Trade Union Training Module for Women (Sinhala)

1

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Benazir Bhutto

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1988 isg 1990 olajd;a 1993 isg 1996 olajd;a fojrla mdlsia:dkfha w.ue;skssh

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Mary Robinson

1944 uehs ui 21 jk k Wm; ,eh' 1990 isg 1997 olajd wh,ka;fha m%:u ldka;d ckdm;s h'

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fI,a neIf, Michelle Bachelet

1951 iema;en ui 29 jk k Wm; ,eh'

2006 isg 2010 olajd ,s rf m%:u ldka;d ckdm;s h'

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ka.ala Iskdj;%d Yingluck

Shinawatra

1967 cqks ui 21 jk k Wm; ,eh' 2011 wf.dia;= 5 jkod isg ;dhs,ka;fha w.ue;s OQrh ork w;r weh ;dhs,ka;fha

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41

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cq,shd .s, Julia Gillard

1961 iema;en ui 29 jk k Wm; ,eh'

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wka.,d fl,a Angela Merkel

1954 cq,s ui 17 jk k Wm; ,eh' 2005 fkdjen 22 jkod isg cuksfha pdkai,jh jk w;r cuksfha rdcH

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11

f.da,avd uh Golda Meir

1898 uehs 03 isg 1978 foien 08 olajd j;a h'

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12

l%siakd t,sfifn;a Christina Elizabeth

1953 fmnrjd ui 19 jk k Wm; ,eh'

2007 foien 10 jkod isg wdckakdf ckdm;s njg m;a h'

13

t,ka fcdkaikaEllen Johnson

Sirleaf

1938 Tlaf;dan ui 29 jk k Wm; ,eh'

2006 ckjd 16 jkod isg ,hshdf ckdm;s njg m;a h'

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14

wjqkaidka iqlsAung San Suu Kyi

1945 cqks ui 19 jk k Wm; ,eh' 1990 Pkaofhka ch.%yKh l< o 2010 fkdjen 13 jkod jk f;la ,sg

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weh 1991 fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.fhka ms ,nk ,'

15

,aud refima Dilma Rousseff

1947 foien ui 14 jk k Wm; ,eh'

2011 ckjd 1 jkod isg n%is,fha ckdm;s njg m;a h'

n%is,fha m%:u ldka;d ckdm;s h'

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wNHdifha wruqK iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha ia;%sh iy mqqreIhd fj; iudcfhka wdfrdamKh lrk fjkial yd

,laIK ykd .ekSu

ms;DuQ,sl iudch" ixialD;sh" iudcdkqfhdackfha tacka;hka ykd .ekSu

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

$ iyNd.sjkakka lKAvdh ;=klg fnod" *a,sma pd fld, 3la ,nd fokak'

$ my; m%Yakj,g lKavdhula jYfhka ms

60

$ my; i|yka wu;r ia;r lshjd n,d iyNd.sjkakka iska bm;a lrk ,o f;dr;=rej, i;H wi;H;djh uid ne,Sug;a" Tjqkaf.a oekSf h wvqmdvqjla

we;ak tajd ksjer lsug;a mqyqKqlrejdg mshjr .; yel'

$ iudcdkqfhdackh iy ixialD;sh hkafkys ksjpk ,nd fokak' bkamiq fujka m%Yak iyNd.slhskaf.ka uikak'

mS;DuQ,sl iudcfha n,mEug Tn ,lajQfha flfiao@ Tn l=vd ld,fha wfmalaId lrk ,o ;;a;ajhg Tng

61

uf.a ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjfha ldYkh

62

w;am;%sldj 1 m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re iy ksjpk(

1' Wmf;a wdfrdams; ia;%SmqreI iudcNdh ,laIK iy iudcdkqfhdackh

we wdhs;a; j,ska fkdirik ,o w; Wmka ms orefjl= iy .eyekq orefjl=f.a

mska;+r folla my; oelaf' fuu A mska;+rh foi n,d .eyekq orefjl=o ms orefjl=o hkak ;SrKh lsu wiSre nj;a" B mska;+rfhaa .eyekq orejkag frdai mdg fukau ms orejkag ks,a mdg we wkaojd we;s w;r ia;%SmqreI iudcNdh f,i

jKhka wdfrdams;lr we;s nj;a fmkajd fokak' ta wkqj weu" wdfrdams; jKhka

ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh ;=

63

17 jk Y;jIfha muK jk f;la

64

ke,u" kEu" fi,a, f.or ye,s j

65

fldKavh iu. ne`Kq ia;%SmqreI iudcNd wdl,am

.eyekq orejka . fldKavhlao ms orejka fldg fldKavhlao we;sj isu idudkH

Nd;h f,i ie,l=j;a fldKavh iu. nekq iudc wdl,am ld,h;a iu. fjkia

h' fldKAvh lemSu ixlr f ,laIKhla fkdj .eyekq iy ms hk fomlaIhu

fldKavh fldgg lemSu ld,h;a iu. isjQ fjkils' w;S; ld,fha fldKavh ne|

we;s mskaf.a mska;+r wm oel we;' tfiau j;udkfha;a fldKavh nk mqreIfhda

is;s' .= jr,i fyda ls;=,a ?k fuka laj we;s fldKavh we;s ia;%Skaf.a w,xldrh

lhka iska jKkd lrkq ,enQjo mskaf.a fldKavh tfia jKkd fkdlsu

fya;=fjka . fldKavh w,xldrfha ,laIKhla f,i ldka;djka fj; wfrdamKh

h' kuq;a kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka jeo.;a jkafka fldKavh .u fyda flu

fkdj ;sfnk fldKavh mSrd ms

66

ysxidjg m;alrk l%ufohla f,i weu fhdod .kakd ,' tfiau Y%S ,xldf jqjo"

fndfyda uqia,s ldka;djka modj m

67

/ljrKh ;=

68

wx.hkays ldka;d iy ms jYfhka fNaokh lrk ,o N+ld .ej ;sf' fjd

fkd oekqj;aju

69

mqoa.,fhl= iudcdkqfhdackh lsf n,mE we;s l< yel' tfiau ckudOH iy

fj;a;d fufyKshhs' tfy;a ch YS% uyd fndafha Wvuj jkaokd

lsug tys hEug fyda o

70

$ ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh iy kdhl;ajhg wod< ixl,am jvd fydka u;l ;nd .ekSu i|yd mqyqKqlrejd iska O l%shdldrl Wmfhda.S lrf.k

fkdaockl wdldrfhka fuu ixl,am myod u l< hq;=h'

$ iyNd.slhska fofldgilg fnod lKavdh folla ilikak'

$ fjku *a,sma pd folla f.k tla fld,hl .eyeksh hkqfjkao wfkla fld,fha mshd hkqfjkao ,shkak'

$ fydka ,shfjk mEka follao ;nkak'

$ .eyeksh iy mshd hk jpk gq muKska ;udg we;sjk m

71

mshd .eyeksh

t;rhs ,iaikhs

lvji ,cdYS,shs

olaIhs lreKdjka;hs kdhlfhla wdorKShhs

cjimkakhs wrmsueiqodhlhs

Yla;su;a ixfhs

;d;a;d flfkla wud flfkla

uqo,a yn lrhs ye`ug olaIhs

kmqrehs fnd

72

,sx.sl fjki u; mok fkdjk w;r mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jk

nj;a fmkajd fokak'

$ iudch iska wdfrdamKh lrk ,o ish ,laIK fyda jkdl fjkia l< yels nj;a .eyekqkag iy mskag ,e we;s Ydl fjkial iy

j oHd;aulj ysj we;s ud;D;ajh fyda mS;D;ajh jeks j oHd;aul

ldhNdrhka fjkia l< fkdyels nj;a fmkajd fokak'

$ fidaud foah jeks ldka;djla fkdhj ;u iehd i;=rdf.ka wdrlaId lsug r:fhka ug mekSsfuka fmkS hkafka ksNS; ldka;djka b;sydifhaa is

njhs' tfukau isudfjda nKavdrkdhl" ud.% ;ep jeks ldka;d kdhsldfjda

w;S;fha fukau j;udkfha o isk nj;a j;udkfhao tjka ldka;d

kdhsldjka rdcH md,kh lrk wdldrh;a wjOdrKh lrkak'

