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Tapping the untapped agricultural heritage and innovative approaches Tapping the untapped agricultural heritage and innovative approaches to manage biotic stresses under semi arid ecosystemto manage biotic stresses under semi arid ecosystem  

R. B. GAURR. B. GAUR

Head, Plant Protection Coordinating Unit, Agricultural Research Station, Rajasthan Head, Plant Protection Coordinating Unit, Agricultural Research Station, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Sriganganagar-335001, RajasthanAgricultural University, Sriganganagar-335001, Rajasthan  

Farmers of semi-arid regions of Rajasthan have been making their own innovations and their own selections of appropriate technologies based on cumulative experience of earlier generations. Social and biological scientists have increasingly visited such farmers to understand their technical practices. Blending of results of informal expermentation and age-old experiences gained by the farmers has resulted in adoption of many practices which are commonly known as Indigenous Technological Knowledge. Ultimately farmers have increasingly been recognized as innovators and experimenters ( Johnson, 1972; Richards, 1985; Rhoades and Bebbington, 1988).

Cont…

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Efforts made to collect such information on traditional Efforts made to collect such information on traditional innovative plant protection and water management heritage innovative plant protection and water management heritage from elderly farmers, surveying the remote areas of semi-arid from elderly farmers, surveying the remote areas of semi-arid regions of Rajasthan and through documentation of published regions of Rajasthan and through documentation of published work ( Gaur work ( Gaur et al.,et al., 2002; Solanki and Sanadhya, 2002; Gaur 2002; Solanki and Sanadhya, 2002; Gaur et et alal.2004; Neog .2004; Neog et al , et al , 2004 ) are presented2004 ) are presented herewithherewith..

Further, there is a need for more selective, less persistent and more environmentally accepted methods like exploitation of bio agent zero input techniques to reduce load of chemicals to evolve cheapest eco friendly management technology.This lecture therefore present information on traditional plant protection techniques in arid ecosystem and the recent development in bio control approach. This may pave the way for the amalgamation of these practices with modern agricultural technologies.  

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Innovative traditional heritage of pest controlInnovative traditional heritage of pest controlControl of termite:(i) There is a general practice among women of Rajasthan to pour sugar

and flour around old tree trunks to attract common ant. This practice help to maintain required population build up of ants in the area, which feed on termites. This system, though related to religious faith, helps to maintain active anthills at different locations.

(ii) To prevent termite attack and cracking of epidermis in fruit trees some cultivators reported application of a paist on main trunk of trees with a mixture of mustard oil ( 1 lit ) + turmeric powder ( 200 g. ). Mustard oil attract ants which in turn remove termites. Turmeric powder helps in healing the cracks.

(iii) Chopped aak ( Calotropis ) leaves filled in gunny bags were kept in irrigation channel. The exudates from these leaves were reported to kill termite and other soil borne insects.

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(iv) Some traditional farmers adjoining Bikaner distract used to (iv) Some traditional farmers adjoining Bikaner distract used to amend the soil with the pre incubated mixture of aak leaves amend the soil with the pre incubated mixture of aak leaves ( 5 bags ) + neem kernels and leaves ( 5 bags ) + asafetida (250 g ( 5 bags ) + neem kernels and leaves ( 5 bags ) + asafetida (250 g ) to check termite attack in the field and soil borne diseases. ) to check termite attack in the field and soil borne diseases. They even claimed good growth of the crop due to this They even claimed good growth of the crop due to this amendment.amendment.

(v) Gunny bags pieces soaked in crude oil emulsion were kept in irrigation channels. The oily water was found to effectively check termite and other soil pests.

(vi) Put 6-7 empty maize cobs devoid of grains in earthen pots and cover the mouth of this pot with cotton cloth. These earthen pots are then buried in termite infested field in such a way that about inch of its mouth remain above the ground level. In 10-15 days the pots will be filled with termite. The pots are then taken out and heated to kill the termite.

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Control of aphids, thrips, whitefly and other sucking pestControl of aphids, thrips, whitefly and other sucking pest

(i) Few farmers who migrated from Faisalabad (Lyallpur) in Pakistan reported using of diluted tobacco extract to control aphids and white fly in kinnow and other citrus plants. This extract was prepared by boiling of 4 kg tobacco leaves and twigs in 40 lit. of water for 40 minutes. After cooling, one kg soap powder is mixed and solution is diluted 7-8 times before spraying.

