Traffic and Transportation Training

8/3/2019 Traffic and Transportation Training

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TRAFFIC &TRAFFIC &

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION


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A TRANSPORT PLAN SHOULD TACKLE TRANSPORTPROBLEM AS IT PRESENTLY EXIST AND IS EXPECTED TO

DEVELOP IN FUTURE.

IT SHOULD CONSTITUTE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF USINGSCARCE RESOURCES, WHICH ARE ALSO NECESSARY FOR

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

OTHER INFRASTRUCUTRE FACILITIES LIKE HOUSING,WATER SUPPLY, AND SEWERAGE ETC.


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BASIC ELEMENTS

Plan

Formulation

Study Design

Data

CollectionAnalysis and

Forecasting

Continuing

Plan

Updating &

Implementation

Plan

Selection &

Refinement

Developmen

t &

Evaluation

of PlanAlternatives


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CRITERIA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Decrease travel time

Decrease travel cost

Improve other (non-time, non-cost) service characteristics Improve safety

Increase accessibility

Provide comparable transportation services to all segments of the populationin relation to their needs

Enhance air and water quality Minimize expenditures of public money for the construction and operation of

transportation systems

Minimize consumption of energy

Minimize noise impact

Enhance property values

Decrease personal tax burden Minimize disruption due to construction activities

Minimize dislocation and permanent disruption of neighborhoods

Improve quality of neighborhoods


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TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS

TO DETERMINE WHETHER JOURNEY IS MADE

WHETHER THE PEOPLE COULD GAIN ACCESS TO THEIR ACTIVITY WITHOUT

EXPENDITURE OF TIME, MONEY AND EFFORT.

ACCESSIBILITY THAT MATTER NOT MOBILITY

ACCESSIBILITY IS A FUNCTION OF LAND USE PATTERN

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION TRANSPORT SYSTEM

FACTORS ARE DEPENDENT ON EACH OTHER AND SHOULD STRIKE

A BALANCE TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENCY TO AMENITIES AND

OPPORTUNITY

SOLUTION TO THE TRANSPORT PROBLEM CONSISTS OF LAND USE PATTERN

TRANSPORT SYSTEM

SET OF MANAGEMENT POLICY TO BRING TOGETHER DEMAND AND SUPPLY


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BASIC COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

PLANNING

WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO ACHIEVE?

WHAT IS NEEDED TO ACCOMPLISH GOALS AND

OBJECTIVES? UNIFORM ACCESSIBILITY? LEGAL REQUIREMENTS?

INTERCITY ROUTES? NEW INDUSTRIAL CENTERS?ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY?

HOW MUCH CAN WE AFFORD?

HOW MUCH CAN WE HANDLE? PROGRAMMING

WHAT CAN WE ACCOMPLISH IN TWENTY YEARS?

WHICH COMES FIRST?

SCHEDULING

WHAT WILL WE DO YEAR BY YEAR?

MONITORING

IS PROCESS OF DESIGN AND LAND ACQUISITIONSATISFACTORY TO MEET SCHEDULE?


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PROCESS FOR CONDUCTING TRANSPORT PLANNING

INVENTORIES

Transportation

Facilities

Land UseTravel

LAND USE FORECASE

Population

Economic

Activity

Land Use

TRAVEL FORECAST

Trip Generation

Future TravelDemand

OBJECTIVES

&

STANDARDS

PLAN PREPARATION

Land Use

Transportation

System

EVALUATION

PLAN TESTING

TRIP Generation

Trip Distribution

Traffic Flow


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Transportation Planning Process


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What is a Transportation Model?

Is used to refer to a series of mathematical equationrepresenting how choices are made when people travel.

The decisions are affected by many factors such as familysituation, characteristics of a person making the trip and thechoice (destination, route and mode of travel).

Models require a series of assumptions in order to work and arelimited by the data available to make forecast.

Before any forecast are done, the coefficients in the model areestimated or calibrated to match existing data.

Models are important because transportation plans andinvestments are based on the projections models make aboutthe future.


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Overall Forecasting Process

Land-use Scenario What might our community look like ?

Travel Forecast

What are the Travel Patterns in the Future ?

Transportation Impact

What will be the effect of this Travel be ?