WodyrK bm;a lrkak'

$ ia;%Ska iy mqreIhskaf.a ,sx.sl fjki mok lrf.k mjrd we;s j.lS" /lshd" N+ld iy wfmaCId wdh iudcfhka iudchg fjkia f' tfiau ldka;dj iy

mqreIhd yeish hq;= wkaou ms

73

ia;%SmqreINdjh$,sx.fNaoh ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh$ iudcNd ia;%SmqreINdjh

j oHd;aulhs iudch iy ixialD;sh iska ksudKh lrhs

Wmf;a ;SrKh f iudcdkqfhdackh iu bf.k .kS' ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ ldhhka

iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh ;=

74

f;jk ieish

ldka;d kdhl;ajhg iy n,dNsjOkhg ndOd lrk ia;%SmqreI iudcNd tAldlD;s

yekau

wdl" iudh" ixialD;sl" kS;suh iy foaYmd,k hk lafIa;%hka ;=< ia;%Ska iy

mqreIhska iska bgq l< hq;= N+ld" jD;a;Ska" j.lS" wfmaCId" yeis rgdjka fukau

idrOu ms

75

wNHdifha wruqKq taldlD;Ska" f,an,a iy wkkH;d iSudlrKhka ldka;d kdhl;ajh iy

wNsudkh flfrys we;slrk n,mEu

wjfndaOlr .ekSu'

iudc jHqyhka" mS;DuQ,sl wdl,am" idm%odhsl mS;DuQ,sl n,rgdj wdrlaId

lsug ys we;s nj ta;a;= .ekau'

ldka;djf.a n,h iy wNsudkh kexu i|yd fuu ksfYaOkd;aul iSudlrKhka

fukau ;Hd u; bj; oeh hq;= nj

wjfndaO lru'

mqyqKq

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

$ iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnokak'

$ wdl" iudh" ixialD;sl iy foaYmd,k lafIa;%hka ;=< ia;%Ska yd mqreIhskaf.a phdjka" N+ld inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;Ska fudkjdoehs fidhd

n,d bm;a lrk f,i iyNd.slhskag Wmfoia fokak'

$ fuys .S;" l" kdgH" ;%m" cd;l l;d" m%ia:d msre" wdmaf;damfoaY" ckm%sh fg,skdgH" fj

76

iudcfhka iudchg" ia:dkh" ld,h iy mirh wkqj fjkia jk nj;a

fmkajd fokak'

$ iudcfha fjkial iy in|;d iudch fukau ixialD;sh iska ksudKh lsug fuu taldlD;s odhl jk w;r ldka;djkag iy mskag iqiq oE

fudkjdo ;SrKh lsugo odhl f' fuu taldlD;sj, n,mEu iudc ;;a;ajh"

ia:dkh wkqj fjkia h yels nj mjikak' tfiau taldlD;s uq,skqmqgd oeu

iudh wjYH;djhla nj;a fmkajd fokak'

$ my; j.=f olajd we;s iudcfha nyq,j Nd;d jk taldlD;Ska fuu ieish ;=

77

wu,d la .kafka mq;=ka yokagd mq;=ka

rcqka lrkagd

mqf;la rc lrug ke;fyd;a

foaYmd,khg heug ujf.a we;s

wfmalaIdj .ek we;s .S;hls'

f;d,a, mojk w; f,dj wdKavq flf ldka;dj foaYmd,khg iqiq nj

lshk iqNjd fhuls'

jdyh iy m;sj; inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;s

wjir l,a ryia ;ek

.eyekq ljqreo jrfo fkdnef|k

ldka;djka m;sj; wdrlaId

fkdlrk krl .eyekq f,i

f,an,a lrka is ry,a ud ys

iska ldjH fYaLrfha ,shk ,o

lhls'

leys .Eks fydgq .Eks .;a;d jf.a jdy f h krl .eyekshla

fjkqjg ta yd iudk krl

.eyekshla ,eu ms

78

Tn yevldrhs lgldrhs

fidl fjkak fyd|d

meKs ri lEu j .d,d

lxid fndkak fyd|d

iqrf,dj fmak iem .dj

ud w;a ykak tmd

kqT je;s,d Wvql=rej

ihfka bkak fyd|d

,sx.sl ixi.fha mshd

fjkqfjka kEu fohla lsug

ldka;dj ie meye ish hq;= nj

lshfjk kQ;k .S;hls'

ys Wjo WrKd

fkdlshd f;mq,a oreKd

jvj is; lreKd

je,s;a fkdis;j fo;ek irKd

jdyfha ixjdofhka fyda fmrdar kd. I l,;d

iQls o meKss tys ojgd

l

79

udh yeg y;r f,dj yeu wkkag

jEh lsis;a fkdlru yels ek.kag

.eyekqka lm njg we;s

taldlD;shls'

wd,h l< uq;a mKg mK fia"

ia;%S cd;s kE Yajdfia

.eyekqka Yajdi l< fkdyels

njg we;s taldlD;shls'

kekaohs f,a,shs jf.a

lkakg ri wyr ;o nv.skak fj;

kskaog hykdj ;o ksu;g we;

kekaodg f,a,s fld;ek;a mej;=fka ke;

kekaod yd f,a,s iod;ksl i;=rka

njg we;s taldlD;shls'

yefokd .fya .eg u,a fm;s foflka oefka

ksid fkdksid ;ks .ufkys o oefka

kgkd kegq jhkd fnr mfoka oefka

wefrkd f. .Eksf.a ms

80

wNHdih 6( ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wod< ixl,am

ykd.ekSu

f,dj kd 20 hs


wjYH jH *a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" mEka" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%u foh( nqoa l,nkh $

lKavdh l%shdldrl


wNHdifha wruqK taldlD;Ska" f,an,a" wkkH;d iSudlrKhka"

ldka;d kdhl;ajh iy wNsudkh flfrys we;s

lrk n,mEu wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

$ w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a ishu iyNd.sjkakka w;r fnod ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjhg wod< my; ixl,am ysia ldm;aj, ,shk f,i b,a,d iskak'

,sx.sl;ajh ,sx.sl keTqrej ia;%Sjdoh mS;DuQ,sl iudch iudcdkqfhdackh taldlD;Ska ixialD;sh

$ iyNd.slhska ;sfofkla tlg tl;=fldg talrdYs ms

81

w;am;%sld 2 ( ixl,am w:l:k

,sx. fNaoh$ia;%S fyda mqreINdjh Sex

Wm;skau ;SrKh jk ia;%Ska iy mqreIhskaf.a Yrj, we;s j oHd;aul fjkihs'

ia;%SmqreI jYfhka fjkiafldg ie,lSu Sex -discrimination

ia;%SmqreINdjh mok lrf.k" /lshdf" wOHdmkfha fukau im;a iy

m%;s,dNj,g m%fYh ,nd.ekSf .eyekqkag iy mskag fohdldrfhka ie,lSu

fyj;a fjkiafldg ie,lSuhs' ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska fj; mejfrk fjkia jQ ia;%S mqreI

N+ldjka fyda j.lS" Tjqka ;=

82

fukau ,sx.sl;ajh ms

83

ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg iy iudcfhka iudchg fjkiaug bv we;s idudkHfhka

ldka;djka inkaOj fhfok ia;%S ,sx. wdfKsl ,laIK iy N+ldjka fufia

yekaf' h ixialD;shla ;=< ldka;djla yeish hq;=" is;sh hq;=" fmkS ish hq;=

wdldrh;a ldka;djka iy .eyekq

84

weKqu ( mQj Ih oekqu kslaaIKh

Sex ia;S% mqreINdjh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Employment jev igyka tall ldhd,h ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Perceptions and views u;jdo iy wdl,amPlace a cross in the box next to each appropriate answer or write your answer in the space provided

tla tla fhda.H ms

85

12. If you were the president of Sri Lanka, what is the quota you would allocate to appoint women ministers to the Cabinet? Tn ckdm;s OQrhg m;ajqjfyd;a wud;H uKav,hg ldka;d

weu;sjhka ishhg fldmuK m%udKhla m;a lrkafkao@

10] 20] 30] 40] 50] 60]

