Trainee Handbook - M5zn · INFORMATION SHEET Module 1.5 January 2012 1 Saudi Aramco produces...

Training & DevelopmentJanuary 2012

Module 1.5

Describe Oil and Gas Marketing

Trainee Handbook

© Copyright Saudi Aramco, 2012.All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process

or technique, without the express written consent of Saudi Aramco.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

January 2012

Unit 1: Describe Hydrocarbon Production

Module 1.5

Describe Oil and Gas Marketing

TRAINEE HANDBOOK

Information Sheets 1

Exercise A 15

Exercise B 34

Glossary 39

INFORMATION SHEET

Module 1.5 January 2012 1

Saudi Aramco produces products that are sold in-kingdom and exported to world markets.

Terminal Objective

Given access to illustrations and diagrams, the trainee will correctly describe the marketing of oil, gas, and petrochemicals products.

Enabling Objectives

1.5.1Given access to illustrations and diagrams, the trainee will correctly describe the marketing of oil, gas, and petrochemicals for domestic use.

1.5.2Given access to illustrations and diagrams, the trainee will correctly describe the marketing of oil, gas, and petrochemicals for export.

INTRODUCTION

What is marketing?

Marketing is making products available that satisfy customers while making profits for the companies that supply the products. Marketing is about meeting the needs and wants of customers.

In Saudi Aramco, sales and marketing activities are handled by the Crude Oil and Products Sales and Marketing Departments. These departments are responsible for the export and marketing of crude oil and refined products, and the import of refined products to meet domestic use.

In addition to the headquarters in Dhahran, various subsidiaries provide international marketing services. These are:

o Saudi Petroleum International, Inc., New York

o Saudi Petroleum Overseas, Ltd., London

o Saudi Petroleum, Ltd., Tokyo, Beijing, and Singapore

INFORMATION SHEET

2 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Combustible – reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light, seen as a flame.

For customers in northwestern Europe, a crude oil storage facility is located in Rotterdam. In addition, Saudi Aramco leases crude oil storage capacity in the Caribbean to service markets in the United States.

What is marketed?

Hydrocarbons are marketed. The most common use of hydrocarbons is that of a combustible fuel source. This includes heating oil, gasoline, diesel, and propane.

Natural gas products such as methane and ethane are used as fuel gas for the domestic industry. However, most propane, butane, and light naphtha are exported.

Refined crude oil products such as diesel, kerosene, gasoline, jet fuel are used both in kingdom and exported.

INFORMATION SHEET


PART I OBJECTIVE 1.5.1

Describe the Marketing of Gas and Oil for

Domestic Use

FACILITIES AND PRODUCTS FOR DOMESTIC USE

At the heart of domestic sales and distribution are bulk plants. Refined products distributed by bulk plants are premium gasoline, diesel, LPG, and aircraft fuels. These products must be moved from the refineries and gas plants to the bulk plants for storage and distribution.

Domestic Product Movement

Land Transportation (Trucks)

Approximately 2,000 trucks are used to transport refined products within the kingdom. These trucks are subjected to strict safety and quality standards. Figure 1 shows trucks at a bulk plant.

Figure 1Trucks for Transporting Refined ProductsPCST 1.5

Figure 1Trucks for Transporting Refined Products

INFORMATION SHEET


Given the impact of truck delivery on road safety and the environment, Saudi Aramco is reducing their use by constructing new pipelines.

Pipelines

The current pipeline network is about 20,000 kilometers. This includes links with new oil fields in central and southeast Saudi Arabia. Figure 2 shows the pipelines from Ras Tanura Refinery to Terminal South.

Figure 2RT Refinery to South Terminal PipelinePCST 1.5

Figure 2RT Refinery to South Terminal Pipeline

Major pipelines are the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line (Tapline), the Saudi Arabian-Bahrain Pipeline and the East-West Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) pipelines to Yanbu.

Bulk Plants

Bulk plants receive and store refined products for distribution to domestic markets. These products include premium gasoline, diesel, LPG, and aircraft fuels.

