Indian Journal of T raditi onal Kn owledge Vol. 2(2). April 2003. pp. 189-201

Traditional pest management practices and lesser exploited natural products in Ethiopia and India: Apprai sal and revalidation

Adane Tcsfa yc ' and R D GaulC1m*

Plant Ilea lth Cl ini c. Di vision of Entomology. Indian Agri cultural Research Insti tute. New Delhi 11001 2. India

Rc('ci l'c(/ 10 Jill." 2002; rel 'ised 3 /Cebru([J'v 20W

The paper foc uses on the Indigenous Farlllers' Technical Knowledge (IF rK ) and it s utili zati on for pest cont ro l covering an appraisal on 26 traditional pest managemcn t p!'acticcs and 45 potential lesscr-ex ploited natural products. A reva li dati on study on the ellcct ivcncss o f fermented cau lc urine and other natural products against barley aphid. D. lIo.ri ll Mordov. and Welo bush cr icket. D. br('l 'ipellllis Raggea (3,t! instar) in Ethi opia revealcd that COIV urinc ( I :6) was tox ic to these insccts. pro vided more than double in c rea~e in y ield and the tox icity was at par w ith thc treatments. viz. tobacco (N icoliallil WI){/C/1I11 Linn. ). nce lll (/I :III/iuwlilll illdic({

L inn.). chilli (Caps iclIlII (/I IIIIIIIIII Linn.). garlic (A I/ill i ll cepa Linn.). soap and dicsc l llli xtul 'c at booting as well as fl owering stage. Further. studies conducted on Sorghu m (Sorghlllll 1'lIlg({ re

Pers.)(soaked with urine for 20 min) w itnessed reduced incidence of covered and loose SIllUt by 90% and was comparabl e w ith convent iona l fungicides (Th iralll and Apronplus).

In order to asce rtain the insecticidal pro perly of cow urine. a preliminary laboratory study was conducted in Indi a. M ort ali ty of the banana fl y. D. lII elallogasl £'l' M eigen trcated w ith 3 days fermented cow urinc ( I :6) resultcd in 79.6o/r, mort ali ty as aga inst 2.X '7r in cont ro l and was stati stica ll y at par w ith garli c and 3 times more effecti ve than NSKE (5 'i'< ). Bioassay o f cow urine when further carri ed out on the cowpea aphid . II. CJ'(Iccil 'oJ'(l Koch was found as cllcct ivc as garli c (1I 11i1l1ll ('epa Linn .) and Imidaclopri d (0.25 ')1 ).

Keywords: Indigenous knowlcdge. Traditional pest management. Natural products. Cow urine. Dllraphis IIIJ.ria. D eClicoides IJrel 'ipellllis. Drosophila lII elallogaSI(!l', / Iphis

e I'lICClVO I'II.

Crop prod ucti on and pest management practices are centuries old activities carri ed out by the Indian as well as Ethiopian farmers . Looking at farming history , fanners, especially in developing countri es have engaged themselves in a constant battle with pests, di seases and

*Correspondent author

weeds. They have systemati ca ll y evo lved indigenous farm ers' techni cal knowl edge (IFTK ) on pest manage ment including res istant culti vars. compatible with their soc ioeconomic conditi ons.

Interestingly, Afri can capitalizing on IFTK for

farmers are pest contro l.

I Present address : Sirinka Agricultural Research Centre. P.O. Box . 74. Woldia. Ethiop ia

190 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE. VOL 2. No.2. APR IL 20m

They prepare sub:-;tances from concentrated hot peppers/chillies, neem leaves, Jimso n weed (Da tllra stmlllollilllli Linn.). castor oil, papaya leaves and wooel ash, clay, turmeri c, wheat etc., to ge t rid off caterpi li ars, weevi Is, beetl es, ;phid s, garden bugs and other pes ts 1.2., .

The fact th at sy ntheti c pesticides are costly and often beyond the reach of the poor marginal farmers, ca ll s upon taking a di fferent approach based on research on the fanners indigenous techni cal knowledge whi ch could ultimately lead to the development of bio-intensive IPM (integrated pest management ), whi ch will be economi ca ll y feasible, soc ially acceptable and effecti ve crop pest manage ment strategies for the developi ng coun tri es.