13. If you are a female, would you like to see your husband engaged in cooking? Tn ldka;djla k Tnf.a iehd wdydr msiSf ldhhkays kshef,kjd olskakg Tn leu;so@

T Yes

ke;

No

14. If you are a man, would you like to see your wife working? Tn mqreIfhl= k | /lshdjla i|yd hkjdg leu;so@

T Yes

ke;

No15. If you are a male, and your government granted you three months' paternity leave to look after the child, would you accept it and engage in child rearing?Tn mqreIfhl= k Tnf.a

86

21. Do you know the International Girl Child Day? When?.eyekq

87

fudhq,h 3

Y%uh" ldka;djiy

jD;a;Sh i;sh

88

yekauY%S ,xldf wdlh f.dvkxjk iy jeu foaY ksuh Wmhk Y%u fj

89

wfmaCIs; wruqKq

fuu fudhq,fhka my; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'

ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh" Y%uh iy jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d iyNd.s;ajhg wod< uQ,sl ixl,am ms

90

m ld,hla c,h yd or fiu jeks m%cdj kv;a;= lrk lghq;= i|yd .; lsug

isfuka ksIamdok ldhhl kshe,S uqo,a Wmhd iajlSh wdl n,h Yla;su;alr

.ekSug Tjqkag we;s yelshdj wvqf' f ksid ldka;djkaf.a wdl n,dNsjOkh we;s

lsug k m%ckk ldhfha nr mska iy .eyekqka w;r fnhdf idOdrK;ajhla

we;s h hq;=h'

;uka j;ajk m%foaYfha fyda fjk;a ;ekl m%cd ixjOkh i|yd iafPdfjka

uey;a fjka bgq lrk jev m%cd ldhNdrh hkqfjka yekaf' mjqf,a iy m%foaYfha

91

W;aij" ixialD;sl yd wd.l lghq;=j,g iyNd.S u" Y%uodk" urKdOdr i;sh"

f.d i;sh jeks fmdf m%cdf hqKqjg iafPdfjka" jegqma fyda f;k fkd,nd

lrk lghq;= m%cd lghq;= f,i y`kajdh yelshs' ksjfika mndysrj ldka;djkaf.a

;;a;ajh k`.d isgqug iy kdhl;ajh f.dvke.Su inkaOfhka fulS m%cd N+ld

jeo.;a f' .f i;sfhka wdrN fmd foaYmd,kh lrd hEug m%cd ldhNdrfha

bgqlrk N+ldjka jeo.;a f' fuu m%cd N+ldj" m%cd l

92

wvqfjka f,dj .;lrk w;r" ,sh fyda bkaOk myiql we;s m%foaYj,

or fiug ld,h .;lsug isjkafka ke;' f wkqj j;afmdfydi;al

iys; fukau ;dlaIKsl fuj, we;sj j;a jk m%cdj lEu msiSu" fr

fiaau" fr f,Su" mska fiau hkdh hka;%dkqidrfhka islrhs'

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu iy Y%u fNaokfhka wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhka we;s jkafka we;e jev zmskaf.a jevZ hkqfjka o ;j;a

jev z.eyekqkaf.a jevZ hkqfjka o f,an,a lsfuks' f ksid mska lEu

msiSu" orejka /ln,d .ekSu jeks jk iy iudc l=i,;dj,ska ySkj

j;ajk w;r" ksjfia levqkq Kq ;ekla ms

93

$ my; mska;+rh ie,ls,a,g f.k fujka ;;a;ajhka iudch ;=< oel ;sfo@ fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;u ksjfia ;sfo@ hkak mqyqKqlrejd iska

iyNd.slhskaf.ka m%Yak l< hq;=h'

$ fuu mska;=rh mdol lrf.k ldka;djka iska Wfoa isg ? jk ;=re bgqlrk ldhhka m%udKh iqYd, nj myod fokak'

$ my; meh 24 j.=j mdol lrf.k idukH ;fha ;u ksjfia mska iy .eyekqka ^jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;dj& iska islrkakd jQ jev iy ldhhka

fudkjdo hkak ;ks mqoa.,hska jYfhka fjkafldg tlS iyNd.slhdf.a ;h

w

94

Tnf.a meh 24 f.jkafka flfiao@

f,dj .eyeKsh mshd

1' 5'00 fm'j

2' 6'00 fm'j

3' 7'00 fm'j

4' 8'00 fm'j

5' 9'00 fm'j

6' 10'00 fm'j

7' 11'00 fm'j

8' 12'00 fm'j

9' 1'00 fm'j

10' 2'00 m'j

11' 3'00 m'j

12' 4'00 m'j

13' 5'00 m'j

14' 6'00 m'j

15' 7'00 m' j

16' 8'00 m'j

17' 9'00 m'j

18' 10'00 m'j

19' 11'00 m'j

20' 12'00 m'j

21' 1'00 fm'j

22' 2'00 fm'j

23' 3'00 fm'j

24' 4'00 fm'j

wNHdih 2 ia;%SmqreI iudcNd Y%u fNaokh ykd.ksuq'

f,dj kd 20 hs

wjYH iyNd.slhka .Kk ishu iyNd.sjkakka iy mqyqKqlrejka

wjYH jH *a,sma pd" mEka" nq,afvda.a la,smaiaa" udl mEka yd

ldka;djf.a ;%s;aj N+ld ksrEmkh flfrk mska;+r

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh

wjYH myiqldrlhska

ixLHdj

1hs

wNHdifha wruqK ia;%SmqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu iy Y%u fNaokh ms

95

$ lKavdh y;rlg fnod my; m%Yak y;rg ms

96

ksji ;=< ldka;djkaf.a jev$ldhhka $wfmalaId ms

97

3' .=re iy fy jD;a;Skays jemqr ia;%Ska ksheKo mqreIhskao tu lafIa;%j,

jevlrk w;r" g fmr ldka;djka flakaSh lrf.k ;snQ rEm ,djkHh jeks

lafIa;%hkays mska /lshd lsu ;=

98

fuf,i ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ Y%u fNaokh fya;=fjka" mqreIhska m%Odk jYfhka mjq, kv;a;= lrkakka iy .Dy uQ,slhska f,io ia;%Ska" .DyKshka

yd jeu jqjfyd;a oa;Shsl Wmhkakka f,io i,lk ksfYaOd;aul Wml,amkhka

we;slr .ekSug fukau ksji ;=

99

l%shdldrl

m%ck

k l

dhh

ksIamdo

k l

dhh

m%cd md,

k$

foaY

md,

k l

dhh

je

mqr

kshef

,k

afk

a l

jqo@

ms

je

mqr

kshef

,k

afk

a ljqo@

.ey

ekq

fofok

du

isk

a i

udk

j

Wfoa f;a yeu

lEu ms

100

ksjpk

;%s;aj N+ldj$nyq ldhh nr (Triple Role)

nyqldhh nr hkq ia;%Ska idudkHfhka tlsfklg fjkia ia;%SmqreI iudcNd

ldhhka ;=kla bgq lrk neka Tjqka mskag jvd > ld, f,djla yd lka

lv" je k ixLHdjla jev lsuhs' tu ldhhka ke;fyd;a N=ldjka jkafka

m%ckk" ksIamdok iy m%cd ldhhka f'

ia;%SmqreI iudcNd Y%u fNaokh (Genderbased division of labour)

ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wkqj iudcdkqfhdackh f rgdjka u; mokj ldhhka

fnu isf' .eyekqka iy mska w;r Y%u fNaokh ;SrKh jkafka" Tjqka jdih

lrk iudc" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl mirhg wkqj jk w;r" m%ckk" ksIamdok yd

m%cd ldhhka ljqreka" l=uk f,djl" fldmuK f,djla" flfia" l=ula lrkafkao

hkak by; lS iudcdkqfhdackh u; mokj fn hkq ,nhs'

m%ckk ldhNdrh (Reproductive Role)

orejka yslssu iy /ln,d .ekSu" bjq msyq lsu" or" j;=r wdh /ialsu" f.a

fodr msis lsu" mjqf,a fi!LHh we;= fkdfhl=;a .Dyia: lghq;= fuhg we;=

101

m%cd foaYmd,k N+ldj$m%cd md,k ldhNdrh (Community Politics Role)

m%cd md,k ldhNdrh hkq m%cd ixOdk fukau cd;sl foaYmd,k ugka bgq

flfrk fufyhq" l

102

fojk ieish

1' jev f,dalfha ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .eg iy jD;a;Sh i;sj,

l%shdld;ajh

jevlrk ldka;djka ish rdcld ;fha fkdfhla widOdrKhka fiau

fjkialj,g f.dre jk nj o;a; iy mfhaIK u.ska ;yjqre lr we;' tfiau

w;S;fha mgka llre wr.,j, ldka;djkaf.a .eg m%uqL;ajh ,nd we;af;a

ldka;djkagu iqfYaI jQ wjYH;d rdcld ;h ;=< ;yjqre h hq;= ksidfjks'

ud;D wdrlaIKh" m%iQ;s ksjdvq" ,sx.sl w;jrj,ska jev lsf ksoyi" meh wgl

fiajduqrh" jevuqrhka w;r flh wd whs;Sska ldka;djka fj; ,enqfka llre

wr., ;=

103

wNHdih 4

f,dj kd 20 hs

wjYH iyNd.slhka .Kk ishu iyNd.sjkakka

wjYH jH *a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka



wNHdifha wruqK jev f,dalh ;=< ldka;djka uqyqK fokakd jQ .eg

ykd.ekSu

$$$ iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnokak'

$$$ jD;a;Sh ;h ;=< ldka;djla jQ ksidu isjk widOdrKl" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mok lr.;a ysxikhka iy fjkial fudkjdo hkak

idlPdfldg .eg .ila ksudKh lrk f,i tla lKavdhulg Wmfoia

fokak'

$$$ ldka;djka jemqr fiajfha fhfok ixl%uKsl fiajh" we ludka;h iy f;a ludka;h wdY%s;j ldka;d Y%lhska uqyqKfok .eg idlPdfldg"

ta ta lafIa;%hg wod

104

fuys my; i|yka jkafka jevf,dalh ;=< ldka;djka uqyqK fok .egj,ska

iuyrls' fuu .eg .i ksudKh lsf my; .eg we;=,;a jkafkaoehs uid

ne,sh yel'

Y%u iQrlEu iy wvq jegqma ,eu' fiajd ld,hg i,k m jegqma jOlhka je fkdu' jevlrk ldka;djka u`. f;df" jevmf

105

meh wglg jvd jevlsug isu iy wu;r fiajhg w;sld, fkdf.u' ksjdij, jevlrk whg u;a fiajd ld,hla fyda myiql fkdue;su' jevlrk ia:dk wdY%s;j msis jeisls,s iy ikSmdrlaIl myiql

fkdue;su'

yis wk;=re iy rlaIKh ms

106

2' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .eg ch.ekSu iy jD;a;Sh i;sj, n,mEu

cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkh iska jevf,dalh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh /lSu inkaOfhka t

107

wNHdih 5

f,dj kd 20 hs'


wjYH jH *a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka


wjYH myiqldrlhka ixLHdj 1

wNHdifha wruqK jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`fuka ldka;djkag

w;ah yels jdis inkaOfhka oekqj;a lsu'

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

$ f,dj mqrd jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d ksfhdackfha wvqu o;a; wdY%fhka myod fokak'

$ ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s j,ska ,eh yels iqfYaI jdis fudkjdoehs ms

108

jD;a;Sh i;sj,g nefuka w;ajk jdis

jD;a;Sh i;shla ;=

109

jD;a;Sh i;s iy ldka;djka ms

110

ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrlj, kshe,Sug iy ;SrK .kakd jHqyhkag m;aug bvfkdfoka mj;sk ndOl ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;sj,ska w;ah yels jdis inkaOfhka oekqj;a

fkdisu fyda t;r we.hSula fkdoelau'

jD;a;Sh i;sj,g tlafuka ;u fiajd fhdaclhdf.a m

111

wNHdih 2 f,dj kd 15 hs'wjYH iyNd.slhska .Kk ishu iyNd.sjkakka wjYH jH *a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh wjYH myiqldrlhska ixLHdj 1 hswNHdifha wruqK jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d kdhl;ajh iy

iyNd.s;ajh jefuka ldka;djkag

w;ah yels jdis ms

112

A lKavdhu B lKavdhu jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d iudl;ajh je

lrkafka flfiao@jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d kdhl;ajh

je lrkafka flfiao@ jD;a;Sh i;s iska ldka;djkag iqfYaIs jQ m%uqL;d iy wjYH;d ykd.ekSu'

ldka;djkag fmdf yd fm!oa.,slj n,mdk jD;a;Sh .eg iy m%Yak

ykd.ekSu'

ldka;djka n|jd .ekSug fYaI l%shdud. .ekSu'

jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`fuka we;sjk jdis .ek oekqj;aNdjh je lsug mshjr

.ekSu'

ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh

113

w;a m;%sld

Y%uh" ldka;dj iy jD;a;Sh i;sh hk ieishg wod

114

fyda wka;rdodhl jevj, fkdfhoh hq;af;a h' fuu iuq;sh iy wkqnoaOj we;s

191 jk fr.=,dish wkqj lsfok ujlg" ls fok fl tllg fyda Bg jefhka

ke;fyd;a jevlrk ld,h wvqfjka ,ef whs;sh we;'

/ln,d .ekSf jev lghq;= (Care work)

hefmk orejka" jfhdajDoaO mqoa.,hska fyda frda.Ska mjqf,a idudlhska fyda fjk;a

wh iska uqo,a wh lsulska f;drj /ln,d .ekSu fuhskaa woyia f' fujka

/ljrK lghq;=j, fndfyda g kshef,kafka ldka;djka jk w;r th Tjqkaf.a

fi!LH iy hymeje;au u; ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula t,a,lrhs' wu;a /ljrKh

fndfyda wjia:dj, t;r lemSfmfkk fohla fkdjk fyhska f ;=< ldka;djkaf.a

ldhNdrh yd odhl;ajh w.h lsulg ,la fkdf' f,dj mqrd wju;a

/ljrK i,ikakkaf.ka 75] muK ldka;djka f' /ljrK m%;sm;a;s fukau

/ljrK fiajdjka iemhSu ldka;djka iy mqreIhka w;r iudkd;au;djh idlaId;a

lr .ekSu inkaOfhka Rcqju inkaO f' oeh yels" myiqfjka m%fYh yels yd

by< .=Kd;aulNdjhlska hq;a /ljrK fiajdjka fkdue;su fukau ldka;djka iy

mqreIhka w;r /ljrK lghq;= iudk wkaoka fn fkdhdu fya;=fjka ldka;djkag

iudh" wdl" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl ;h w;aug we;s yelshdj wys f'

115

jev jckh inkaOfhka we;s iduQysl whs;sh" wdjdiSka jeks ck lKavdhj,

ixialD;sh inkaOfhka we;s iduQysl whs;Ska" cd;Hka;r kS;sh ;=< iajhx ;SrK

.ekSug rglg we;s iduQysl whs;sh hkdh oelah yelsh'

iduQysl flaj,a lsu (Collective Bargaining)

ixOdkh f whs;sh iy iduQysl flaj,a lsu ms

116

cd;Hka;r ixl%uK m%jk;djkays fldgilaj ish;a uE; oYlj, Tjqyq hefmkakka

fyda foaY .; mjq,aj,g tlajkakka f,i ixl%uKh jkq fjkqjg iajdkj /lshd

i|yd ixl%uKhjkakka njg m;a is;s' .Dy fiajh iy id;a;= fiajh jeks wxY

ldka;djka nyq;rhla w;g m;aj we;s w;r wdishdf we;e m%foaYj,g ixl%uKh

uqukska u mdfya ia;%SlrKh u meye,sj olakg we;' ldka;djkag iqfYaIS jQ

wfkl=;a ixl%uK wdldr w;rg ,sx.sl fiajkh fjkqfjka ia;%S cdjdru iy jdyh

msKsi ixl%uKh o we;=

117

/lshdf uQ,sl whs;Ska iy m%Odk uQ,Ou (Fundamental principles and rights at work)

fiajd fhdaclhskag" fiajlhskag ys /lshdf uQ,sl whs;Ska iy m%Odk uQ,Ou wdrN

jk ,oafoa cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha jHjia:dj iy *s,fv,amshd m%ldYkfhks'

fuu uQ,sl whs;Ska iy m%Odk uQ,Ou .Khg iud.ufha ksoyi" iuq; flaj,a

lsf whs;sh" n,y;aldr Y%uh msgqoelSsf whs;sh"