Each plant has the following facilities:

o Receiving - products are transferred into the bulk plant

INFORMATION SHEET


o Storage - for received products

o Lifting - providing products to customers

Receiving Facilities

The equipment in a receiving facility depends on how products are received. Products may be received from a pipeline, truck, or ship. The quality of the product is checked before receiving. The amount of the product received is recorded. The amount is based on meter readings and tank gauging.

Receiving by Pipeline – The facility have incoming pipelines, distribution manifold valves, and metering stations. Operators can line up receiving tanks with incoming pipelines from the control room. A bulk plant control room is shown in figure 3.

Receiving by pipeline is more economical and safer than receiving by truck.

Figure 3Bulk Plant Control RoomFigure 3Bulk Plant Control RoomPCST 1.5

INFORMATION SHEET


Receiving by Truck – The truck unloading bay is equipped with hoses, pumps, meters, filters, and piping to storage tanks. The number of bays depends on the size of the plant. In the future, pipelines will supply most bulk plants.

Receiving by Ship – Jizan and Duba are the only plants that receive products by ship. Coastal tankers deliver products to a single point mooring bouy or a fixed berth. Products are pumped from the tanker through a meter and into the storage tanks.

Storage Facilities

Each bulk plant has a tank farm for storing products. Tank farms have different sizes and numbers of fixed and floating roof tanks. Products stored and plant location determines the type and number of tanks. Figure 4 shows two gasoline storage tanks at a bulk plant.

Figure 4Two Bulk Plant Gasoline Storage TankPCST 1.5

Figure 4Bulk Plant Storage Tanks

The storage area in bulk plants includes a slop (contaminated products) tank and water/foam fire fighting system.

INFORMATION SHEET


In some plants, pipelines connect directly to major customers. These customers are large consumers of refined products such as electrical power plants, desalination plants, and large factories.

In the storage facility, tanks must be gauged; product movement recorded, and the quality of the product checked.

Lifting Facilities

Lifting is the operation of delivering a product to a pipeline or a vessel. The equipment in a lifting facility depends on the vessel and the product type. Products are transferred from the bulk plant (lifted) by pipeline, truck, and/or train.

Lifting by Pipeline – This operation sends (pumps) a product to a customer, another bulk plant, or an air fueling operations (AFO) unit through a pipeline. For example, pipeline lifting aircraft fuel from the bulk plant to the AFO unit.

Lifting by Truck – The lifting facility includes loading bays equipped with hoses, meters, and pumps. Figure 5 shows tanker truck loading bay at a bulk plant.

The storage facility is connected by pipes to the receiving and filling areas of the plant.

Figure 5Bulk Plant Tanker Truck Loading BayPCST 1.5

Figure 5Bulk Plant Tanker Truck Loading Bay

INFORMATION SHEET


A tanker truck may be filled at the top or bottom. Top loading fills the vessel through a hatch at the top of the tank. Bottom loading fills the tank through hose connections at the bottom of the tank.

Lifting LPG by Truck – LPG is transported in pressurized storage tanker trucks. These trucks are inspected for damage and oxygen content before loading. Figure 6 shows pressurized LPG tanker trucks loading at a bulk plant.

Trucks are weighed before and after loading to determine the amount of LPG lifted.

Aircraft Fueling Operations

Aircraft Fueling Operations (AFO) units are located at civilian airports and military air bases. The units receive, store, and dispense aircraft fuels. Some units also receive diesel fuel for trucks and power generators.

Figure 6Loading an LPG Tanker TrucksPCST 1.5

Figure 6Loading LPG Tanker Trucks

INFORMATION SHEET


AFO units consist of receiving areas, storage tanks, and aircraft refueling vehicles and hydrant systems.

Receiving and Storing Fuels

The receiving and storage procedures are similar to other bulk plants. Aircraft fuels are delivered by truck and/or pipeline. Fuel quality is important and must be checked before receiving each batch and before filling the aircraft. Fuel quality is also checked immediately after starting the fueling process.

Dispensing Fuels

Aircraft fueling procedures depend on the equipment available. AFO operators fuel aircraft either by trucks, or by fuel hydrant system dispensers.