(ii) Traditional farmers migrated from Lyalpur in Pakistan and settled in Sriganganagar district also reported the use of crude resin formulation ( crude resin 60 kg + washing soda 1 kg + water 40 lit. ) to control sucking pest of fruit plants specially mango. The solution is diluted 6 to 7 times before spraying. This formulation is also used to check mango malformation.

(iii) Smoke emitted by putting harmal ( Peganum harmala )and salai /luban (Boswellia serrata) or sulphur over burning cow dung has been reported to kill/ repel aphid and other sucking pest of mango.

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(iv) In Jodhpur district ( Mathania ) some cultivators use cow urine based (iv) In Jodhpur district ( Mathania ) some cultivators use cow urine based biopesticide to check white fly, Jassid and other sucking pest of vegetables and fruit biopesticide to check white fly, Jassid and other sucking pest of vegetables and fruit plants. The biopesticide is prepared by mixing cow urine ( 10 lit. ) + neem kernel and plants. The biopesticide is prepared by mixing cow urine ( 10 lit. ) + neem kernel and leaves ( 2 kg ) + garlic ( 50 g ). The ingredients are crushed and kept in copper leaves ( 2 kg ) + garlic ( 50 g ). The ingredients are crushed and kept in copper container for 15 days. The solution is then heated till 5 lit of solution is left. After container for 15 days. The solution is then heated till 5 lit of solution is left. After cooling , the liquid is filtered and diluted with 500 lit of water before spraying. The cooling , the liquid is filtered and diluted with 500 lit of water before spraying. The cultivators even claimed its efficacy in controlling viral diseases in chili.cultivators even claimed its efficacy in controlling viral diseases in chili.

(v) Burning of crop refuse, stubble and trash was most commonly used traditional plant protection measure to kill insects,and destroy diseased crop refuse. Burning was practiced in the night to attract winged insects and to trap them in fire.

(vi) Soak half kg of tobacco leaves/twigs/powder in 5 lit of water over night. Boil this solution in the morning and add 250 gm soap pieces slowly in the boiling solution. When the soap is dissolved completely, filter the solution using muslin cloth. This solution is used for spraying after diluting in 200-300 lit of water.

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(vii) Fine wood ash is applied at the base and on leaves of Assam lemon (vii) Fine wood ash is applied at the base and on leaves of Assam lemon (( Citrus limon Citrus limon ) which control infestation of soft bodied insects like ) which control infestation of soft bodied insects like citrus aphid (citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantieToxoptera aurantie ). ).

(viii) Equal quantities ( 100 g ) of fine wood ash and ground lime are mixed in 10 lit of water. The suspension if sprayed on horticultural plants controls fruit fly ( Dacus cucurbitae ).

(ix) Two handful of marigold leaves ( Tagetes ), five cloves of garlic and five red ripe chillies are chopped in to small pieces and then the materials are boiled in a cup of water for five minutes. The filtered suspension is then diluted 4-5 times with water and sprayed on plants. This spray suppresses the attack of various soft bodied insect pests in horticultural crops because of repellent action of plant products.

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Control of beetles, weevils and shoot borersControl of beetles, weevils and shoot borers

(i) In case of insect holes made by shoot borer and bark eaters in mango trees, jaggery is placed in the holes to attract other predators ( ants ), so that they will feed upon the insects present in the holes. Similarly the practice of pouring kerosene in the holes and blocking holes with cow dung were also observed in the area.

(ii) For preventation of infestation of shoot borer in mango tree, there was a practice of mixing common salt with soil near the collar region of the tree.

(iii) One or two cup of milk is poured at the base and also on tender inflorescence of trees at weekly intervals to protect trees from rhinoceros beetle ( Oryctes rhinoceros ) and red palm weevil ( Rynchophorus ferrugineus ). Milk protein attract some predators and parasite of these pests.

