and simplify.

When describing sensor systems such as inductive proximity switches orphotoelectric sensors the physical basics are briefly outlined. In addition,this manual deals with standards and laws.

2.1 Physics

Compliance with the EMC directive is an essential criterion for manyunits. Other directives also have to be taken into account, see 2.2. Thephysical background of EMC is briefly described here.

EMC EMC stands for electromagnetic compatibility. The problem behind thisterm is that an increasing number of electronic devices (incl. manysensors) is used which can on the one hand become a source ofelectromagnetic radiation and on the other hand be influenced by it. Thisdoes not only concern the large number of devices for wirelesscommunication but in fact any type of electronic device.

We thus have to deal with two aspects: Interference emission andimmunity to interference. A unit which is operated somewhere thus hasto fulfil two requirements: It must not interfere with units in itsenvironment and it must not be disturbed itself too easily. For bothrequirements limit values and measurement techniques have to bedefined. If you want to make sure that such values and techniques do notbecome obstructions to sales because they differ in different countries,an international regulation has to be made. This has not yet beenachieved throughout the world but within the European Community.Before explaining these regulations in more detail in 2.2 the physicalbasics are briefly outlined so that a better understanding of themeasurement quantities and units is possible.

What does the unit V/m stand for? It is used to measure the electric field strength. If this does not make itclear enough let us ask:

What is electric field strength? It is not sufficient to simply indicate a formula and the measuring unit ifthe basic terms are not clear. So:

What is an electric field? It is very helpful to imagine that: An electric charge is surrounded by anelectric field (we do not go into more detail here, we will not discusswhat an electric charge is). This becomes clear when a second charge, inthis context it is also called a test charge, is brought near. A force acts onthis test charge. Now, the idea is that this field also exists when there isno test charge nearby. The field is characterised by the field strength. Thedefinition is:


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

8

( 1)QF

E

rv

=

The unit of the field strength will be mentioned in a moment.

The field strength is independent of the size of the test charge Q. If youmeasure the force on the test charge at one point and repeat themeasurement with a test charge which is twice as high you will alsomeasure twice the force. Their ratio always has the same value.

Field intensity and potential Even experienced electrical engineers often do not know how to explainthe difference between these two values. They are usually concernedwith potentials, thus voltages. However, in the context of the EMC testsboth terms are used so that we would like to briefly remind of thecorrelation here.

Potential First of all, what is the definition of potential: Just as in ( 1) imagine acharged object. If for example a test charge of the same polarity isbrought near this charge it has to move against the repelling force. So,there is a unit to measure this moving against the repelling force whichdoes not depend on the value of the test charge either. The definition is:

( 2)QW

U =

U[V]: electric potential

Now, how does the unit of the electric field strength correlate with theunit of the potential? Here is a simplified explanation: The formula work= force x distance is generally known. When comparing ( 1) and ( 2) theresult is potential = field strength x distance, or field strength = potential/ distance. So, the unit of the field strength is V/m.

E[V/m]: electric field strength

Finally, the correlation is to be demonstrated at an example. The surfaceof a metal conductor, e.g. a capacitor plate, is a so-called equipotentialsurface. This simply means that the potential is the same on the wholesurface. If there was a difference in potential the freely movable chargesin the conductor would flow as long as the difference was notcompensated. The electric field lines which indicate the direction of theforce on a test charge are vertical to the surface. This is known fromillustrations of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor, seetraining manual capacitive proximity switches. At one edge of the platethe field lines are more dense, here the field strength is higher. Due tothis peak effect sharp edges and peaks are avoided in high voltagesystems to avoid air discharge.

So, this was to briefly explain that there are contexts in which not thepotential but the field strength is decisive. In EMC tests there are limitvalues for both, see severity levels in 3. Furthermore, we have to dealwith oscillation, i.e. alternating fields. But their characteristics are notdiscussed in more detail here.

CE marking

9

There is of course more information available on EMC but it is difficult tolist it here. If a customer uses ifm units, which of course carry the CEmark, he still has to make sure, e.g. for export purposes, that his wholeplant can carry the CE mark.

2.2 Legislation

2.2.1 Terms

Please note! This section is not supposed to be a complete and detailedpresentation of all relevant legislation. It is supposed to explain thebackgrounds and help understand the terms. The followingoverview was created on the date indicated on page 2. Thedesignations and numerals given in the standards are permanentlysubject to change. One example: The addition pr (for provisional)in front of a standard is removed when the standard officiallycomes into force. In practice this only has few consequences if youalready adhered to the provisional version. But if you have a lookat chapter 3 you can see that diverse changes have been made inthe meantime. It is impossible to harmonise comprehensivecountry-specific standards at a single blow.