Use of ferm ented cattl e and goat urine, sand , ash and practices like i ntercroppi ng, border cropping, crop rotati on, and use of botanicals are some of the weapons aga i nst fi e ld and storage pests. The natural prod ucts li ke urine, cow whey , clay, sa nd , etc. are often used in the developing cou ntries to control the pes ts in the farm and storage where econom ic condi tions limit the usage of the conven tional pesticides as well as protectants. Literature on indigenous fanners' techni cal knowledge (IFrK) in the world and especiall y in developing countri es is scarce and poorl y documented. Hence, it is felt necessary to document I FrK practiced in parts of Ethiopia and India and equip it with more scienti fic in fo rmation on I PM through revalidation. Also, revalidation studi es on the use of cow uri ne and other lesser­ex ploited natural products against

Ru ss ian wheat aphid , DlIrophis lI oxia Mordov. infes ting barley and Welo hu sh cri cket, Decticoides brellipellllis Raggea. seri ous pests of barely and tel' in Ethi o pia~ as well as loose and covered smut of Sorg hlllll are reported. Insecti ci Ia l property of cow urine aga inst banana fl y. Drosophila lIIe/oll ogaster Meigen (Drosophilidae: Diptera) and cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Aphididae: Hemiptera) were alsn est i mateel duri ng the present study.

Materials and Methods Appraisal:

Wi th regard to appraisa l, informatmll on IFTK was co ll ected in Ethi opia ( 1997-98) in different parts of the country (North Welo, South Welo. Waghimra all d Oromia zone)). It was carried out jointly with the staff of farming system research team and respec ti ve zonal ex tension ex perts. The study was cond ucted in two stages: one day of reconnai ssance survey and 2-3 days field work In ach representati ve areas. The su rvey was conducted by interviewing farmers (men and women) in different groups guided by a checklist. On crop protection aspect, issues of interest in the check li st were status of crop production , crop pest problems, hos ts and alternate hosts of crop pests and farmers technica l knowledge of pes t managemen t. The secondary data was reviewed before the field survey so as to ascerta in the degree of accuracy of the informati on. In India, the information was co ll ec ted during farmers' field visits, training, seminars and workshops held from time to time espec ially in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi .

TESFAYE & GAUTAM: TRADITIONAL PEST M ANAGEM ENT PRACTICES 19 1

Revalidation: The reva lidation field ex periments on

natural prod ucts were carried out on Welo bush cricket, Decficoides brevipellilis

Raggea, barley aphid Duraphi.\' lI oxio Mordov and sorghum covered smut, SI)/l({Ce /of/l cCO sorghi (Link ) Clint and loose smut S. cm ellfo (Kuhn ) Porker in the cages (SO cm diam and 100 cm) and in ex perimen tal fi elds of Sirinka Agr icultural Research Centre. Ethiopia during the cropping seaso n of 1997-98. The experiment was laid out In co mpl etely randomi zed block design. There were three replications hav ing pl ots of :' .75 m x 5 m for Sorghulll Slllut and 4 m x 5 m for barl ey aphid by adopting the farm ers' trad iti onal agronomic practices. The treatments for barley aphid were tobacco ( I leaf with 500 III I water). nee m (25 gm leaf powder + 2 spoons of water + 2 spoons of soap + :'40 ml water), garli c (5 cloves + 250 ml water + I spoon of soap + I spoon of kerosene), fermented cow urine un.:. ml + sao ml water) and Acte lli c 50 EC (Primiphos meth yl) as standard check (2 ml Actelli c + 1000 ml water) per 20 m2 to prepare tobacco leaf and neem lea f powder. The desired material s were soaked over ni ght with suffi c ient quantity of wat er. In chilli powder (hot pepper) the quantity required for the plot size was diluted with suffi cient amount of water for IS to 20 min . Five cloves of garlic were soaked with th e required mixture of water, kerosene and soap for 24 hours. Urine was co ll ected from penned cattle, and fermented for seven days under direc t hot sun . It was then diluted in water ( I :6), filtered through a coarse cloth before

. 0 S I spraying. prays were repeatec at ten days interval s for each of the trea tment. For D. brevipcllllis (:. instar) commercial product of neem [A zadarictin O.O~)l'j(l EC) @ 5 mill water] : pyrethrum I Pytox in O.sc'/o EC) @ 5 mll2 I water] : fermented cow urine; neem (A::.odimch/o illdico

Linn . leaves as in case of the D. lI o.rio ):

neem seed (:' % of seed ex tracted by crushing into coarse powder and soaked over ni ght in co ld water): sisal leaf ex tract was prepared by culting the leaves into pi eces and pounding with soap and Sml water @ I g soap + 4 g lea ves + 220 ml of water. Malathion SO EC (2 I I ROO I) served as a standard check.

In the contro l o f sorghum smut. the treatments like Thiram. Apronplu s. cow uri ne. goat uri ne. hot water and co ld water were used . The sorgh um seeds were inoc ulated with sm ut spore @ 2.5 g and 2 g a i/kg of seed. respec ti ve ly for both loose and covered sm ut. Cow and goat urine were co ll ected and exposed to sun for 7 days. Then the spore treated seeds were soa ked in proportiona l amount of cow and goat urine for 20 minutes and dried under shade. In other side the spo re treated seeds were soaked in proporti onal quantity of hot water for 20 min foll owed by sun drying. Spore treated seeds in both cold and hot water were was hed and dri ed.