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Control of insect larvae of Control of insect larvae of HelicoverpaHelicoverpa(i) In Nohar and Bhadra tehsil of Hanumangarh district, chickpea is grown over a large area. The cultivators of some villages were observed to practice biocontrol against Helicoverpa larvae. The pearl millet grains or pieces of bread ( chapatii ) soaked in butter milk are scattered in chickpea field to attract birds, which in turn predate on Helicoverpa larvae. This practice is applicable in the fields adjacent to village only where substantial tree population exists.

(ii) Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) leaves and kernels are being commonly used to control this pest in Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh district.(iii) Soak overnight one kg crushed garlic in one lit of kerosene oil. In another pot dissolve one kg crushed green chilli in two lit of water. Mix two solution after filtering through musline cloth. Now dissolve 200 gm detergent powder in 200 lit of water and mix garlic and chilli solution in this water. This solution can be used to control larvae of different insects in orchards.

 

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Innovative traditional heritage of disease controlInnovative traditional heritage of disease control  Control of citrus canker and leaf spots:

(i)  Mix 10 kg of fresh cow dung in 10 lit of cow urine. Add fresh leaves of neem and seeds of calmegh. Allow to ferment this mixture for two months. During this period weekly mixing is done. After 2 months solution is filtered. This solution is then used for spraying the plants/ trees by diluting it with water at the ratio of 1:4. Besides controlling various pest and diseases ( citrus canker, leaf spot ) it provide nutrition to the plants.

(ii) Spray of garlic clove extract @ 5 % was reported to control citrus canker disease.

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Control of soil borne diseaseas ( wilt, root rot etc. )Control of soil borne diseaseas ( wilt, root rot etc. )

(i) Dissolve 50 gm of asafetida in one lit of buttermilk. Drenching of this solution around root zone of wilt/ root rot affected trees/plants was reported to control the disease. Seed soaking of this solution was also reported to control wilt/ root rot in chickpea, mung etc.

(ii) One gm of asafetida and 5 gm of turmeric powder is dissolved in 10 lit of water. The suspension is used for soil drenching to control bacterial diseases of root and stem.

(iii) Some traditional farmers adjoining Bikaner distract used to amend the soil with the pre incubated mixture of aak leaves ( 5 bags )+ neem kernels and leaves ( 5 bags ) + asafetida (250 g ) to check soil borne diseases. They even claimed good growth of the crop due to this amendment.

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Control of fruit rotting and fruit droppingControl of fruit rotting and fruit dropping(i) In some parts of Rajasthan ( Jasipur, Sikar ) cultivators use smoke from mixture of half dried cow dung + shell of peahen egg + spines of porcupine or dried cow horn to control fruit rotting and fruit droppingin cucurbit, chili and mango.

(ii) To a limited extent few farmers in Sikar and Jhunjhunu area of Rajasthan were found to adopt a practice of putting granules of asafetida (heeng ) near the root zone of fruiting plants and cucurbits for good fruiting and to check disease incidence.

(iii) Creating smoke in fields of vegetables and fruit plants in the evening by slow burning of camel bone placed over wood was reported to check fruit dropping due to diseases.

(iv) Traditional farmers of north-west part of Rajasthan reported use of smoke from half dried faeces bowls of donkey to check premature fruit dropping due to pest and diseases.

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Control of nematodesControl of nematodesMixture of cow dung + aak (Calotropis) + kheinp or khip ( Crotalaria burhia) local xerophytic plant is allowed to rot in a pit for about 2 months. This mixture (manure) is then applied in chili and tomato fields for the control of root knot nematode, termites and for good growth.

Some researcher may remark that these traditional methods have not been evolved through scientific experimentation but one would agree that art of cultivation has descended from one generation to the other and thus this taditional wisdom has been sustained through experience over a number of generations.

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Traditional rain water harvestingTraditional rain water harvesting The entire landscape of Rajasthan is dotted with wells, ponds,

bavaries,and kunds which are not natural depressions but are men made water reservoirs of ancient times used to store rain water for drinking and irrigation. The muds from these reservoirs containing microorganisms and rich organic matter or rotting aquatic vegetation was used as organic fertilizer for farms and fields.Digging of ponds and construction of wells, lakes were considered sacred and all sections of society from the kings downs to the villagers were involved.