CE and EMC The issue of EMC is an essential aspect in the context of the CE marking.It will be dealt with in detail in the following. However, compliance withthe EMC directive is not the only condition for obtaining the CE marking.For many units for example the Low Voltage Directive has to be observedas well.

EMC only relates to units with an oscillator oscillating at more than 9kHz. In practice this means for example that the CE marking is notapplied for a passive AS-i splitter box (e.g. AC2413, see www.ifm-electronic.com).

CE and ATEX As described in the ATEX training manual the CE mark is one of theprerequisites for marketing a unit certified to ATEX. So, in fact ATEX100a also belongs to the list of directives indicated below.

CE and safety technology Here again the compliance with the corresponding conditions is aprerequisite for obtaining the CE marking, see training manual on safetytechnology.

Directives In general it can be said that a unit with CE mark has to comply with allrelevant directives. In future, directives on environmental criteria,especially as regards waste from scrapping, will be of importance. Thevarious directives are different as regards their aims of protection.

The following section represents an overview of the directives. We wouldlike to make it clear once again that this overview is only supposed togive you an idea of the correlations. No guarantee for the contents andup-to-dateness can be assumed (also see page 2). Also, it is not supposedto discourage you from dealing with the subject yourself but to illustratethat a huge amount of details lies beneath such general statements asgiven in the previous section.




systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

10

EU directive The directives of the European Union (EU) provide general safety-relatedrequirements. The directives must be translated into national law by theEU member states. For the protection of the end customer productscovered by the directives need to carry the CE mark when put on themarket, as a visible sign of conformity with the directive which isapplicable for the product. These are the most important directives:1. General Product Safety (product liability) (92/59/EEC); Product SafetyAct ProdSG effective since 22 April 1997, no CE marking required underthis directive.2. Machinery Directive (98/37/EEC; 89/392/EEC; 93/368/EEC; 93/44/EEC;93/68/EEC); 9th Device Safety Act (9th GSGV), CE marking required underthis directive.3. EMC Directive (89/336/EEC; 92/31/EEC; 93/68/EEC; 93/97/EEC); EMCAct (EMVG), see EMC4. Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC ‡ 93/68/EEC); 1st Device Safety Act(1st GSGV), CE marking required under this directive; 2)Source:European Commission – Directorate-General III, IndustryGuideline on the application of the Council Directive 89/336/EEC (EMCDirective), German version (December 1997).Guideline on the application of the Council Directive 73/23/EEC (LowVoltage Directive), German version.Guideline on the application of the Council Directive 98/37/EC(Machinery Directive), German version.

Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie (ZVEI) e.V. (Germanelectrical and electronic manufacturers' association)Department Electrical Technology, GeneralStresemannallee 19D-60596 Frankfurt am Main FAX: ++49(69)6302-234

CE marking

11

2.2.2 Evolution

In general EU directives are translated into national law. In Germany thisis for example the Device Safety Act (GSGV) (see above).

In the following the evolution is outlined mainly at the example of theEMC Directive.

The CE marking of electrical apparatus which can be independentlyoperated became obligatory on 1 January 1996 in accordance with theEMC Act of 30 August 1995 and the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC withsupplements.

‘Apparatus’ means all electrical and electronic appliances, installationsand systems containing electrical or electronic components. This isexplained in annex III of the EMC Act.

Units from ifm electronic are covered by the EMC Act and the obligationof CE marking if they can be operated independently.

Note! One exception has already been mentioned – the passive AS-isplitter box (see 2.2.1). But this text would become very complex ifwe always said “many units” or “most units” or “apart fromexceptions” or something similar. This note should be sufficient. Inthe following, exceptions will be specifically pointed out.

ifm units comply with these requirements and all carry the CE mark asfrom 1 January 1996.

The CE mark is given on the type label or packaging.

What does the CE mark stand for?- CE means: Communautés Européennes, European Communities,

Europäische Gemeinschaften.- It certifies the compliance with the legal provisions (in this case the

EMC Act).- It appeals to the supervisory authorities of the EU member states.- The CE marking ensures the free movement of goods on the

European market. An obstruction constitutes a violation of Europeanlaw.

- The CE mark is no quality mark and no safety mark.

How can the legal provisions be complied with?- The requirements for compliance with the legal provisions are

defined in European standards (EN standards).- These EN standards are classified into:

- Product standards- Generic standards- Basic standards.

- Product standards define the requirements for specified products orproduct groups as regards interference emission and interferenceimmunity, for example for proximity switches. Product standardsalways have priority over generic standards.