The culture of D. Ill e/oll ogosfer was maintained in the laboratory at 2S±2"C and 60± 10% RH. For ex periment s, 0-24 hours old mal es and fema les in the rati o of I : I were introduced into petridi sh containing se mi -sy ntheti c diet , sprinkled with baker's yeast granul es for ov iposition. The fema les deposited their

192 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE. VOL 2. No.2. APRIL 2003

Table I- Import ant cultur:1i practices exercised by Indian and Ethi opian fanners against important crnp pests ( insect pests. di seases and weeds)

Prac tices

I . Intercropping

J) Marigo ld

b) Lin seed

c) Sorghum

d) Coriander

e) Chickpea

f) Yellow Ilower

bushes Jnd Weed,

g) Sesame

h) Sa ffl ower/

Sunflower

i ) N iger seed

j ) Chickpea

k) Coriander & T urmeri c

2. Burder Croppi ng

a) iger seed

b) Sa fflower/Sun flower

c) Chickpea

d) CJnnabis

3. Crop Rotati on

a) Sesame

b) Sorghum

c) Pulses & oil crops

d) Cerea ls

Target crops

Pigeon pea.

Brinjal. Chill ies.

Potatoes. Beans.

Tomatoes and

Peas

Mustard

Wheat

Chickpea

Pigeon pea

Chickpea

Barley

Sorghum

Sorghum

Tef

Te l'

Linseed

Mango orchards

Tel'. Wheat and Barley

Tel'. Wheat and Barl ey

TeL Wheat and Barley

Potato

Maize, Sorghum/Ri ce

Chickpea

Cerea ls

Pul ses

Target Pests

Nematodes.

Leaf curl and nematodes

Blight. mildew and

other funga l

di seases

Mustard aphid

Rats (rodents)

Pod borer

Wilt

Pod borer

Wilt

Sorghum cha f fcr

Sta lk borer. weeds

Weeds

Weeds

Bud Il y

Pests & Diseases

Welo bush cri cket (WBC)

Welo Bush cri cket (WBC)

Coun try

India

India

India

India

India

Ethi opia

Ethi opia

Ethi opia

Ethi opia

India

India

Ethi opi a

Ethi opia

Welo bush crick et bli ght Ethi opia (WBC)

Blight

Cyperus

Wilt

India

India

India

Stalk borer. shoot fly. aphid. Ethi opia Welo bush cri cket and Stri ga

Aphid , cut worms. root rot Ethi opia and leaf di seases

COl/It!.

TESFAYE & GAUTAM : TRADITIONAL PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 193

Table I- Important cultural practices exerc ised by Indi an and Ethiopian farmers against impo rt ant crop pes ts

(insect pests, di seases and weeds}--Co//ld.

Practi ces Target crops

4. Installing bamboo sticks in Several c rops the farm fi e ld to harbour birds

5. Rai s i ng castor on farm bunds Several c rops to harbour natural enemies

6. Making deep furrows/ditches Seedling of all cereal in borde r c ro ps

7. Early planting

9. Replanting

10. Smoking crop field

Wheat and barl ey

Sorghum and Tel'

Sorghum

II. Covering crop head with Sorghum black shee t

12. Scaring the dead body of Sorghum pest o n crop head

13. Slight roasting of g rain s

14. Timely weeding

15. Frosting gra ins

16. Hand pi cking

Cerea l crops

T e l', wheat & Barely

A II field crops

Cerea ls seedlings sorghum

17. Damaging nest ho les and Tef ex pose eggs

18. A vo id stones & c lods from Tef, wheat and barley farm land

19. Grain filling up to the tip in All pul se and cerea ls the sto rage struc tures

20. Seq ue ntial & deep T e L Wheat & Barley ploughing

2 1.Bending/,Tdelli sa' · Sorghum

22. Sun drying o f stored grains A ll cereals & pulses

23.S hi Ishal%xen-c ulti vat ion Sorghum and Maize

24.Tracking the farm with Tef li ves toc k

25. Tracking the farm bo rde r Tef. wheat & barley with li vestock

26. Storage o f cobs through Mai ze hang ing under shed

Target Pests Country

Pod borer complex India

Green lace wing India

Army worm. Welo bush Ethiopia cricket

Aphids & We lo Bush cricke t Ethi o pia

Stalk borer and Te l' Shoot Fly Ethi o pia

Sorghum chatTer

Sorghum chaffer

Sorghum chaffer

Storage pests

Welo bush cricket

Storage pests

Ethi o pia

Ethi o pia

Ethi opia

Ethiopia

Ethi opia

Ethiopia

Army worm. Sorghum chaffe r Ethiopia

Harveste r ants

We lo bush cricket

Storage pests

We lo bush cricket

Sorghulll Chaffer & birds

Storage pes ts

Striga and o the r weeds

Weeds

We lo bush cricket

Storage weevi l

Ethi o pia

Ethiopia

Ethi opia

Ethi o pia

Elhi()pia

Ethi opia

Et hio pia

Ethi o pia

Ethi o pia

Ind ia

194 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDG E, VOL 2. No.2. APRIL 20m