The traditional system of rain water harvesting for irrigation and drinking still prevails in several parts of Rajasthan especially in the remote villages in the form of following structures:

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(i) Nadi: (i) Nadi: In western part of Rajasthan in every village this system still In western part of Rajasthan in every village this system still prevails. This is special type of pond constructed in low lying prevails. This is special type of pond constructed in low lying slopping area to collect rain water. The depth of such structure slopping area to collect rain water. The depth of such structure varied from 3 to 12 meters. Excess water during rainy season is varied from 3 to 12 meters. Excess water during rainy season is stored in small or big ponds, which is utilized to provide stored in small or big ponds, which is utilized to provide supplementary irrigation to the crops. In some villages, supplementary irrigation to the crops. In some villages, multipurpose ponds are found in series at different elevation to multipurpose ponds are found in series at different elevation to collect surface water. The seepage from upper pond is collected at collect surface water. The seepage from upper pond is collected at the lower pond.the lower pond.

(ii) Bavri:

Most bavries were constructed near temples which had sufficient funds and men power to maintain the structure. This system of water harvesting is very old. In some parts bavries are multi story. In past this was the most potent source of drinking and irrigation water.

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(iii) Tanka or Kund:(iii) Tanka or Kund:This type of structure were generally used for drinking and This type of structure were generally used for drinking and cooking purpose only. Mostly these were pacca and square in cooking purpose only. Mostly these were pacca and square in nature. The well to do families were having this structure under nature. The well to do families were having this structure under entrance porch/ room of the buildings.entrance porch/ room of the buildings.(iv) Earthen Well (Kui/ Beri): Kui or beri is generally constructed near big ponds or talabs

where seepage water is collected. Mostly these structures were of muds only having depth of 10 to 12 meters. The water is delivered for irrigation through a swinging bucket which is a small implement used to lift water.  

(v) Kharin: This was the very old traditional system of water harvesting in

Jaisalmer area of Rajasthan. The rain water is being collected in low lying area surrounded by rocks.

 

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(v) Earthen buds:(v) Earthen buds: Field bundings by earthen bunds is a Popular method of Field bundings by earthen bunds is a Popular method of rain water harvesting. A series of earthen bunds are rain water harvesting. A series of earthen bunds are constructed across the farm lands according to the slope constructed across the farm lands according to the slope of the land. This not only conserve rain water but also of the land. This not only conserve rain water but also prevents top soil erosion by surface runoff. To prevents top soil erosion by surface runoff. To compensate the loss of cultivated area, the bunds are compensate the loss of cultivated area, the bunds are used for growing herbs and creepers yielding fruits and used for growing herbs and creepers yielding fruits and vegetables. The plants also hold the soil and prevent vegetables. The plants also hold the soil and prevent erosion. erosion.   

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Recent Innovative bio control approach to manage Recent Innovative bio control approach to manage Biotic Stresses (pest and diseases)Biotic Stresses (pest and diseases)  Control of insect pest

Entomopathogens: In recent years several microorganisms have been identified which kill, parasitize or cause diseases in various insect pest

( Table-1)

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Table:1 Entomopathogens and their hostTable:1 Entomopathogens and their hostEntomopathogen Host (Insect)

Nomuraea rileyi Helicoverpa, Spodoptera,Plusia

Metarhizium anisopliae Root grub, Coffee berry borer Brown plant hopper, Rhinoceros beetle,Helicoverpa, Red cotton bug

Beauveria bassiana Brown plant hopper, Red palm weevil, ash weevil, Red cotton bug, Coffee berry borer

Verticillium lacani Aphid, Teak skelitonizer, Citrus psylla

Cladosporium oxysporium Cotton leaf hopper

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Cont.Table-1Cont.Table-1

Cladosporium cladosporides Caster leaf hopper,White fly

Cladosporium spdaerospermum Ligied bug

Fusarium oxysporium  Brown plant hopper,Miley buig, Termite, Cotton aphid

Aspergillus candidus Aphid,

Bacillus thuringeninsis Spodoptera litura

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Among above cited entomopathogens, Metarhizium, Beauveria and Bacillus are being widely used to control pest

(i) Metarhizium anisopliae is commonly used for the control of white grub. Its TDP is 35 oc so it should be used 15 cm below the soil level. Similarly for the control of red cotton bug it is used @ 1x 10 7 spore/ ml.