- Generic standards are applied when there are no product standardsavailable for specific products. The requirements regarding


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

12

interference emission and interference immunity are defined in thesestandards depending on the area of application (domestic orindustrial).

- Basic standards describe the design of test systems and the testmethod for compliance with the requested limit values.

Important If a product consists of different components with CE marking it does notautomatically have the CE approval even if all the different componentscarry the CE mark.

The CE marking is no proof of a quality or safety test. This not onlyapplies for the example of EMC.

Design Even the design of the CE mark is precisely defined.

Figure 2: CE mark

CE marking

13

3 CE for ifm units

3.1 Formal criteria

Please note! See 2.2!

ifm electronic applies the product standards or generic standards,depending on the type of unit.

The tests are carried out in an own test laboratory in accordance with thebasic standards (see 3.3).

The manufacturer of a unit, here ifm electronic, can declare conformityhimself if he refers to the standards that are listed by the EuropeanUnion. The mentioned tests form the basis for this declaration. However,this does not apply to all units. If tests by a notified body are required ,e.g. in accordance with ATEX, these of course have priority. In principle,EMC test reports are not passed on to the customer. According to theEMC directive there is no legal obligation to do so.

Which specific standards are applied to our products?- Formally, only harmonised EMC standards are allowed to be applied

(HD standards), which are applicable to the product area and area ofapplication. A “competent body” has to be contacted for exceptions.

- HD standards are European standards (EN) recognised by theEuropean Commission and published in the Official Journal of theEU.

- A “competent body” means the body recognising or issuingtechnical reports or certificates in compliance with the EMC Act. It isaccredited correspondingly.

- For inductive/magnetic/capacitive/photoelectric sensors, proximityswitches as well as ultrasonics sensors, but not for flow sensors, weapply the product standard EN 60947-5-2:2000 (Low-voltageswitchgear - Part 5, Main section 2, proximity switches) (as regardsup-to-dateness please see page 2).

- Before this, we used to apply pr EN 60947-5-2, February 1996. Butas it was a draft standard and had not yet been harmonised it wasnecessary to contact a “competent body”. The competent body ZAMin Memmingen gave us permission to apply this standard draft,subject to certain requirements. We decided to apply pr EN 60947-5-2 in view of the fact that product standards have priority over genericstandards. Now the standard is no longer provisional. This exampledemonstrates how adaptation to modifications of the legislation iscarried out.

- The generic standards are applied for products covered by the EMCdirective for which there is no product standard. So, this does notapply for AS-i, for example. Here, the product standard EN 50295applies.The generic standards are:


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

14

EMC Generic Emission Standard:EN 50081-1 Residential, commercial and light industryEN 50081-2 Industrial environment

EMC Generic Immunity Standard:EN 50082-1 Residential, commercial and light industryEN 61000-6-2 Industrial environment

Preferably the standards EN 50081-1 and EN 50082-2 are appliedbecause they cover the whole area of application of the units andbecause the requirements towards EMC resistance are extremely high.

Which EMC tests have to be carried out and what is the severity level?

We would like to point out once again that no guarantee is assumed forthe up-to-dateness of the training manual. Of course the current versionis applied when the units are made and tested. But this training manualhas a different purpose, e.g. understanding what is tested. The followingtable serves as an example. A generally good understanding of thesubject is more important than knowing that individual limit values andcriteria have been changed in the meantime. Modifications can be madeat any time. For information about the current versions please contactifm.

Tests Severity levelpr EN 60947-5-2

Severity levelEN 50081-1/EN 61000-6-2

Electrostatic discharge ESD 4 kV contact discharge8 kV air discharge

4 kV contact discharge8 kV air discharge

Radiated high frequency 3V/m, 80...1000 MHz 10V/m, 80...1000 MHzElectrical fast transientsBurst

2 kV coupling clamp 2 kV coupling clamp

SurgeImpulse voltage test

1 kV, 500 Ω DC5 kV, 500 Ω AC

see EN 61000-6-2

Conducted high frequency no requirement 10 VInterference emission Class B (A) Class B

There are differences between the product standard and the genericstandard as regards radiated high frequency, surge and conducted highfrequency.

CE marking

15

Which basic standards are applied at ifm?