Fuel Trucks – The operator positions the fuel truck close to the aircraft. The hoses are connected over or under the wing before starting the fueling operation. Figure 7 shows an aircraft fueled from a truck.

Figure 7Under Wing Fueling from a TruckFigure 7Under Wing Fueling from a TruckPCST 1.5

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Hydrant Dispensers – In hydrant dispenser systems, fuel goes from storage to pressurized hydrant pits. An operator connects a hose from the hydrant pit to the dispenser truck, then from the truck to the aircraft. The truck contains filters, controls, meters, and safety equipment necessary for fueling. Figure 8 shows an operator connecting a dispenser truck hose to the aircraft.

Figure 8Connecting the Dispenser Truck Hose PCST 1.5

Figure 8Connecting the Dispenser Truck Hose

Natural Gas (NGL)

Natural gas is processed to produce clean fuel (methane, or sales gas) and feedstock (methane, ethane, propane, butane, and natural gasoline) for petrochemical production. Methane and ethane are consumed by the Kingdom’s utilities and industry:

o for electrical power generation,

o for petrochemicals (fuel gas and feedstock for producing plastics and chemicals for export),

o for desalination plants, and

o for the petroleum industry.

INFORMATION SHEET


The joint venture integrated refinery and petrochemical projects at Rabigh, Yanbu, Jubail, and Ras Tanura consumes additional ethane and NGL as feedstock.

The sales gas system depends on oil production because associated gas is a large part of the system's feed. Sales gas is integrated into the NGL system. Therefore, any NGL component recovered reduces the availability of sales gas. Sales gas is piped to some industrial customers. This includes power generation, desalination, and petrochemical plants.

Ju’aymah has a depentanizer column and associated storage, vessels, pumps, meters, and controls necessary to transfer a stream of C6+ to petrochemical customers in Jubail. The LPG storage tanks are shown in figure 9.

Figure 9LPG Storage at Ju’aymah Gas PlantPCST 1.5

Figure 9LPG Storage at Ju’aymah Gas Plant

Propane is used as petrochemical feedstock for Jubail and Yanbu industrial cities. The excess is exported. Butane is used as domestic petrochemical feedstock. It is also exported as a liquid.

INFORMATION SHEET


NGL products are used to produce more than 50 petrochemical products and are sold to more than 100 countries worldwide.

Electrical Power Generation

Saudi Aramco provides for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power. The power generation systems are interconnected to Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) and Marafiq.

Marafiq provides utility services to industrial, commercial, and residential customers in Jubail and Yanbu industrial cities.

Electrical Power Generation

Some facilities and plants generate their own electrical power. These plants use either steam or combustion turbines to produce the mechanical power to drive generators that produces electricity.

Saudi Aramco started installing cogeneration plants to conserve energy. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electrical energy and thermal energy (heat or steam) from the same fuel source. This process use heat recovered from the exhaust of a gas turbine to produce steam to drive a steam turbine.

Sulfur Recovery

Sulfur recovery converts H2S from the feed gas stream into elemental and liquid sulfur.

Sulfur produced in the recovery train is drained from various points to a sulfur pit. Molten sulfur is

INFORMATION SHEET


pumped to storage and then trucked to Berri Gas Plant. Sulfur is then pumped in heat-traced lines to Jubail where it is made into solid pellets for domestic and export sales. Figure 10 shows solid sulfur.

Figure 10Sulfur SolidPCST 1.5

Figure 10Solid SulfurSulfur is pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water.

Sulfur is most commonly used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Major uses of sulfuric acid include lead-acid batteries for vehicles, ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, and wastewater processing.

The industrial uses of sulfur include the manufacture of adhesives, animal feed, cement, explosives, glass, matches, and inorganic chemicals. It is also used in the manufacture of natural rubber, steel, and sulfur dioxide.

INFORMATION SHEET


These are some uses of sulfur, there are many more. Sulfur is considered essential for life but it tends to get toxic if used excessively.

This completes the information for Part I. If you have any questions, ask the instructor.