 

(ii)Bacillus thurengeninsis is found effective against larvae of lepidoptreous group.Its formulation is available in powder and liquid form. For spraying purpose it is used @ 500-1000gm /500-700 lit of water in one hectare of land. 

 

(iii)Beauveria bassiana causes various disease symptoms in insect pest. For spraying in standing crop and soil application it is used @ 400gm/ 100 lit of water. 

 

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Natural enemies ( predators )Natural enemies ( predators )  Various natural enemies have been found predating on aphid and other sucking pests under different production system ( Table 2).

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Table. 2: Natural enemies (predators) observed to predate on different insectsTable. 2: Natural enemies (predators) observed to predate on different insects

Natural enemies (Predators)

Insects

Chrysoperla, Coccinella, Wasp, Spider

Jassid, Aphid, White fly, Lemon butter fly, Citrus psylla

Trichogramma, Bracon brevicornis

Helicoverpa armigera

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Among various natural enemies reported, Trichogramma is widely used against Lepidoptreous pests. It is available in the form of Trichocards. Single trichocard bears approximately 20 thousand parasitized eggs. In one hectare of field 100 such cards are used each at 10 meter distance.

Spray of NPV @ 250 LE/ ha. is recommended tocontrol Helicoverpa larvae. For effective control spray should be provided in the morning or evening hours.

 

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Control of diseasesControl of diseases  Antagonists: Delivery of antagonist to the seed and soil has been found to be an effective ecofriendly method for the control of soil borne diseases. Various bio agents have been identified against soil borne pathogens inciting wilt/root rot / stem rot disease. Species of Trichoderma (harzianum, viridi, koningii, hamatum ), Gliocladium (virens, penicelloides), Chaetomium ( globosum), Penicillium ( pinophilum, funiculosum ), and Aspergillus (candidus, niger ) have been found effective against seed and soil borne pathogens viz. Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium oxysporium and Fusarium solani. 

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TrichodermaTrichoderma:: This mycoparasite is widely used against pathogen inciting wilt, This mycoparasite is widely used against pathogen inciting wilt, root rot and stem rot disease. root rot and stem rot disease. Trichoderma viridiTrichoderma viridi and and Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianum is available is available in various commercial formulationsin various commercial formulations

. (a) Seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 10gm/ kg of seed is recommended for the control of wilt and root rot of chickpea and cotton.

(b) Soil treatment with Trichoderma @ 10kg/ ha. pre incubated in 200 kg of FYM effectively control soil borne infection of wilt and root rot in chickpea and cotton.

(c) Soil application of Soil application of TrichodermaTrichoderma @ 60gm/tree/30-40 lit of water 2- times each during @ 60gm/tree/30-40 lit of water 2- times each during Feb. and Aug. at 15 days intervals control to Feb. and Aug. at 15 days intervals control to PhytophthoraPhytophthora rot of kinnow. rot of kinnow.

  

(d ) Nursery treatment of Trichoderma is done @ 5gm/ sq.meter.

 

(e) Root dip treatment of seedlings is done by dipping the root of seedlings in Trichoderma solution (100gm/lit water) for 30 minutes This control root rot and damping -off diseases.

 

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Gliocladium virensGliocladium virens : : This bio agent is also used against This bio agent is also used against various plant pathogens. Seed treatment with various plant pathogens. Seed treatment with Gliocladium virensGliocladium virens @ 10 @ 10 7 7 conidia/ml was found effective conidia/ml was found effective in managing several soil borne plant pathogens.in managing several soil borne plant pathogens.  

Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescens : : This bacterial bio agent is also used commercially against various pathogens as seed soil and spray treatment. This bio agent when sprayed @ 0.2 per cent on citrus plants, effectively controlled citrus canker disease.

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Innovative Water Management approaches to control Innovative Water Management approaches to control pest and diseasespest and diseases

Irrigation water and soil moisture serve as one of the important pre disposing factor for pest and disease development in crops and orchards. Managing the irrigation may bring down pest and disease level to satisfactory level with out any extra in puts.