- Electrostatic discharge ESD, testEN 61000-4-2(IEC801-2)

EMC immunity to electrostaticdischarge

- Radiated high frequency, testEN 61000-4-3(IEC 801-3)

EMC immunity to high frequencyelectromagnetic fields

- Electrical fast transients, testEN 61000-4-4(IEC801-4)

EMC immunity to electrical fasttransients/burst

- Surge, testEN 61000-4-5(IEC 801-5)

EMC immunity to surge voltage

- Impulse voltage testIEC 255-5 Insulation test for electrical relays

section ZA.7.2.3.1 impulse test- Conducted high frequency, test

EN V 50141 EMC conducted interference,induced by high frequency fields

- Interference emissionEN 55011Class B

Limit values and measuring principlesfor radio disturbance of industrial,scientific and medical high frequencyequipment (ISM equipment)

For information on the severity levels and test standards please also seethe corresponding product catalogues, section Technical Details andApplications, Standards and Approvals. This list is an example. Thestandards are constantly subject to modifications. For information on thecurrently applied version please contact ifm. Designations are also subjectto change: EN V 50141 must for example be replaced by EN 61000-4-6.

3.2 Characteristics of the units

Changes In the past, units that were put on the market were subject to nationalprovisions. And they met the requirements of- no interference emission and- insensitivity to radiated interferencewithout any problem. Especially the aspect of interference emission ismost of the time no problem. Only in some cases, e.g. level sensor LK,special measures need to be taken. The improvement of interferenceimmunity has, irrespective of legal provisions, always been the goal of thefurther development of the units. It is the main reason for electronicsensors having become standard sensors in industrial applications, evenunder harsh environmental conditions. Given that the test conditionshave been changed due to the European harmonisation most circuitshave had to be slightly modified, which is practically not visible for theuser.

Capacitive units Due to their operating principle these units are more sensitive to externalinfluences than other units. Therefore it has been more complicated tomake them more or less resistant to interference.



systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

16

3.3 EMC test of the units

Please note! Here again, what was said at the beginning of chapter 2.2 applies!The test specifications are subject to change, so that the measuringsystems which are shown in this manual can also be changed. Butonce again, this manual is supposed to provide you with a betterunderstanding of what this subject is all about.If necessary, it has to be clarified in the individual case which unitwas subjected to which test (there may be differences because notonly inductive proximity switches are manufactured). The appliedstandards are indicated in the Declaration of Conformity which ispassed on to the customer on request.

Who carries out the tests? There are two possibilities for a manufacturer of electronic equipment:- external test laboratory- own test laboratory

For different reasons (time, costs, short distances,...) ifm has decided toestablish its own laboratory. Especially the measuring station for radiatedhigh frequency required considerable investment. Basically, when limitvalues are defined the use of an idealised emitter is assumed,symmetrically (spherically symmetrically) emitting into all directions. But itwould be very complicated to build a large globe or hall for the test.Therefore only a section of the radius is used, in the shape of a cone. Theresults are extrapolated to the ideal case. The structure in Figure 4 isseveral metres large! The other measurements require expensive specialequipment as well.

In the following the measuring systems are schematically illustrated (inaccordance with the standards) and the corresponding requirements andstandards are briefly indicated.

When proximity switches are tested they are exposed to the interferencewhen damped and again when undamped.

CE marking

17

Measuring system to EN 61000-4-2 ESD

1: ESD generator2: Evaluation unit3: Power supply4: Horizontal coupling plate

Figure 3: Electrostatic discharge

Test requirements

Product Standard Generic StandardEN 60947-5-2(for existing units)

EN 61000-6-2(for new developments)

U0 = 4 kV contact discharge

U0 = 4 kV air discharge

Test object ungrounded anddischarged after each “jolt”

U0 = 4 kV contact discharge

U0 = 4 kV air discharge

Test object ungrounded anddischarged after each “jolt”

Figure 3 shows the test with an undamped switch (distance 3 sn , sn:rated sensing range). The test is also carried out when the switch isdamped (at 1/3 sn). This also applies to the following figures.


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

18

Measuring system to EN 61000-4-3 radiated high frequency

! "

#

$ %

1: Directional coupler2: Amplifier3: Signal generator4: Measuring head5: Power meter6: Computer controller7: G-TEM cell8: Evaluation (connected to the test object in the cell via filter)9: Power supply

Figure 4: : Radiated high frequency

Test requirements



E = 6 V/m (corresponds to 3V/m in absorber linedchamber)f = 80...1000 MHz

Modulation - 80 % AM at 1 kHz - at 900 MHz pulsemodulated with 200 Hz

E = 20 V/m (corresponds to 10V/m in absorber lined chamber)f = 80...1000 MHz

Modulation - 80 % AM at 1 kHz - at 900 MHz pulse-modulated with 200 Hz

CE marking

19

Measuring system to EN 61000-4-4 Burst

1: Burst generator2: Evaluation unit3: Power supply

Figure 5: Burst

Test requirements



All wiresU0 = 2 kVfPulse = 5 kHzCapacitive coupling clamp

Test object grounded

Power supply wiresU0 = 2 kVfPulse = 5 kHzCoupling filter

Signal wiresU0 = 1 kVfPulse = 5 kHzCapacitive coupling clamp


A capacitive coupling clamp or a coupling filter is used to pick up theinterference.