119

fudhq,h 4

jevf,dalh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh

m%jOkh

120

yekauia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh hkq udkj yslula jk w;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh

121

wfmaCIs; wruqKq


ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iy iu-idOdrK;ajh hk ixl,am ms

122

m

123

fkdf' tjeks m%fNaoj,g fyda iudch iska ksudKh l< wkkH;d iSudlrKhka"

taldlD;Ska (Stereotype) ke;fyd;a wpq ;=

124

iudk ie,ls,s hkafkka woyia jkafka tlu wdldrfha ie,ls,s fkdf'

khd iy fldldf.a rd;%S fNdackh inkaO ck l;dj

khd iy fldld fyd| hyjka jQ w;r" kla khd fldldg rd;%S wdydr

fNdack ix.%yhlg wdrdOkd lf

125

by; ckl;dj fiau ldka;djka iy mskag iudk wjia:d ie,iqj;a bka m%;sM,

fk,d.; fkdyels we;af;a ukao hkak fidhd ne,Su jeo.;a h' ldka;djka

ft;sydisl jYfhka n,j;a mSvdjg iy wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhkag m;a we;s neka

th ksjer lsug iudkd;au;d wjia:djka muKla m%udKj;a h fkdyelsh'

tfiau ldka;djkag iy mskag ys fjkia iudc ;;a;ajhka fya;=fjka iudk

wjia:djkaf.ka tlu m%udKhgu m%fhdack .ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels h yelsh'

we;e wjia:djkays iudk wjia:djkaf.ka jdis ,nd.ekSug ld,h iy Yla;sh jeh

l

126

n,d.ekSu mejug yels wfhlaa ksjfia ke;sk fyda ;u ffjjdysl

mdYajfhka frdaO;d t,a, jqjfyd;a tlS mqyqKq wjia:d

127

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy iu-idOdrK;ajh w;r mj;sk inkaOh

mqoa.,fhl=f.a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh" ,sx.fNaoh" wd.u" cd;sh" jhi fyda fjk kEu

fjkialula fkdi,ld ish mqoa.,hskag idOdrKj iy wmlaImd;Sj ie,lSu" iu-

idOdrK;ajhg hyels ir,u woyihs' kEu ixjOk m%h;akhl wNsu;d:h

h hq;af;a iudkd;au;djh

128

wjYH h yelsh' jevlrk ia:dkh ;=< iy jD;A;Sh i;sh ;=< iudkd;au;djh

129

fojk ieish

fjkiafldg ie,lSu iy ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sh

yekau

fjkiafldg ie,lSu hkq jhi" Ydl yelshdjka" mx;sh" jd.sl;ajh" ia;%S-

mqreINdjh" cd;sh fyda wd.u hk ljrlg fyda wod< mQj ksYaph u; fjkialulg

fyda fYaIhlg fyda neyer lsulg Ndckh fkdh hq;=h hkakhs' mqoa.,

l=i,;d yereKqfldg wka mokulska mqoa.,fhl=g ie,lSu fjkial lsu k

f' Discrimination hk bx.%Sis jpkh 'discriminare' hk ,;ska jokska ^fnu" fjka lsu" fjkafldg ykd .ekSu hk wre;a fok& wdjls' udkj whs;sjdisl

ms

130

$ fjkiafldg ie,lSu hkak Odlr whqka ish yels nj mjikak'

$ iEu fjkial lsulau widOdrK fkdjk nj;a Okd;aul fjkial lsu (positive discrimination) hkak ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh

131

iDcq fjkial lsu (Direct Discrimination)

fuuska h fldgila meye,sju neyerlrk fyda fYaIhlg ,la lrk wjia:djka

we;sf' h flfkl=f.a mqoa., ;;a;ajh u; tk ,sx.fNaoh" cd;sh" foumshkaf.a

;;a;ajh" jhi" wnd; ;;a;ajh wdh u; fjkialulg ,lalsu f' WodyrK

f,i ms fiajlhskaf.a .re;ajhg ,lafkdf hehs is;ka ldka;djla wxY m%Odk

;k;=rlg m;a fkdlsu iDcq fjkial lsuls'

jl% fjkial lsu (Indirect Discrimination)

meye,sj fmfkkakg fkd;snqK;a iee we;s ;;a;ajhka ;=< h fldgila

meye,sju neyer lrk fyda fYaIhlg ,lalrk wjia:djka h' fuu jl% fjkial

h yels wjia:djka jkafka ieugu iudk ie,ls,s

132

lsis` mqrjeisfhl= j.h" wd.u" NdIdj" l=,h" ia;%S mqreI fNaoh"

foaYmd,k u;h fyda Wmka ia:dkh hk fya;+ka u;

fjkialulg fyda fYaIhlg fyda Ndckh fkdh hq;=h'

- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 12 ^2& j.ka;sh fjkiafldg ie,lSu

j.h" wd.u" NdIdj" l=,h fyda ia;%S-mqreI fNaoh hk fya;= u; fyda

bka ljrjQ fya;=jla u; fyda fjf

133

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mok lr.;a fjkiafldg ie,lSu$ ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial

;=rka lsf iuq;sh

ia;S%kag tfrysj ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;shg wkqj ia;%Skag

tfrys fjkial hkq iajlSh jdyl wjdyl ;;a;ajh fkdi,ld, ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;dj ms

134

5 j.ka;sh # ldka;djkag tfrys we;s u; iy f,an,a wfydais lsu'

6 j.ka;sh # ldka;djka l+gkhg ,lalsu iy fj

135

wNHdih 3

f,dj kd 20


wjYH jH *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka" nq,afvda.a la,smaiaa" udl mEka" ldka;djkag tfrys ish

wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha msgm;a

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh$nqoa l,nkh

wjYH myiqldrlhska

ixLHdj

1

wNHdifha wruqK ia;%Skag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka

lsf iuq;sfha we;=,;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh

iudkd;au;d ixl,amh y`kd .ekSu'

fud

hq,h 4

136

f;jk ieish

jevlrk mirh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh iudkd;au;djh

yekau

jevf,dalh ;=< tfia;a ke;sk f.!rdka; jev mirhla ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh

iudkd;au;djh

137

^wE& m%;s,dN we;=j iudk f;k ,eug" iudk jkdl iys; jev

inkaOfhka iudkj i,lkq ,eug fukau fiajd ;;a;ajh we.ehSf

iudkj i,lkq ,eug we;s whs;sh'

^b& fYaIfhka Y%du hdf /lshd rys;Ndjhg" frda.SNdjhg wdnd;

;;a;ajhg uyhg iy fjk;a n,;djkag m;af iudc wdrlaIKhg

we;s whs;sh fukau jegqma iys; ksjdvq i|yd we;s whs;sh

^B& m%ckk ldfhys,d wdrlaIdj we;=j fi!LH wdrlaIdjg iy fiajd

;;a;ajhkays iqrlaIs;Ndjh i|yd we;s whs;sh iy;sl lsu msKsi fhda.H

ish l%shdud. .kq we;af;ah'

2' jdyh fyda ud;D;ajh fyda mok fldgf.k ia;%Skag tfrysj lrk fjkial

j lsu fyda l< hq;=

jkafkah'

wNHdih 4

f,dj kd 20 hs'


wjYH jH *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh$nqoa l,nkh

wjYH myiqldrlhska ixLHdj 1

wNHdifha wruqK jevlsf iuq;sj,ska ;yjqre lr we;s ldka;d

whs;sjdisl ykd.ekSu'

fud

hq,h 4

138

$ by; i|yka ia;S%kag tfrys ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sfha 11 jk j.ka;sh iy ldka;d whs;sjdisl ldYkfha j.=j wdY%h lrf.k fulS

whs;Ska rdcH wxYfha fukau mqoa.,sl wxYfha jevlrk ia:dkj, ldka;djkag

ys ;sfoehs lKavdh lsysmhlg fnod idlPd lrkak'

f,dalfha fukau Y%S ,xldf jevlrk ldka;djkaf.a whs;Ska iy ldka;d whs;sjdisl ms

139

1911 cd;Hka;r ldka;d kh m

140

1935 fmdf

141

1949 ;eke;a;ka fj

142

1960 fvdkslka rdcHfha wd{dodhl g%f,da (Trujillo) iska >d;kh lrk ,o rdn,a fidfydhqhka (Mirabalsisters)fjkqfjka 1960 fkdjen ui 25 kh ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh msgqoelSf cd;Hka;r

kh jYfhka k lrk ,'