 

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Various diseases and insects may be managed by simply adopting proper Various diseases and insects may be managed by simply adopting proper water management practices. ( Table 3).water management practices. ( Table 3).  Disease/Pest

Water

Pre disposing factor

Water management practice

DiseaseDisease

i.Damping-off (Pythium spp)

Excess water/ Poor drainage

* This disease is controlled by providing adequate drainage in the soil.

* In nursery the beds are raised about 6-8 inches above the ground level so that rain or irrigation water does

not stagnate. ii. Chilli wilt

(Fusarium spp.)

Poor drainage * Give irrigation water in furrow.

iii. Blight of Bringal/egg plant (Solanum melongene)

Over watering * Avoid over watering specially around stem.

 

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iv. Fruit splitting

(Kinnow)

Drought followed by rain

* Apply frequent and light irrigation during the dry and hot periods.

v. Foot rot/ gummosis of citrus

(Phytophthora)

Heavy watering in orchards

High water table

Poor drainage

* Excessive watering and stagnation of water around tree trunk should be avoided.

*. There should be dry period between two irrigation.

 *. Frequent light irrigation should be practiced.

*. Prolonged trunk wetting from direct emitter or micro sprinkler irrigation should be avoided.

Citrus nematode

(Tylenchulus spp.)

Soil moisture above 2.5 per cent

Provide sufficient water stress period before irrigation.

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Cont……(Table-3)Cont……(Table-3)

PestPesti. Rice swarming caterpiller (Spodoptera spp.)

Flooding at low level * Flooding of paddy fields

ii. Mango Hopper

 

Excessive moisture

Water logging

* Avoid water logged and damp condition in mango orchards.

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ReferencesReferencesGaur, R.B., R.R. Sharma and S.K. Yadav. 2002. Traditional wisdom in the farming communities of semi-arid region of Rajasthan.Agricultural Heritage of India. PP: 91-96. Gaur, R.B., M.K. Kaul, R.N. Sharma and R.R. Sharma. 2004. Integrated disease management of Phytophthora rot of kinnow.J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34 (2); 465-469. Gaur, R.B., R.N. Sharma , R.R. Sharma and V. S. Gautam. 2005. Efficacy of Trichoderma for Rhizoctonia root rot control in chickpea.

J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 35 (1) : 144-150. 

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Cont…..Cont…..

Gaur, R.B., R.N. Sharma and R.R. Sharma. 2004. Shelf life of talc based formulation of Trichoderma and soil application for biological control of dry root rot of chickpea. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34 (3): Gaur, R.B. 2004. Final progress report (2000-2004). NATP Sub Project “Develop IPM package for the arid-agri-silvi-horti-pastrol system”. Raj. Agric. Univ., ARS. SGNR. PP: 1-172. Gaur, R.B., R.N. Sharma and Vinod Singh. 2005. Manipulation in the mycoparasite application technique against Rhizoctonia root rot control of cotton.Indian Phytopath. Accepted Johnson, A.W. 1972. Individuality and experimentation in traditional agriculture. Human Ecology.1 (2) : 448-459.

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Cont….Cont….

Neog, M., R. B. Bhagowati and R.J. Borah. 2004. Indigenous technological know how in insect pest and disease management of horticultural crops in Asia.Asian Agri-History 8 (4); 305-308. Richards, P. 1985. Indigenous Agriculture Revolution. Hutchinson, London, UK & West-View Press. Boulder, Colorado, USA PP: 332-338. Rhoades, R.E. and A. Bebbington. 1988. Farmers who experiment : An untapped research for agricultural research & development. Presented at the International Congress on Plant Physiology, New Delhi, India 15-20 February 1988.

    

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Lake adjoining temples Lake adjoining temples (Courtsy-Maru Krishi Chainika)(Courtsy-Maru Krishi Chainika)

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(Courtsy-Maru Krishi Chainika)(Courtsy-Maru Krishi Chainika)

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(Courtsy- (Courtsy- Maru Krishi Chainika)Maru Krishi Chainika)

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(Courtsy-Maru Krishi Chainika)(Courtsy-Maru Krishi Chainika)

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THANKSTHANKS