eggs o n the medium o n w hi ch the e me rg ing fl y maggots wo uld develo p. The ing redi e nts used 1'0 1' pre paration of the se mi sy nthetic di e t were mai ze fl o ur (25 g m) and jaggery, i . e. hal I' processed sugar (2 1.5 g m). d is till ed wa te r (300 ml) , agar-agar (3 .25 g m). dri ed bake r's yeas t g ranul es (3 .65 g m). sod ium ben zoa te (0. 3 g m) and propi o ni c acid ( I ml ). The req uired q uantiti es o r mai ze flour and jaggery were take n and mixed w ith 200 ml of di still ed wate r and warmed for 5-6 minutes . In another jar 3 .25 g m of aga r­agar was mi xed w ith Ion ml o f wate r and bo il ed thoroug hl y till it reached beading cons is te ncy. The mi xtures o r mai ze fl o ur and jaggery were thoroug hl y mi xed w ith o the r ing red ie nts by s tirring. It was the n tran s ferred in to a s te rili zed beaker and kept at roo m te mpe rature fo r so lidifi cat io n. Finally, it was stored in refri ge rato r to be used as and w he n required .

The culture o f aphid , A. cm cci llo /"(! was maintain ed o n sprouted cowpea in the labo rato ry7 Cowpea seeds were c leaned , washed a nd soaked in water. After 24 hours, germ inated seeds were even ly spread o ve r the steri I ized absorbe nt

cotto n placed inside the jar (20 c m x 15 c m). Fully grow n a pte ro us aphids we re gentl y re leased on the sprouts. Suffi c ie nt amount o r water was added time to time in the jars w ith a vi e w to maintaining the turg idity and healthy g rowth o f cowpea p lants . The jar was covered with w hite mu s lin c lo th.

T he standard bioassay technique was fo ll owed to test D. lII elall ogasler and A.

. R cm ccl vom as per FAO Pro tocol. The trea tments compri sed, cow urine ( I :6)

ferme nted for 3 and 7 days , Imidacloprid (Confider) 17.8% EC (0 .25%), neem seed ke rne l extract (5 %) and ga rli c aqueo us so luti o n ( I c love: 5ml water). Pre li minary st udi es on in sec ticidal prope rty o f cow urine against banana fl y and cow pea aphid we re carried o ut in the Plant Hea lth CI i nic, Di vis ion or Entomology , Indian Ag ricultural Researc h In stitute, ew De lhi - I 1001 2 during Marc h-June, 2000. Twenty to thirty aph id colo ni es were imme rsed in I ml of aqueou s pesti c ide fo rmulation for 10 seconds wi th five rep li cations and were transfe rred to a c lean container hav ing young cowpea seed ling . For banana fl y , dry h im bioassay technique was used. Dry film was pre pared in se parate petriplate ( l) ()

mm diam) using I ml o f the above treatments . Newly e merged (0-24 hrs) adults ( 15) were fed for 24 hI'S. Mo rtality count was recorded a ft e r 24 hI'S and the data a na lyzed.

Resu lts and Discussion It is ev ide nt from Table I that Indian

and Etl1iopian fanners use at least 26 traditi.onal pest management prac tices to combat insect-pests , di seases and weeds . That is jus t a g limpse of IFrK stu d ies conducted in these countries. Search 1'0 1'

so luti o n is an o ngoing process. Farmers' search solutions are based on the ir needs because they can unde rstand their own Ii milati o ns, responsibi I i ti es and poss ibilities . The Indian as we ll as Ethi opian farme rs arc so innovative that they had been att e mpting to make pesticides inc luding g rain protectants from such cheap a nd loca lly abundant materials like aloes, tobacco, s isa l,

."

TESFAYE & GAUTA M: TRADITIONAL PEST MANAG EMENT PRACTI CES 195

persIan lilac , necm, eucaly ptus, Partheniul1l , castor, urine, dung, ash , chil li , garlic , soap, milk products, farmyard manure, etc . (Tables 2 and 3) . Crude botanical insecticides were in use for several centuries and were known in tribal o r traditional cultures around the world be fo re be ing introduced to Europe and the U.S. The products with a long histo ry of traditional use include nee m in India, rotenone in East Asia and SOLlth America, pyrethrum in Iran and Sabadilla in central and South America!). These lesser exploited and revalidated natural products (botanicals, mine rals and animal products) e ithe r used alo ne or 111

combi nation have proved to be effecti ve in IPM. Some of these have po tential to be exploited commercially .

