Traditions and Encounters ch. 12 powerpoint

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Chapter 12

Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads


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Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient

World

Lack of police enforcement outside of established

settlements

Changed in classical period

Improvement of infrastructure

Development of empires


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Trade Networks Develop

Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization

Maintenance of roads, bridges

Discovery of Monsoon wind patterns

Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes


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Trade in the Hellenistic World

Bactria/India

Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls

Persia, Egypt

Grain

Mediterranean

Wine, oil, jewelry, art

Development of professional merchant class


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The Silk Roads

Named for principal commodity from China

Dependent on imperial stability

Overland trade routes from China to Roman

Empire

Sea Lanes and Maritime trade as well


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The Silk Roads 200 BCE 30 CE


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Organization of Long-Distance Trade

Divided into small segments

Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision

Tax income incentives to maintain safety,

maintenance of passage


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Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism

Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes

India through central Asia to east Asia

Cosmopolitan centers promote development of

monasteries to shelter traveling merchants

Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads,

200 BCE-700 CE


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The spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and

Christianity, 200 BCE 400 CE


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Buddhism in China

Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign

merchant populations

Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5th

c. CE


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Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia

Sea lanes in Indian Ocean

1st c. CE clear Indian influence in SE Asia

Rulers called rajas

Sanskrit used for written communication

Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths


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Christianity in Mediterranean Basin

Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3rd

c. CE

Christianity spreads through Middle East, North

Africa, Europe

Sizeable communities as far east as India

Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced


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Christianity in SW Asia

Influence of ascetic practices from India

Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies

After 5th c. CE, followed Nestorius

Emphasized human nature of Jesus


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Spread of Manichaeism

Mani a devout Zoroastrian (216-272 CE)

Viewed himself a prophet for all humanity

Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism

Dualist

good vs. evil

light vs. dark

spirit vs. matter


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Manichaean Society

Devout: the Elect

Ascetic lifestyle

Celibacy, vegetarianism

Life of prayer and fasting

Laity: the Hearers

Material supporters of the Elect


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Decline of Manichaeism

Spread through silk routes to major cities in

Roman Empire

Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sassanid

persecution

Mani arrested, dies in captivity

Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute


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The Spread of Epidemic Disease

Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens

Limited data, but trends in demographics

reasonably clear

Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague

Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional

self-sufficiency


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Epidemics in the Han and Roman

Empires

0102030405060

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c.

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c.

400

CE

c.

600

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Chinese Population, 0-

600 CE

Millions

0

10

20

30

40

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c. 0 CE c. 200

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Roman Population, 0-

400 CE

Millions


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Internal Decay of the Han State

Court intrigue

Formation of actions

Problem of land distribution

Large landholders develop private armies

Epidemics

Peasant rebellions

184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion


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Collapse of the Han Dynasty

Generals assume authority,

reduce Emperor to puppet

figure

Alliance with landowners

200 CE Han Dynasty

abolished, replaced by 3

kingdoms

Immigration of northern

nomads increases

China after the Han

Dynasty, 220 CE


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Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples

Social and cultural changes to a Chinese way of

life

Adapted to the Chinese environment

Agriculture

Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage


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Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism

Disintegration of political order casts doubt on

Confucian doctrines

Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity

Religions of salvation


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Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal

Factors

The Barracks Emperors

235-284 26 claimants to the throne, all but one

killed in power struggles

Epidemics

Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of

local and regional self-sufficient economies


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Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE)

Divided empire into two administrative districts

Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants

Tetrarchs

Currency, budget reform

Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows

Constantine emerges victorious


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Fall of the Roman Empire: External

Factors

Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity

Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire

Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5th c. CE

Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire

Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor in 476 CE


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Germanic invasions and the fall of the western

Roman Empire, 450-476 CE


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Cultural Change in the Roman Empire

Growth of Christianity

Constantines Vision, 312 CE

Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice

Converts to Christianity

380 CE Emperor Theodosius proclaims

Christianity official religion of Roman Empire


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St. Augustine (354-430 CE)

Hippo, North Africa

Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism

387 converts to Christianity

Major theologian


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The Institutional Church

Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early

Church

Divinity of Jesus

Role of women

Church hierarchy established

Patriarchs, Bishop of Rome primus inter pares

Traditions and Encounters ch. 12 powerpoint

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