INFORMATION SHEET


EXERCISE A

Directions: Answer the following questions or complete the statements by circling the correct response.

1. What are bulk plants?

a. Facilities where BULK is made and exported.

b. Facilities where products are received and stored for domestic distribution.

c. International export terminals.

d. Facilities that fuel aircrafts.

2. What is used to transport LPG over roads and highways?

a. Air-conditioned tanker trucks.

b. Pressurized rail cars.

c. Pressurized storage tanker ships.

d. Pressurized storage tanker trucks.

3. Aircraft fuels are delivered to the AFO units by truck and/or pipeline from .

a. bulk plants

b. Aircraft Fuel Production Unit at Ras Tanura Refinery

c. first cut kerosene

d. Aircraft Fuel Production Unit at Dhahran

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4. In domestic applications, natural gas is processed to produce clean fuel and feedstock for .

a. petrochemical production

b. gasoline production

c. white diesel production

d. Jet fuel A

5. What is cogeneration in power generation?

a. The generation of 230 kV, 115 kV, and 69 kV simultaneous.

b. The generation and distribution of 4.16 kV, 13.8 kV, and 34.5 kV.

c. The simultaneous production of electrical energy and thermal energy from the same fuel source.

d. The production of electrical energy first, then thermal energy.

6. Sulfur recovery plants convert into molten sulfur.

a. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

b. sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

c. sulfur dioxide (SO2)

d. magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) from natural gas and crude oil

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7. Power plants use either steam or combustion turbines to provide the mechanical power to

.

a. be more energy efficient

b. booster pumps

c. rotating turbine blades

d. electrical generators

8. The sales gas and NGL systems are integrated; any NGL component recovered reduces the availability of .

a. butane and propane for export

b. sales gas

c. Epson Salts

d. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

INFORMATION SHEET


SUMMARY

In this part, you learned that marketing is an activity that results in making products available that satisfy customers while making profits for the companies that offer those products and that marketing is about meeting the needs and wants of customers.

You also learned that the heart of domestic distribution is bulk plants and that products must be moved from the refineries and gas plants to the bulk plants for domestic distribution.

You learned that bulk plants receive products by pipelines, trucks, and ships. Then store the products for distribution throughout the kingdom. You also learned that the products handled by bulk plants include premium gasoline, diesel, kerosene, LPG, aircraft fuels, and others.

This completes Part I, if you have any questions, ask the instructor.

INFORMATION SHEET


PART II OBJECTIVE 1.5.2

Describe the Marketing of Oil, Gas, and

Petrochemicals for Export

The heart of international sales and distribution are the terminals located on the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea. However, products must be moved from the refineries and gas plants to the tank farms and terminals for worldwide distribution. This movement is normally done through pipelines.

Shipping accounts for almost all exports. Tank farms and shipping terminals supply crude oil, natural gas liquid (NGL), and refined products to customers around the world. Every year, more than 3,000 tankers call at Ras Tanura and Ju'aymah on the Arabian Gulf, and at Yanbu, Jeddah, and Rabigh on the Red Sea. The terminals service more than 10 tankers per day.

EXPORT PRODUCTS

Crude Oil

Saudi Aramco has one of the world's largest fleets of crude carriers. Vela International Marine Limited, Saudi Aramco’s shipping subsidiary, was established in 1984 with four ships. In 2008, Vela’s fleet of 23 Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs).

Figure 11 shows the Vela Marine tanker Libra Star moored and loading at a single point buoy.

INFORMATION SHEET


Figure 11Vela Marine Tanker Libra Star at a Single Point Mooring BuoyFigure 11Vela Marine Tanker Libra Star at a Single Point Mooring BuoyPCST 1.5

NGL (Natural Gas Liquid) Products

NGL terminals export liquefied propane (C3) and liquefied butane (C4). Yanbu and Ras Tanura terminals also export light naphtha (C5+). Light naphtha is a liquid under normal atmospheric conditions and does not require refrigeration.

Refined Sales Products

Sales products are materials such as naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, fuel and diesel oils, and asphalt that are sold directly to customers.