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Land-use Development

Transportation Planning is directly linked to the Land-usePlanning

Trips are assumed to follow future Land-use Patterns

Population Forecasts How many households of what size will bethere ?

Economic Forecasts What activities will people engage in ?

Land-use Where will activities occur ?


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Travel Forecast (Travel Demand Model)

Four Step process:

1. Trip Generation/Attraction

How many trips will be there ?

Concerned with the estimation of the number of trips that aregenerated from the given study area


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2. Trip Distribution

Getting people from here to there

Determines the way in which the trips are exchanged between the

Traffic zones



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3. Mode Split

How will people Travel ?

Establishes the proportion of trips between

various modes of transport from one traffic zone toanother



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Trip Assignments What routes will be used ? (Equilibrium Traffic

assignment)

The process first involves the calculation of the shortest path either byway of time or cost of travelfrom each origin to each destination

Trips for each O-D pair are assigned to the links in the shortest pathand the trips are added up for each link/road


The assigned trips are then compared to the capacity of the link/road

Transit trip assignments is done in a similar way and it depends on theavailable headway

The process of assignment is repeated until supply and demand arebalanced

The transit networks are more complex than private road networkssince there are intermediate waits for transfers which complicates themathematics of the trip assignments process.


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Transportation Impact

Impact of the travel on the network in terms of congestion,

environment

Identification of short, medium and long termtransportation facilities/schemes

Evaluation of various transportation schemes


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Alternatives for Location

of Industrial employment

Alternatives for Location

of Resident population

rtInteraction

Landuse transport model to be used for planning SEZLanduse transport model to be used for planning SEZ

Network alternatives

Land

use

Trans

p


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Transport Demand model startup phase of SEZ

Jhajjar

SEZ

Link

GurgaonSEZ


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GEOMETRIC DESIGN


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Design Speed

Classification Speed in Km/Hr

Arterial 80

Sub Arterial 60

Collector 50

Local 30


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Space Standards

Classification

Recommended Land width in

Mts

Arterial50 - 60

Sub Arterial30- 40

Collector20 - 30

Local 10 - 20


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Rotary (Round About) Design


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An interchange is a grade-separated intersection (one road passes over

another) with ramps to connect them. Through traffic on the freeway

(red) can pass through without stopping. Even if traffic signals are

installed at the ends of the ramps, traffic on the surface street (blue)also flows smoother without interference from the freeway.

Interchanges

Diamond Cloverleaf

Trumpet

Six Ramp

Stack

Oddities


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Diamond Interchange


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Clover Leaf


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Trumpet


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Six Ramp


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Stack and Oddities


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Some Typical Interchanges In India -ISBT in Delhi

S T i l I t h I I di


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Some Typical Interchanges In India

Rohtak Road /Ring Road Junction in Delhi


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Some Typical Interchanges In India Kolkatta

S T i l I t h I I di


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Nehru Place in Delhi



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Hebbal Junction in Bangalore



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Dhaula Kuan in Delhi


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SYSTEM SELECTION


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Table-1 : TECHNICAL FEATURES AND CAPACITY OF URBAN TRANSPORT MODES (CONTINENTAL PRACTICE)

Features Frequency

Of services Veh/hr/lane or

track

Rolling stock

capacity

System capacity

(Pass./hr/lane or track-4

standee/sqm)

Modes Type of

operation

Average

distance

betwn

stations

Comme

rcial

speed

(Km/h)

Optimal Accep

table

Maximum Optimal Acceptable Maximum

Bus /Trolley Mixed 250 to 400 10 to 15 10 40 60 to 90 70 to 90 700 to 2800 to 3400 to

Bus

Traffic

9000

3600

6500

Street car 250 to 400 10 to 15 10 40 60 90 to 130 900 to1300

3600 to5220

4300 to8600

Bus/Trolley

bus

Partially

shared Right

of Way

400 15 to 20 15 60 90 to 120 70 to 90 1050 to

1350

4200 to

5400

5000 to

8600

Light Rail 400 to 800 18 to 25 15 40 60 150 to 250

(2 cars train

set)

2300 to

3800

4500 to

7500

6000 to

10000

12000 to

20000

7200 to

12000

14400 to

24000

Rapid

Transit

Exclusive

Right of-

way

800 to

1200

25 to 35 30 40 300 to 1500

(2 to 9 cars

train set)