1958 wxl 111 orK /lshd iy jD;a;Sh fjkiafldg ie,lSu relsf iuq;sh [Discrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention]" 1960 cQks 15 n,d;aul h'

1960 ldka;djla foaYmd,kfha by

143

1980 is,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl ms

144

1995 ldka;djka ms

145

2003 ishu ixl%uKsl fiajlhskaf.a iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudlhskaf.a whs;sjdisl iq/lSf cd;Hka;r iuq;sh 2003 n,d;aul u'

mqoa.,hska fYaIfhkau ldka;djka iy

146

y;rjk ieish

ldka;d whs;Ska wdrlaId lsu i|yd we;s kS;suh m%;smdok

yekau

f,dj iEu ;eklu ldka;dj mqreI mlaIhg jvd jefhka fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha

ysxikhkag iy nrm;, udkj whs;sjdisl lvj,g uqyqK fokq ,nhss' tneka

udkj whs;sjdisl kHdh m;%fhys ldka;d whs;sjdisl lvu inkaO m%Yakhg

uQ,sl ie,ls,a,la ;sf' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, ldka;d whs;sjdisl wdrlaId

lsug iuq;s ;=

147

m%cdj ;=< isjk ysxikhka

ia;%S IKh l+gkh wvkaf;ag lsu ,sx.sl w;jr .Ksld^,sx.sl& jD;a;sfha

fhou

kS uereu .id lsu ldfudaoamk rpkd nrm;, ,sx.sl

wmfhdackh

rch u.ska isjk ysxikhka

ikakoaO wr.,j, islrk ysxid

irKd.; iy wj;eka jQ ldka;djkag tfrysjQ

ysxid

Y%u iQrdlEu

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

$ kS;sh iy ldka;d whs;Ska inkaOfhka fYaI{ oekqula we;sj fuu ieish islsu jeo.;ah'

$ ,sys,a niska ,shjqKq ldka;djkag wod< kS;s-wKmk;a iy fmd;am;aj, msgm;a iyNd.sjkakkag ,nd fokak'

$ fuu ieisfha ,nd we;s Wmldrl igyka fhdodf.k ldka;djg n,mdk kS;sh inkaOfhka wjfndaOh ,nd fokak'

$ fuu j.=f my; olajd we;s kS;s wK mk;a iy fudhq,fha i|yka iuq;Ska ms

148

6' ,sx.sl iQrd lEu oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 360 ^wd& j.ka;sh

7' ,sx.sl fj

149

w;a m;%sld


150

wjia:d hkq hlsis /lshdjlg b,a lsug iudk wjia:d ;su" jHjidhl jev

lsug ke;fyd;a mj;ajdf.k hEug" wOHdmkh ,eug" mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSug" h

jD;a;Sh iqiql W;amdokh lr .ekSug" jD;a;Sh ;;a;ajh hqKq lr .ekSug iy

Wiia ,nd .ekSug iudk wjia:d ;su;a" mska fyda .eyekqka jYfhka tla

,sx.hla wNsNjd je jYfhka ksfhdackh lrk /lshdjkays ia;%S-mqreI fjkila

fkdue;sj /lshdjl fhug iudk wjia:dj ;su;a fuhska wdjrKh f' jevf,dalh

;=< iudk ie,ls,s hkq iudk jegqma" iudk fiajd fldkafoais" iudc wdrlaIdj iy

jD;a;Sh wdrlaIdjg we;s whs;Ska we;=,;a f'

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixjOkh (Gender and development - GAD)

ish ixjOk ie,iq" m%;sm;a;s" jHdmD;s ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd ixf;djlska hq;=j

ne,Sug fuu m%fYh w;HjYH f' iudchl mqreIhskaf.a iy ia;%Skaf.a N+ldjka"

Tjqkag im;aj,g we;s m%fYfha fjkial iy tajd md,kfha ixjOk l%shdj,sh

mskag iy .eyekqkag n,mdk wdldrfha fjkial ka woyia f' fujeks m%fYhl

wjika b,lalh jkafka ldka;djka iy mska w;r iudc ;sridr ixjOkhla we;s

lsuh' ta i|yd ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd h:doYkhlska hq;=j iudc mhdihla we;s

lsug fuu lKavdh n,.ekau iy ;SrK .kakjqka f,i lghq;= lsug Tjqka

.kajkq ,ef'

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ m%pKav;ajh (Gender-based violence)

mqoa.,fhl=f.a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mokj Ydl" ,sx.sl" udkisl fyda

wdl ydks isug fya;=jk fyda isug fya;= h yels ljr fyda l%shdjla

fukhska ye`kah yelsh' th idudkHfhka ia;%Ska iy .eyekq

151

ta ia;%sh ;udf.a Ndhdj jk wjia:djl jqjo WodyrK jYfhka weh kS;s ud.fhka fjkaj is k wef.a leue;a; fkdue;sj ,sx.sl ixi.hl

fhh fkdyel'

n,y;aldrh md lsfuka fyda h .ekafuka fyda r|jd .ekSf ;ckfhka fyda wehg urK Nh fyda ;=jd, islsf Nh we;s lsfuka

fyda weh kS;Hdkql+, fyda kS;s frda f,i r|jdf.k ish fyda wehf.a

leue;a; ,ndf.k we;s wjia:djl wef.a leue;a; we;sj ,sx.sl ixi.fha

fhko th ia;%S IKhls'

weh isysl,j ish fyda ta mqreIhd iska ke;fyd;a fjk;a h ;eke;af;l= iska wehg fok ,o uoHidr fyda u;ajH fya;=fjka u;ajQ

wjia:djl weh ish wef.a leue;a; we;sj ,sx.sl ixi.fha fhko th

ia;%S IKhls'

;ud wef.a iajdmqreIhd fkdjk nj ta mqreIhd oek is w;r" weh wef.a leue;a; fok ,oafoa weh iu`. kS;Hdkql+,j jdy isk fyda weh yd

kS;Hdkql+,j jdy we;ehs weh Yajdi lrk mqreIhd fudyq hehs weh

Yajdi lsu ksid nj wod< je/oao lrkq ,nk ta mqreIhd okakd gl

wef.a leue;a; we;sj ,sx.sl ixi.fha fhko th ia;%S IKhls'

ia;%sh jhi wjqre 16 g wvq jkg jk wehf.a leue;a; we;sj fyda ke;sj fyda ,sx.sl ixi.hl fhko th jHjia:dms; IKhls'

.id lssu ms

152

jHdNspdrh (Incest)

jI 1995 jHNspdrh nrm;, wmrdOhla f,i Y%S ,xldf m%:ufhka kS;shg

ykajd ;sf' fuu jro 1995 wxl 22 orK oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 364 w j.ka;sfha

olajd we;' ta wkqj ;yk {d;s inkaO;d we;s wfhl= iu`. ,sx.sl ixi.fhys

fhfok ljr fyda ;eke;af;l= jHNspd jro isl

153

Ydl jYfhka isjk ,sx.sl w;jrPhysical

wkjYH wdldrfha ldhsl iamY lsu (Touching) fldks;a;Su (Pinching) lSu (Squeezing) w;m;.Eu (Stroking)

wvkaf;ag lsu (Sexual assault) ism.ekSu (Kissing) nod .ekSu (Hugging) wefa we;s,a,Su (Brushing up against the body) ,sx.sl iajNdjhla .;a ;gq lsu (Patting) wjysr ls yd wefa .Efjk fkd.Efjk ;rug Yrhg imug