Naphtha and Gasoline

Two grades of naphtha, light (A305) and whole (A310), and gasoline are produced for sales.

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Kerosene and Jet Fuel

Kerosene is sweetened and then sold as heating fuel. Sweetened kerosene is also the main component of Jet-A1 fuel. An icing inhibitor and anti-corrosion chemicals are blended with kerosene to produce jet fuel. Jet fuel is used in jet and turbine engines.

Fuel Oil

Fuel oil is very heavy with an API gravity of approximately 38°. It is blended with a thinning agent to reduce viscosity. Fuel oil is used in industrial furnaces and boilers.

Diesel Oil

There are several types of diesel oil. Saudi Aramco produces and sells only white diesel oil. White diesel is lighter (approximately 40° API gravity) than black diesel (approximately 32° API gravity).

Asphalt

Asphalt consists of the heaviest hydrocarbons. It has approximately 3° API gravity. Reduced crude is heated to approximately 730–740°F and input to a vacuum column.

In vacuum columns, lighter hydrocarbons boil off leaving only the heaviest residuum or pitch in the bottoms. This bottoms stream is used to produce asphalt.

EXPORT FACILITIES (TERMINALS)

Export facilities consist of terminals and all of its support installations.

INFORMATION SHEET


Each terminal has the following facilities:

o Tank farms for storing crude or refined products.

o Incoming lines for receiving crude oil or refined products into storage.

o Loading systems for pumping crude and refined products from the tank farm to the loading area.

o Piers, sea islands, or mooring stations for loading tankers.

Tank Farms

A tank farm is a group of storage tanks located in one area. The terminal tank farms store crude oil and/or refined products for sales. Figure 12 shows the tank farm at Ras Tanura.

Figure 12Ras Tanura Tank FarmPCST 1.5

Figure 12Ras Tanura Tank Farm

Every tank farm has an extensive piping system and pumps. The piping system use motor operated control valves to line up piping to different tanks.

INFORMATION SHEET


Incoming Lines

The incoming lines, called T-lines (Terminal lines), bring stabilized crude oil or refined products to the tank farm. Crude lines come to the Eastern Province tank farms from Safaniya, Abqaiq, Khurisaniya, Berri, and the Ras Tanura Refinery. The Yanbu tank farm receives crude oil from Abqaiq through the East-West Pipeline.

The Ras Tanura South Tank Farm stores refined products such as gasoline, naphtha, fuel oil, white diesel, kerosene, and jet fuel. Fuel oil for refueling tankers is stored at other tank farms. Figure 13 shows a typical terminal facility.

Figure 13Typical Terminal FacilityThe tank farm storage area receives crude from incoming T-lines. From the tank, crude is sent to a tanker at a pier, Sea Island, or mooring station through a crude loading system.

Figure 13Typical Terminal FacilityPCST 1.5

LOADINGAREA

TANK

TANKTANK

TANK

LOADINGSYSTEMS

SHIPPINGPUMPS

BOOSTERPUMPS

INCOMINGLINES

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Incoming lines bring the refined products into the tank farms from the Ras Tanura or Yanbu Refineries.

Loading Systems

Loading systems are used to move crude oil or refined products from the tank farm to a tanker at the loading area. The loading system consists of:

o pipelines, which connects the tank farm to the loading area

o shipping pumps, which moves the product through the pipeline

Shipping Pumps

Some loading areas are located several miles from the tank farm. High capacity shipping pumps are required to move a large volume of crude or product at a high flow rate. Each loading system has one or two shipping pumps. High capacity shipping pumps have high minimum suction pressures. Figure 14 shows typical shipping pumps.

Figure 14Typical Shipping PumpsFigure 14Typical Shipping Pumps PCST 1.5

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Booster Pumps

Booster pumps move the product under pressure to the suction of the shipping pumps. Different booster pumps can be lined up to the shipping pump. Booster pumps pressurize crude oil from the storage tanks and provide high suction pressure to the shipping pump. Booster pumps alone are used for low loading flow rates. Figure 15 shows a typical booster pump.