Field studies on re-validation revealed (Table 4) that there was significant

increase in the barley grai n yield biomass and number of ti lI ers when sprayed w i th cow urine aga in st D. /l oxia. T hese result s were at par with tobacco, neem, chilli es and garli c treatments and a commercia ll y available sy nthetic Actc lli c. Similar observatio ns o n the inc idence o f D. /l oxia (Table 5) wi th regard to effccti veness of these treatments were no ti ced.

Further, data on percent morta lity of Welo bush c ricket, D. brevipe/l/lis (Tabl e 6) support the efficacy of cow urine on aphid D. /l oxia. It was observed th at cow urine provided 80 percent mortal i ty in 12 hrs after treatment and reached 90 percent after 24 hrs and was at par w ith neem leaf ex tract, s isa l leaf ext ract , Pytoxin and Malathio n. Inte res ting ly , Azad iractin offe red onl y 28.67 pe rcent mortality of D. brevipell.l1.is which was almost 4 times lower th an cow urine. Material s like

Tablc 2- NJllIral producl s (bot:.lI1 icJ ls. minerJls and animJI products) used fo r pes t control hy farmcrs in Ethiopia

NJtural Target crops Target pes ts Form of app li cation Mcthods of clppl icat io n Products

Urine (Calllc. TeL bJrley . wheat, Welo bush c ricket Mixed fc rmcnted urine SprJ y ing in the fi e ld Goat) and Aphids wi th wa te r

Urine (Cattlc . Sorghum Loosc and covered Mixed fc rmcntcd urine Soaking for 20 min . Goat) smut w ith WJte r thcn dry be fo re

planting

Ash All pul ses & ccrca l Storage pcs ts Fine powdcr Mi xing w ith the g rains crops exccpt Tef

Ash + dung All pulses & cerca l Storage pcs ts Mi x ash. d ung ancl P laste ring inte rior sto rc crops except Tcf wate r to gc t dough wa ll s w ith dump.

Ash + C hillics All pulses & ccrea l Storage pests Mi x ash powder wit h Mi x ing wit h g ra in crops except Tef broken pod

C hillies + salt All pul ses & ccrcal Sto rage pests Salt + powder w ith Mi xing w ith g rain crops except Tcf broken pod

Sand A ll pul ses & cerca l Storage pcsts crops exccpt Tcf COl/lei.

196 IND IAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 2. No.2, APR IL 20m

Tab le 2- Natural product s (bo tani ca ls. mincra ls and animal produ<:ls) used for pes t control by farmers in

Ethi opi ; C Ollld.

atural Ta rget crops Target pests Form o f application Methods o f app lica tion Products

Soap Barley. fi e ld pea Aphids Mi x wi th wate r Spray suspens ion

Fa rmyard Sorgh um/ ma ize Striga Mi xture of dung of Incorporate with soli Illa nure goa t, sheep. mul e around ho mestead

Wa ter Vege tables/Cabbag/ Aphids. S mut Pure natura l water S howering us ing water Mai ze/Sorghum seed was hing

Local beer All fi e ld crops Storage pests Residue of loca l beer Spray o n o ute r stored except Tel' (liqu id ) grain

Loca l beer Sorghum Sorghum chaffe r Mi x the loca l beer w ilh Display around the Sevin sorghum farm

Banana Sorghulll Sorghum C haffe r Dress the split & eut Disp lay arou nd the banana fruit w ith Sevi n sorghum farm

CrowlI Pul ses & cerea ls S torage pests Leaf powder Mi xed with g rain //I{/(·rO.l'{{/c/IYll.l'

Ph v/o /uc{"u Pul ses & cerea ls Sto rage pests Powder form Mi xed wi th r!otlec{{lItim grains/spray the fi e ld

!\ /oe spp. Pul ses & cerea ls Storage pests Powder /Cullings Mi x wi th grain

S isa l Tel'. Barl ey. Wheat Welo bush c rickets Squeeze & mix with Spray ing the fi e ld water

Garli c All crops. Ba rley. Sto rage pes ts Mix powder with wate r Seed dress i ng/Spray Field pea Aphids

Euphorbi({ spp. A ll except Tel' Storage pests C Ulling illlo pi eces Lini ng at the bOllom and lOp o f the sto reci grain

P({rlhclliu/II Ho useho ld pests Mi x powder with water S pray the household hv ,\'{c rop/IIJrtI .I' pests