15000 to

30000

20000 to

45000

60000 to

80000

Commuter

Rail

1500 to

3000

40 to 60 20 30 1250 to 25000

(6 to 12 cars

train set)

30000 to

50000

45000 to

60000

60000 to

80000


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. Proposed Capacity for various modes

Modes Capacity (PPHPD)

Metro rail > 30000

Elevated LRT up to 30000

Elevated Monorail up to 20000

At grade LRT up to 15000

At grade HCBS up to 20000

(with overtaking facility

High Capacity Bus System (HCBS) may be with CNGbus or Electric Trolley Bus (ETB


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Criteria Bus lane Bus way Tram LRT Metro

Capacity in

PPHPDIn thousands*

NA 10 to 25 NA 2 to 20 10 to 80

Speed kmph 10** 18 to 26 12 to 16 19 to 29 29 to 36

CAPACITY, SPEED AND COST OF MASS

TRANSPORT MODES

Capital cost ***

per route km($m)


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THE MRT OPTIONS

Characteristic BUSWAY LRT METRO SUBURBAN RAIL

Current

Applications

Widespread in Latin

America for 20+ years

Widespread in Europe

Few in dev g cities,

none with high

ridership

Widespread, skewed to

Europe and North

America

Widespread, skewed to

Europe and North

America

Segregation At-grade At-grade Mostlyelevated/underground

At-grade

Space requirement 2-4 lanes from

existing road

2-3 lanes from existing

road

Elevated or

underground, little

impact on existing road

-

Flexibility Flexible in both imp nand op s, robust

operationally

Limited flexibility, riskyin financial terms Inflexible and risky infinancial terms Inflexible

Impact on Traffic Depends on

policy/design

Depends on

policy/design

Reduces congestion

somewhat

May increase congestion

when frequencies high

PT Integration Straightforward with bus

operations. Problematic

with Para transit

Often difficult Often difficult Usually existing

Initial Cost US $man/km 1-5 10-30 15-30 at-grade

30-75 elevated

60-180 underground

-

Practical Capacity

Pass/hr/direction

10-20,000 10-12,000

(no examples)

60,000+ 30,000

Operating Speed Kph 17-20 20(no examples)

30-40 40-50+


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Maximum System Capacity (PHPDT)

Bus System (Mixed ROW) 4000-6000

Bus System (exclusive right of way) 6000-15000

Mono Rail 10000-25000

System characteristics-comparison

Light Rail Transit System 15000 30000

Suburban Electrical Multiple Units 30000 60000

Metro Rail System 30000 80000

S ?


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What is Bus Rapid Transit System?

CAR VS BUS


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Bus Rapid Transit System


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MONORAIL SYSTEMS


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MONORAIL SYSTEMS

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Wuppertal, Germany

Tokyo, JapanFlorida, USA

LRT SYSTEMS


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LRT SYSTEMS

Milan Italy

Stutgart, Germany

Grenoble, France

Brazil


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Transport Impact Analysis


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Transport Impact Analysis

When Should Transportation Impact


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p p

Analysis be prepared?

Specified amount of area rezoned

Development contains a specified number of

dwelling units or square footage

Development in the sensitive areas

development

Traffic Impact Analysis Contents


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Traffic Impact Analysis Contents

Description of site and study area

Purpose and objective of the analysis

Identification of influence area of development

Description of existing transport facilities

Identification of accident prone areas and other deficiencies Anticipated land developments and associated traffic trends

Anticipated trip generations and attractions at full build andinterim periods

Trip distribution and assignment of site traffic

Projection of traffic to horizon years Future combined volume of Traffic peak hour traffic

Identification of traffic congestion, safety problems, dificiencieswith and without development

Assessment of change in operating conditions

Development and potential improvement measures Recommendation of site access and Transportation

improvements

Coordination efforts with other affected jurisdictions impacted bythe development


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Capacity analysis


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Capacity analysis

Existing condition

Back ground conditions (Existing and Approved

projects) Project conditions (Existing + Approved Projects

+ Project)

Expected Growth Conditions ( Existing +

Approved projects + Project + expected growth)

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