Most loading systems for refined products do not use booster pumps. The capacities of these systems are small. The head pressure from the storage tank provides enough suction for smaller shipping pumps.

Mooring Stations, Piers, and Sea Islands (Loading Areas)

Mooring stations, piers, and Sea Islands (loading areas) are where tankers receive crude or products from the loading systems. There are facilities to connect the tanker to the loading system. Most loading areas also have facilities for metering sales products.

Mooring Stations

At the Ju'aymah Terminal, tankers load at special mooring buoys several miles offshore. A mooring buoy is a large anchored float used to keep one end of a mooring cable or chain on the water's surface so that ships can tie on to it. Figure 16 shows a mooring buoy.

Figure 15Typical Booster Pump PCST 1.5

Figure 15Typical Booster Pump

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Figure 16Mooring Buoy

Figure 17 shows a tank tied up to a mooring buoy.

Figure 16Mooring Buoy PCST 1.5

Figure 17Tank Loading at a Mooring BuoyFigure 17Tank Loading at a Mooring Buoy PCST 1.5

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Piers

Some loading areas are on piers connected to the shore. This is shown in figure 18.

Figure 18Loading PierFigure 18Loading PierPCST 1.5

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Sea Islands

The Sea Islands provide offshore berths for loading tankers. Figure 19 shows a Sea Island with tankers loading.

Figure 19Tankers Loading at Ras Tanura Sea IslandsPCST 1.5

Figure 20Products Loaded at Various Oil TerminalsFigure 20Products Loaded at Various Oil TerminalsPCST 1.5

OIL TERMINAL CRUDE OIL NAPHTHA DIESEL OIL FUEL OIL GASOLINE

RAS TANURA

JUAYMAH

YANBU

Figure 19Tankers Loading at Ras Tanura Sea Islands

Products Loaded

A list of products loaded at the various terminals is shown in figure 20.

INFORMATION SHEET


Loading Methods

Loading operations at any terminal involves the same basic procedures:

o The tanker must be moored at the loading area.

o The loading system must be connected to the tanker manifold.

o A storage tank is selected that contains the product to be loaded.

o The operator lines up the tank to the loading system.

There are two methods for connecting the loading system to the tanker, loading arms, and loading hoses.

INFORMATION SHEET


Loading Arms

North Pier, Sea Islands, and Yanbu oil terminals all use loading arms. The loading arm adjusts to the water level as it changes with the tide or as the tanker gets lower in the water as it fills. Loading arms at Ras Tanura Sea Island are shown in figure 21.

Figure 21Loading ArmsPCST 1.5

Figure 21Loading Arms

INFORMATION SHEET


Loading Hoses

The South Pier and Ju'aymah Offshore facilities use loading hoses. Loading booms lift the loading hoses from the pier to the tankers. Figure 22 shows loading hoses.

Figure 22Loading HosesFigure 22Loading HosesPCST 1.5

The hoses are flexible and move up or down with a tanker. When the hose is connected to the tanker's manifold, the loading boom supports it. The loading booms remove the hoses from the tanker after loading.

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At Ju'aymah, tankers load crude oil from single point moorings (SPMs). A loading hose connects the SPM to the tanker. The loading hose floats on the water when not in use. This is shown in figure 23.

Figure 23Single Point Mooring Buoy and Floating Hoses

The tanker's derrick lifts the hose out of the water for connection to the loading manifold. The derrick also supports the hose during loading.

Tank Gauging and Metering

Terminals are at the end of the Saudi Aramco petroleum system. They deliver hydrocarbon

Figure 23Single Point Mooring Buoy and Floating HosesPCST 1.5

INFORMATION SHEET


products for sales and export. During every loading operation, the amount of product delivered must be accurately measured. Saudi Aramco terminals use metering systems and tank gauging to measure product delivery.

Most terminal loading areas have royalty meters. These meters are located close to the tanker berths. Crude and product pass through the meters on their way to the tanker. The royalty meters accurately measure the amount of product that flows into tankers through each loading system.