Tobacco Cerea ls & Pul ses Storage pest s Mix Powder w ith water Mi x wi lh g rain/Spray except Tel' Aphids. stalk borer in the field

Persian Lil ac Cereals & Pul ses Storage pests Powder Mi x with g ra ins except Tel'

Nu/({ Cereal s & Pu lses Storage pests Powder Mi x w ith g rain c/w /cpclI .I' i .l' except Tel'

Mex ican Cerea ls & Pulses Storage pests Powder Mix with g rain mari go ld except Tel'

DlIIura Cereals & Pulses Storage pests Powder Mix with g rain .I'{r{{lllu lliu /1I except Tel'

U II I {{{/{{{ Cerea ls & Pul ses S torage pests Powder Mi x wi th g rain C({II{({r{/ except Tel'

T ESFAYE & GAUTAM: TRADITIONAL PEST MANAG EMENT PRACTI CES 197

Table :I- Natura l produc ts (bo tani cals . mine ral s and animal products) used for pes t co ntrol by fanners in India

Natural T arget c ropslfi e lds T a rget pests Form o f applicati on Methods of appli ca ti on Prllduct

Kerosene Wheat. I3 a re ly & T ermites Liquid pure form Soaking seed one ho ur othe rs be fore sow in g

Kerosene Wheat. Bare ly & T ermites (i lite r o f Kerosene mi xed Irri gating the fa rm wi th o the rs w ith irri gation wate r ke l'llsena ted wate r

C lay C hick pea. garde n Pul se beetl es Cl ay mo istened with Coating the seed with pea and othe r wate r clay paste pul ses

Ash Vege table c rops Red pumpkin Fi ne powder Du st ing espec ia lly pumpkin beetl e and. othe r

insec t pes ts

Sorg hulll Fa ll ow land Pigeon pea wilt C ho pping into s lllall Incorpo rating with so il pi eces

Whey Pul ses Wilt Milk products Soakin g Xkg seed w ith I liter whey for 2~ hrs the n dry ing in shade

Sand Onion Post harves t Fine sand Making bed to lower di seases dow n the te mperature .

Neem Several crops Locust. aphids. Leaves. ke rne l. powder Spraying / Dusting the C ate rpillars, fli es. ex trac t in wate r fi e ld and sto rage ants & storage st ruc tures pests

Castor Coconut Pu lse and Rhinoccros beet le. Crushed seeds /Ex trac ted Pl ace on earthen pot cereal seeds Nematodes o il contai ning wate r. Seed

dress ing

Mustard C hi c kpea, le nti l Wilt Ex trac ted Oil 150ml/ Dress ing the seed 20kg o f seed

Ash +Garli c Stored cereal s Storage pests Mi x fin e ash and Seed dress i ng powdered garlic

Mint Severa l crops A ll pes ts Leaf Powder S pray ing in the fi" ld &. dress i ng g rai n

C hillies + Vegetables Cate rpillars. fli es. Powder Spray ing in the fidd / Othe r hot aphids. ants and dress ing peppers o the r pes ts grai n

Ri ce + Castor Casto r semi loo pe r Mi xed and cooked 10 Di spe rse in the ca stor turmeric attract largc number of fi e ld

birds

Ed ible Butter Pulse crops Sto rage pests Liqu id form Dress the g rain

Mu sta rd C hi c kpea Pod bore r Plant res idue as pegs/ l3 y prov iding res t s ite pe rches fo r insec ti vo rou s birds

198 INDIAN J TRAD IT IONAL KNOW LeDGE. VOL 2, No.2, APR IL 2003

Tab le 4- EI'I'ect o f natura l pes ti c idcs on the cont ro l of Russian \vhcat aph id , y ie ld and y ie ld compo nellt 01 ba rlcy

S I. No. Prod uc ti ve ti lle r l3 i oma~s (ton/ha) G rain y ie ld (qt /ha ) Treatmcnts Treatmellls

1997 1998 Mea n 1997 1998 Mean 1997 199X Mea n

I. Tobacco X:LBab 7 J.()7a 77.5ab 6. 17a 3.2ab 4.6Xab 24.20a 13.77 b IX.nah

2. eem lea f 80.00ab 56.67ab 6X. :nabc 5.77ab 3.07b 4 .42ab n .04a I 1.(JXb 17.2-1b ex tract

~. C hillies pcpper Xl.Jlah 3 1.67bc 57.5bc 5.5Xbc 2.27b 3.92b 2 1.02a 6 . IXb 13J,()h