To remind you: The purpose of the CE marking is the free movement ofgoods across borders. This required an international harmonisation of therequirements towards the sensors. Of course you can discuss in theindividual cases whether or not a test specification makes sense andwhether or not a test result is relevant for practical use. But thesequestions are to be neglected for the benefit of the above purpose. It is


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

20

briefly described in the following to which practical situations thedifferent tests refer.

It has already been explained what is meant by Figure 4 (e.g. influence ofmobile phones). Figure 3 is about the influence of equipment by peoplewho are electrostatically charged e.g. because of walking on a dry carpet.Figure 5 is about electrical fast transients, which can for example occurwhen inductive loads are switched

&'

'&!

'

(

)$&)'

!

''

Figure 6: Defined interfering pulses

It should be clear that the measuring principles have to be standardised inorder to obtain comparable results for the tested devices. Of course, asuccessful test does not mean that a device can never be influenced bythe switching of inductive loads in practice. Only its resistance to certainclearly defined influences is tested. As an example the type and shape ofthe interfering pulses to DIN 57 432 (exponential surge, upper curve) andVDE 0843 (burst, lower curve) are illustrated in Figure 6.

CE marking

21

Measuring system to EN 61000-4-5 surge

1: Surge generator2: Coupling filter3: Power supply

Figure 7: Surge

.Test requirements



Insulation resistance to IEC255-5U0 = 5 kV for AC unitsU0 = 1 kV for DC unitsRI = 500 ΩTest object idle

In addition:Determination of failure limit in accordancewith EN 61000-4-5 (test object in operation)

For other units than proximity switchesand on the customer’s request

Power supply wires Asymmetrical wires Signal wiresline toline

line toground

line toline

line toground

line toline

line toground

line toline

line toground

Class 2 0.5 kV2 Ω

2 kV12 Ω

1 kV42 Ω

1 kV42 Ω

DCunits

±0.5 kV2 Ω

±0.5 kV12 Ω

±1 kV42 Ω

Class 3 1 kV2 Ω

4 kV12 Ω

2 kV42 Ω

2 kV42 Ω

ACunits

±1 kV2 Ω

±2 kV12 Ω

±1 kV42 Ω


systems

bus,identification

and control systems

positionsensors


Training manual

22

Measuring system to EN 61000-4-6 conducted high frequency

! "

*

%

#

$

1: Signal generator2: Amplifier3: Measuring head with connection to 9 and to the

50 Ω terminating resistor4: Coupling / decoupling network5: Evaluation unit6: Power supply7: Power meter8: Computer controller9: Transition 50 Ω – 150 Ω

Figure 8: Conducted high frequency

Test requirements



Being discussed U0 = 10 Vf = 0, 150...80 MHz

Modulation - 80 % AM at 1 kHz


Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 7 and Figure 8 were last updated in2000. Modifications can be made at any time. For information about thecurrent versions please contact ifm.

http://www.ifm-electronic.com/ifmint/web/home.htm

CE marking

23

Index

A

Act 11analogue 4ATEX 9

B

basic sensor 4basic standards 11basics 7binary 4burst 14, 19, 20

C

capacitive units 15CE 11CE mark 11conducted HF 22conducted high frequency 14

D

damped 16directive 11

E

electric field 7electric field strength 7electric potential 8electrostatic discharge 14, 17EMC 7EMC Act 11EMC Directive 11ESD 14European standards 11

G

generic standards 11

H

HF 14

I

immunity to interference 7, 14

impulse voltage test 14inductive loads 20information 2interference emission 7, 14interferience emission 14

L

law 11

M

measurement 4movement of goods 11

N

notified body 13

P

peak effect 8potential 8product 12product standards 11proximity switches 16

Q

quality mark 11

R

radiated high frequency 14, 18

S

safety mark 11sensor 4severity level 14standards 11surge 14, 21

T

test laboratory 13, 16

U

undamped 16

Training manual CE marking - ifm · 2020-05-16 · 1.3 On the contents This manual is to provide...

Documents

Transcript of Training manual CE marking - ifm · 2020-05-16 · 1.3 On the contents This manual is to provide...