;e;a lsu

wkjYH f,i Yrh we,a,Su Ydlj ysxidjka lsu yd ,sx.sl m%foaY we,a,Su fyda we,a,Sug ;e;a

lsu

oDYH jYfhka isjk ,sx.sl w;jrVisual

lduql woyia m%ldYkh (display sex-based writing) ,sx.sl bh fmkau (sexual exposure) wie ,sx.sl wNskhka mqoa.,sl ,sx.sl wjhj fmkau wie mska;+r fmkau (display sex-based materials), fiajd ia:dkfha my;a" wjuka f.kfok" wmyiq;djhg m;alrk

,sx.sl fhdackd;aul WmlrK" mska;+r fyda l=regq igyka ,sh,s

;nd ;su'

wdh;kfha ;a;sj, ksrej;a mska;+r w,jd ;su (Covering the wall drawings, photographs of naked) ksrej;a oYk iys; fhda oYk we;=j ,sx.sl fhdackd;aul ,sh,s

m.; l< fyda oaHq;a mKsjqv heu ,sx.sl ;%m fmfkkakg ie,eiau ,sx.sl jfl%dala;s /.;a oaHq;a ;eme,a mKsjqv f*aia nqla iy rl;k fl mKsv fyda oYk heu fyda f*aianqla msgqf we,u

wiNH wkdjrKh ,sx.sl wNskh ,sx.sl oiqka fmfkkakg ie,eiau ijd we;s leurdj,ska jeisls,sfha fyda fl .kakd fyda we udrelrk ;ekaj, cdhdrEm .ekSu

flfkl=f.a oekqulska f;drj .kakd ixf iy ,sx.sl iajrEmhla /.;a cdhdrEm iudc udOH cd,hka ;=< m,lsu mqoa.,hdg Y%jKh

lsug wmyiq ,sx.sl iajrEmfhka hq;a jpk iy w:l;khka

fud

hq,h 4

154

jdl jYfhka isjk ,sx.sl w;jrVerbal

,sx.sl jfl%dala;Ska Nd;d lsu yd ,sx.sl woyia m%ldY lsu m%ydrd;aul$wie jpk Nd;h

;uka wh;a ,sx.h fyda ,sx.sl;ajh ms

155

fudhq,h 5

jD;a;Sh i;s m%jOkh iy

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd uQ,m%jdy.; lsu

156

yekauia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu ke;fyd;A uQ,m%jdylrKh (Gender Mainstreming) hkq ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh

157

wfmaCIs; wruqKq


jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S ixf ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d jevms

158

m

159

ixjOk ie,iq" udkj im;a ms

160

1' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh b,lal lr.;a jev ms

161

2' jD;a;Sh i;sj, wNHka;r jHqyhka iy wdh;k j,g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd uQ,m%jdy.; lsu'

jD;a;Sh i;sj, l%shdldrlj, ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh je lsu iy Tjqkag jD;a;Sh

i;s ;=< iudk wjia:d iy ie,ls,s we;s lsu hq.fha wjYH;djhla njg m;a we;'

f i|yd jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< fYaI jHqyhka iy wdh;k we;s lsu jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<

ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh ,ndf l%shdj,shg rel=,la jkq we;' iudkd;au;djh

we;s lsu i|yd lgq (committees), fomd;fka;= (departments)" ldka;d foaYmd,k wxY (wings)" f,al ldhd, (secretariats), fldIka iNd (commissions) iy ldka;d wxYhka (sections) hkdh ia:dmkh l< yel' idudkHfhka lgqjla f,iska k lrkq ,nk jHqyh" jD;a;Sh i;s Pkaoj,ska m;alrk w;r ldka;d foaYmd,k wxY

fyda ldka;d wxYo jD;a;Sh i;s jHqyhg taldnoaOj tysu fldgila jYfhka m;a

l< yelsh' kuq;a f,al ldhd,hla fyda ldka;d whs;Ska fjkqfjka ks,Odkshla

m;a l

162

ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh lsu i|yd .kakd ,o mshjr iy m%.;sh ms

163

jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< ldka;djkaf.a wjYH;d iy /lshdj wdY%s; .eg inkaOfhka l;d lsug wjldYhla ke;fyd;a fldjla ksudKh lsu'

ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;sj, oDYHudk u i|yd fYaI l%shdud. .ekSu'

ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh iy .kqfokqldr n,h kexu i|yd fYaI mqyqKq ,ndu'

iuq; flaj,a lsf .kqfokqldr uKav,j,g ldka;djka m;a lsu'

cd;Hka;r llre iuq we;= iuka;%K hkdhg iyNd.s f ldka;d ksfhdackh ;yjqre lsu iy jelsu'

ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;sfha idlPd iy ;SrK .kakd wjia:djkaj,g iyNd.s u myiq lsu msKsi ldka;djkag myiqfjka iyNd.s h yels

f,djkays /ia meje;au'

wjqre follg jrla ldka;djka fldmuK m%udKhla ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,g m;a jQfhaoehs miq mrula iy wlaIKhla lsu'

jD;a;Sh i;s Pkaoj, ldka;djka mska iy iudkj Pkaoh b,a,Sug kdu fhdackd ,eu (Double nominations) iy;sl lsu'

4' jD;a;sh i;s ;=< oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsu iy WoafoaYkh

jD;a;Sh i;s inkaOfhka idudkH ck jHjydrh ;=< me;sr we;af;a ksfIaOkd;aul

wdl,am jk w;r fndfyda rg jD;a;Sh i;s ;=

164

jD;a;Shkag ldka;djka n|jd .ekSug fYaI l%shdud. .ekSu'

w;am;%sld uqKhlr jD;a;Sh i;sfha l%shdldrl inkaOfhka oekqj;aNdjh je lsu'

jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a jOkh je lsug ndOd t,a, h yels fldgia tk ldka;djkaf.a ffjjdysl mdYajhka" mjqf,a Woh oekqj;a

lsu'

ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ms

165

6' ldka;djka i|yd muKla fYaIs; jevigyka iy mshjr l%shd;aul lsu

ldka;djkag fYaIs; jYfhka jeo.;a jQ ud;Dld iy Tjqkag wod< jQ ldka;d iuq meje;au'

ldka;djkag muKla fjkajQ wOHhk lj (Study Circles) ;=

166

fndfyda g jD;a;Sh i;s ms

167

jD;a;Sh i;s ;u ff;%mdYal mdYajlrejka jk llre wud;HdxYh" fiajd fhdaclhskaf.a ix.uh iy fjk;a jD;a;Sh i;s iu ia;%S-mqreI

iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh lrk jevj, im inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu'

ldka;djkag wod< jk lafIa;%hkays jevlrk ldka;d lghq;=" wlrK jeks wud;HdxY iu. im inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu'

is,a iudcfha l%shdldka iy is,a ixOdk iu. in|;d mj;ajd .ekSu'

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy llre whs;Ska ms

168

jD;a;Sh i;sfha whjeh Yaf,aIKhg ,lalsu'

ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh fjkqfjka fjkalrk uqo,a m%udKh fldmuKo hkak fidhd ne,Ssu wruqKqlr f.k jD;a;Sh i;sfha whjeh Yaf,aIKhg ,lalsu'

jD;a;Sh i;shla hlsis jev igykaj,g fyda fjk;a iqNidOk jevj,g uqo,a fjka lrk g ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh

169

jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrlj, ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsug mqoa.,fhl= m;a lsu'

jirla ;=

170

w;am;%sld

jD;a;Sh i;s m%jOkh iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd uq,m%jdy.;

lsu wod

171

sensitivity) inkaOfhka iajhx we.ehS l%uhla u.ska uidne,Su fuu uiqf m%Odk ldhNdrh fjhs' tys wjidk M,h ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh (gender-equality) iq/lSu iy m%jOkhhs' ta wkqj fuu uiqu ia;S%-mqreI iuidOdrK ms