4. Gar li c 76.67bc 35 .00bc 55.S3bc 5.nabc 2.20b 3.7 1 b 11-:.6 1 a 7.72b 13. 16b

5. Fennented cow 90.00ab 53. :nab 6X .33abc 6.03ab 3.07b 4.55ab n.62a 13.l3b IX.Sab urine

7. SO,IP & di ese l X3.33ab 46. :nab 56.83bc 4. 17bc 3 .20h 3.68h 16.44b 11 .57b 14 .00b mixtu rc

X. Acte ll ic SO EC 93.33a 69.00a 8 1.1 7a 5 .O:labc 5. 27a 5. 15a 21. 13a n. 16a 22 .-1a

9. Contro l 6367c n .67c 54.S3c 3.57c 2.4h 2.9Xb IO.29ab 5 .65b 7.97c

Probah ility Va lue 0 .02 0 .007 0 .00 I (J.05 0.005 0.002 0 .02 0 .00 I (WOO I

C V at 5% 10.3 1 23.96 17.78 I S.XS 24.6 1 22 .27 21.7 26.59 23.65

Table 5- Efficacy of na tura l produc ts on th e inc idence or Russia n wheat aphid in fes ti ng ba rley

S I. No. Treat llle lllS Infestation % at booti ng. In festa tio n % at Il owe ring

1997 199X Mean 1997 199X Mean

I. Tobacco 25 .00 76.67ah SO.X3ab 30.33b X3.33a 55.X3hc

2. Necm 2 1.67 RO.DOa 50.X3ab 30.33 b 76.67<1 53.bc

3. C hilli powder 16.67 86.67a 5 1.67ab 37.()()b 9 1.67a 64.33ab

4 . Garlic 25.00 SO.OOa S2.0Sab 40.33b 75 .00a S7.67bc

S. Fermented cow urine 15.00 70.00ab 42.0Sab 26.67b 7J.3Ja 50.00bc

6. Soap & di esel mi xture IS.33 6667ab 41.67b 4 1.67b 7 167a 56.67bc

7. Ac te llic SO EC 16.67 S I. 67b 35.70 b 28.33b 43.33b 3S.X3c

S. Co nt ro l 33 .33 91.67a 62 .. 'ia 66.67a 94 .33a SO.Sa

Probab i l it ~ Va lue 0.D9 (un O. O()6 0.03 0 .005 0.0002

. ... \

.-

"'-4

T ESFA Y E & GAUTAM: TRADITIONAL PEST MANAGEMENT PR ACTICES 199

Tablc 6- EtTcc t of differcnt natural products on mortalit y of Wclo bush cri cket

SI. No. T rcatlllcnts

I . Azad irJctin O.03'k EC

2. Py tox in 5'fi EC

3. Me/ill {/ ~lIdim,.11 Ica f ex tract

4. Net:1l1 o il

5. Necll1 leaf ex tract

6. Fermented cow urine

7. Sisal leaf cx tract

X. Malat hion 50 [C

9. Control

LSD Va luc at 'i'lf

CV at 5%

M orta l ity <y, Jt exposure peri od of 12 hrs to 24'hrs 12h r I R hr 24hr

3.33 (6.R6)cd lR .67 (27 . 12)cd 28.67(27 . 12)bc

53.33(46.92)abc 65.33(54.72)abc XR .67(7:1.44)a

13.00(28.5 I )bcd 40 330X.XY)bc 40 330X.XY)b

O.00(0.OO8)d I 5.67( 19.52)cd 2233(234 .~ )bc

72.00(63.06)ab 93.33(XO.07 )a 10O(YOOO)a

XO.00(72.54 )a ID .33(7446)ab YO.OO(7X.39)a

86.67(76J15)a 96.67 (RO.07 )a 100(YO)J

46.6 70X4 )abcd R6.67(72 .7R)ah Y3.33( XCl.X2)a

OOO(O.OnX)d n. OO( O. nOX)eI OOO(fU)OX)d

0.005 0.006 0.0004

32.66 25.24 20.24

Figurcs in pJ renthcses indicate square roo t tran sformed valuc

Table 7- Etlect o f seed treatment on the incidcncc o f Sorghum covcred and loose smut

Paniclc in fec ti on ('fi) Trea tments Covercd smut at Loose smut at

Latc Early M ean Latc Early M can Maturing mat uring maturing maturing Sorghull1 Sorghum Sorghum Sorghu m

I . Thiram 0.53 (042)d 0(0.7 1 )c o 27(O.63)d 0(0.7 1 )c 0.5 (0.94)b 0 25 (0.X3)b

2. Apronplus 2.50( 1.55 ) cd 0(0.7 I)c 1 6( 1 2)cd 3.53(I.R4) be O(O.7 1)h 1.77( (27)b

3. Fcrmented 553( 1.(9)cd 0(0.7 1)c 3. 12( 1.27 )cd 0(0 7 I)c 0(07 1)h o (0 7 I)b

cow urine

4. r erlll cntcd X.30(.2X5)bc 1.26(0 .. 96)bc 4.63( 1.91 )bcd O.67( I)c 0(0 7 1)h 0.3(OX'l )h goat uri nc