The temperature of the sales product is also measured. Remember, the volume of a liquid will expand or contract with changes in temperature. Therefore, the meter readings must be corrected for product temperature in order to determine the exact quantity loaded.

In some crude loading systems, tank level is hand gauged before and after loading. Tank temperature is also recorded before loading. Figure 24 shows a tank being hand gauged.

From the difference between tank gauge readings, the exact amount of crude delivered can be calculated. There is a special conversion chart, called a strapping sheet, for each tank. The strapping sheet shows the actual volume of the tank, in barrels, for each inch of liquid level.

This completes the information for this module. If you have any questions, ask the instructor.

Figure 24Hand Gauging a TankPCST 1.5

Figure 24Hand Gauging a Tank

INFORMATION SHEET


EXERCISE B

Directions: Answer the following questions or complete the statements by circling the correct response.

1. Kerosene is sweetened and then sold as .

a. a fuel for heating

b. jet fuel A1

c. white diesel additive

d. petrochemical feedstock

2. The tank farm storage area receives crude from .

a. makes it thinner

b. the tap line

c. the port of Bahrain

d. incoming T-lines

3. Terminal loading systems are used to move crude oil or refined products from the tank farm to .

a. trucks

b. ships

c. rail cars

d. pressurized tanker trucks

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4. At Ju'aymah terminal, tankers load crude oil from .

a. loading arms

b. the South Pier

c. single point moorings (SPMs)

d. the North Pier

5. The gasoline blending process is precisely controlled to ensure that the product meets

.

a. specifications

b. expiration dates

c. an approximate 3° API gravity

d. an approximate 32° API gravity

6. Terminals, which are at the end of the Saudi Aramco petroleum system, deliver hydrocarbon products for .

a. hand gauging

b. sales and export

c. Bulk Plant and domestic operations only

d. Bulk Plant and AFO operations

INFORMATION SHEET


7. During every loading operation, the amount of product delivered must be .

a. accurately measured

b. radar gauged

c. Bulk Plant and domestic operations only

d. Bulk Plant and AFO operations

INFORMATION SHEET


SUMMARY

In this part, you learned shipping accounts for almost all exports and that Saudi Aramco has one of the world's largest fleets of crude carriers and operates terminals which service more than 10 tankers per day.

You also learned that tank farms and shipping terminals supply crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), and refined products to customers around the world. NGL terminals export liquefied propane (C3) and liquefied butane (C4) and refined sales products are the fuels and materials such as naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, fuel and diesel oils, and asphalt.

You learned that terminals are at the end of the Saudi Aramco petroleum system and that they deliver hydrocarbon products for sales and export. During every loading operation, the amount of product delivered must be accurately measured and that Saudi Aramco uses metering systems or tank gauging to measure product delivery.

This completes Part II, if you have any questions, ask the instructor.

GLOSSARY


AsphaltA brownish black solid or semisolid substance made from petroleum and used to surface a roadway, sidewalk, or other areas.

BerthA place, usually alongside a pier or dock, where a ship ties up or anchors.

BulkThe greater part of something.

BuoyA large anchored float, often equipped with lights or bells, that serves as a guide or warning to ships.

CogenerationThe production of two types of energy such as heat or electricity from one source in such a way that both are usable, instead of one being treated as waste energy.

DomesticProducts produced, distributed, sold, or occurring within a country.

FacilitySomething designed or created to provide a service or fulfill a need.

MarketingThe business activity of presenting products or services in such a way as to make them desirable.

Mooring1. A place where a boat, ship, or aircraft

can be secured.

2. A cable, chain, or rope used to stop a boat, ship, or aircraft from drifting away.

Royalty MetersSpecial government meters used to measure the exact amount of oil or product delivered to a customer.

PetrochemicalsA substance derived from petroleum or natural gas, such as gasoline or paraffin.

PipelineA pipe or system of pipes designed to carry something such as oil, natural gas, or other petroleum-based products over long distances, often underground.

TankerA ship, truck, or airplane designed to carry large quantities of liquid or gas.

Vessels1. A ship or large boat.

2. A hollow receptacle, especially one that is used as a container for liquids.

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