5. Hot water 163(0 74)d 0(0.7 1 )c 11 7(O.79)d 3.03 ( 1.5 I )hc 0(0.7 1 )b 1.52( 1.11 )1> treatment

6. Co ld wa tcr 10.37 0.2 I)bc 2.7( 1 64)a 6.53(243)abc 10.X30· 16)ab 11 5(3.5)a 11 . 17(3.33)a treatillent

7. Contro l 10.37(5.I S)a 2.R( 1(5)a 14.86(4 1)a 2 1.6(4.33)a 1 7. 5 p.2)~1 IY.57(4 .27)a

Probabi lity 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.009 000 0.00

C V Jt 5% 24.22 14.99 18.62 20.9 32.0 26. 13

Figul'es in pa rentheses indi ca te square root transformed vJlue

200 IND IAN J TR AD ITI ONAL KNO WL EDGE. VOL 2. No . 2. A PRI L 200:1

urine, dung, sand and grain mixture were widely used fo r storage pest contro l by the farmers. Thus, these re-validati on studies confirm some of the IFfK 's.

Results on the effect of seed trea tment with cow and goat urine, hot and co ld water treatments bes ides Thiram and Apronplus revea led Crable 7) that these trea tments except co ld water were equ all y effec ti ve in redu cing the incidence of covered smut by 0.27-4.63 percent as aga inst 14.86 percent in control. Simil ar effect of these treatments was noti ced on loose smut too.

Laboratory studies on tox icity of cow uri ne agai nst D. lIlelall ogasfer and A. craccivora (Table 8) suggested th at cow urin e fe rmented for 3 days was found superi or to 7 days fermented urine in respect of hi gher percent mortality. In the case of D. lIl elallogasfer 79.6 percent mortal i ty was observed as agai nst 2.8 percent in control and it was at least 3 times more effec ti ve th an neem. Neem is often reported to be effec ti ve aga inst wide range of insect pes ts by several workers llJ

.1

1.I 2.13 . However, morta li ty caused to A. craccivora by cow urine, NSK E and Imidac loprid was stati sti ca l! y at par and ranged between 63.4 and 78.4 per cent.

Farmers at large are stil! adopting some of the traditional techni cal knowledge developed by themselves based on their long ex peri ence and requirements suitabl e to their area. Thi s IFTK may help in developing several safe, economi cal, effec ti ve and sustai nabl e crop pes t management strategies. Hence, there is a need to develop global database on IFTK 's. The bas ic ques ti on here is "Are

T ablc S- Bioassay or pcs ticides agai nst banana Ily. Drosophila lII e/allog{lsler and aphi d. II/Jhis

('n ICC/Fora

Treatments

Illli dacloprid (0.25 %) Neern seeel ke rnel ex trac t (5 %) Garli c ( I c love: 5 ml W~l1 c r )

Mon ality( '?( )

Ba nana Cowpca fl y aphi d

92.7 3 2S.4d

X2.4ab

7X .-Ia 56 .-Ia

Fermcnted cow urine ror 7C). 6b 6:1.4a 3 days ( I :6) Ferme nted cow urine fo r 50.6c o9.oa 7 days ( 1:6) Con tro i (Wate r) 2.Re 19.6b LS D a t 5% 7.47 2.49

these IFTK reall y doing the job they are des igned for efficiently'?" Farmers norlllal!y say yes, but research is not in a positi on to say anything adequ ately. Preli minary studies conducted at I. A. R.1. New Delhi on cow urine demonstrated its in secti cidal activity probably for the first time in the laboratory, whi ch opens a way for several research avenues on IPM at the same time techni call y supporting fa rmers' experi ence. Thi s paper al so does not argue that all IFTK techniques are perfect, rather it intends to hi ghli ght these eco-fri endl y techniques so th at they can be technically and fin ancially support ed.

Acknowledgements Authors would like to thank "Amhara

Nati onal Regional State" in Ethi opi a and Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi for providing the research faciliti es. We are also gra teful to UNDP and Trafalgar Development. Bank In Jamaica fo r their finan cial support

... /

TESFAYE & GAUTAM: TRADITIONAL PEST MANA GEMENT PRACTICES 20 I

without which it was impossible to participate in the International Symposium and Workshop on utili zation of natural products in developing countries: Trends and Needs and rai se the voice on IFTK during July, 2000. Finally , we express our gratitude to all those including farmers and sc ientists whose contributions form the basis of thi s paper.

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