172

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms

173

fudhq,h 6

ikaksfokh iy

kdhl;ajh

174

yekauikaksfokh" tk ;u woyia wfkla mqoa.,hd fj; fydka oekq u kdhl;ajh

175

wfmaCIs; wruqKq

m%n, kdhl;ajhla

176

m

177

wNHdih 1

f,dj kd 20 hs'


wjYH jH udl mEka" *a,sma pdl%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( wdoY .kqfokqldr

uKav,hla Tiafia iduQysl flaj,a lsf

l%shdldrl


wNHdifha wruqK iuq; flaj,a lsu ;=

178

fjkial fkdlsu iy jev lsf .re;ajh inkaOfhka kd .; yels whs;Sska

jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl ke;fyd;a iud.ufha ksoyi ;yjqre lsu'

,sx.fNaoh u; mok jQ fjkial msgqoelSu' ,sx.sl w;jr msgqoelSu' jevmf,a isjk ysxikhka msgqoelSu' /lshdjg n|jd .ekSf iy Wiia ,nd f iudk wjia:d we;s lsu'

wOHdmk iy mqyqKq wjia:dj,g iu m%fYh ,nd u' jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ldka;d y`v kxjd,Sug Okd;aul mshjr .ekSu

jegqma iy m%;s,dN inkaOfhka kd.; yels whs;Sska

iu jevg iu jegqma ,nd .ekSu' Y%du jegqma ,nd .ekSu' lsish ixOdkhl fyda jHjidhl /lshd j.SlrKhg fhdod .kakd j.SlrK l%ufoj,g n,mE lsu

m%jdyk m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu ffjoH m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu w;sld, ysl ,nd .ekSu mdf;daIsl ,nd .ekSu ksjdi m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu hefmkakka i|yd ukd ,nd .ekSu'

ud;D wdrlaIdj iy mjq,a j.lS inkaOfhka kd.; yels whs;Ska

.NKS ldka;djkag iy lsfok ujrekag fjkial fkdlsf m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsu iy Tjqkaf.a whs;Ska ;yjqre lsu

ud;D ksjdvq iy uQ,H m%;s,dN /lshdf wdrlaIdj m%ckk fi!LHh whs;Ska wdrlaId lsu iy fiajdjka foumshkaf.a ffjoHuh wjYH;d i|yd ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu orelug yod .ekSf ksjdvq foumsh ksjdvq

179

fojk ieish

ikaksfokh

yekau

we;e ldka;dfjda iajNdlj olaI ll;ajhla iys;j bmfo;s' Tjqyq ;ukaf.a woyia

wka wh fj; fkdmels,j bm;a lr;ss' f ksid ;u woyia ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=

nj lSug Tjqka Yla;sh we;slr .kshs' tfy;a ikaksfokh hkq yq ll;ajhg jvd

Tng .sh fohls' jD;a;Sh i;shlg" foaYmd,k mlaIhlg fyda kEu wdh;khlg

,s; ikaksfok Wmdhud.hla (Communication Strategy) ilid .; hq;=h' tfiau foaYmd,khg msiSsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka k h mqoa.,fhl= iska ;u mqoa.,sl

ikaksfok l%ufo iy Wmdhud.hla ilid .; hq;= f' Pkao jHdmdrhl

wfmalaIlhd iska ;u ikaksfok Wmdhud. ilid .ekSu Pkao igka ch.%yKh

lsf jeo.;a f'

ldhlaIu f,i ikaksfokh f.dvk`.d .ekSu hkakg ;udf.a woyia" fhdackd fyda

u;jdo m%n, wdldrfhka bm;a lsu fukau wka whf.a woyia ukdj wjfndaOlr

.ekSf yelshdjo we;=,;ah' h flfkla ;udf.a iarNd m%ldYkhka bm;a

lsu (self-assertion), yeisula f.dvkd .ekSu" h fohla inkaOfhka fydka j.Nd.h (Probing) iy h fohlg ksjer m%;spdr oelau o (corrective feedback) ikaksfokh hkakg we;=,;ah'

jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a ikaksfokh je hqKq lsug l%shd lsf m

180

n,h we;s ;eke;a;d iska fok ksfhda.hka ;ud jf isk wh lsis m%Yak lsulska

f;drj ms

181

$ miqj iyNd.sjkakd iska bm;a lrk ,o l;df lgy`v md,kh" wx. p,khka iy jpk Nd;h flfia jqfhaoehs kslaIKh lrkak'

$ llhd iska bm;a lrk ,o ldrKd fydka jegyqfkao@ Ydl wx. p,khka md l< whqre is;a .;af;ao@ llhd iska ;jrg;a jOkh

lr.; hq;= wx.hka fudkjdo@ hkak iyNd.slhska iu. idlPdfldg" iEu

jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djlf.au ll;ajh iy ikaksfok l=i,;d je hqKq

lsug mshjr .kak'

$ ikaksfokfha jOkh h hq;= wx. idlPd lsf jd;d lr .kakd ,o fhda mgh" l;dj bm;a l< mqoa.,hdg kej; fmfkkakg i,iajd"

ta ta mqoa.,hd iska ;jrg;a jOkh lr .; hq;= wx.hka fudkjdoehs

inkaOfhka nqoa l,nkh lrkak'

$ ikaksfok Ifhys fYaI{hl= iu.ska fuu ieish meje;afuka jvd jdisodhl m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsf'

$ wkHhka bfha ;u woyia oelaug h olajkakkaag lKakdhla bhg f.dia l;d mj;ajd l,a;shd mqre jk f,i iyNd.slhskag Wmfoia ug

mqyqKqlrejdg yelsh'

$ ;ju;a jvd fyd| ikaksfok yelshdjla ,ndf.k fkdue;s ldka;djkag Yla;sh iy ffOhh Wmojd,Su i|yd ll;ajfhka wkQk ldka;djkaf.a

ikaksfok yelshdjka fhda m.; lsulska fyda fjk;a l%uhla u.ska

m%oYkhfldg jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka in, .ekaug mshjr .kak'

$ fyd| ikaksfok l=i,;djhla mej;Su fya;=fjka kdhl;ajhg m;ajQ mqoa.,hskaf.a p; ,laIK fudkjdoehs wOHhkhfldg n,d" ;udf.a

kdhl;aj Yla;sh jOkh lr .kafka flfiao hkak ms

182

wNHdih 2

f,dj kd 20 hs


wjYH jH fld, lene,a,la

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa l,nkh

wjYH myiqldrlhska ixLHdj

1 hs

wNHdifha wruqK ikaksfokfha uQ,sl .=Kdx. ykd.ekSu'

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

$ lKavdhu rjqulg le|jkak'

$ tla wfhl=f.a lkg lr mKsvhla ,nd fokak'

$ tu mKsvh" lkska lkg" wka whg kEfik fia fika rjqf isk wfkla whg yqjudre lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'

$ ldka;djkag Pkaoh fuka hymd,kh f.dvke.sh yelsh jeks mKsvhla fuys Nd;d l< yelsh'

$ tla mqoa.,fhla u.ska wfkla mqoa.,hdg jYfhka fuu mKsvh lKAvdhu jf hejQ g tu mKsvh ta wdldrfhkau kej;

183

ikaksfokh hkakg jpk iy Yo ;=

184

;u ksjfia idudlhska iu. tk ;udf.a iehd iu. fyda | iu." orejka iy ;=rka iu. m

185

iuq;shg bv ,nd foka reoaO u;j,g bvu fyd| ikaksfokhl ,laIKhls'

m%;smlaI woyia uqukska m%;slafIamfldg ;u woyi fyd|u woyi f,i f.dvkexug W;aidy lsu id:l ikaksfokhla fkdf'

hym;a ikaksfokhla is lrkakd iska ixjdoj,g leue;a; olajk w;r n,y;aldrh msKl msgqjlg^ia,hs tllg& tla woyila f.dkqjk f,i;a wl=re w;r meye,s

mr;rhla ;sfnk f,i;a fl jdlH fyda rEmj,ska ilid .; yel'

foaYkhla lrkafka k wid iskakd ;u foaYkh iu. isk nj meye,s lr .ekSug w;ru Tng ud lshk foa jegfykjdo@ Tn ;du;a ud iu.o@ jeks

m%Yak ke`.sh yel' tfiau wikakdf.a weia ;ud fj; fhduq we;aoehs hkak jka

jr kslaIKh l< hq;=h'

l;djla meje;af mirfha fyda Yo ldYk hka;%j,ska t,a, jk ndOd wju lr .ekSu jeo.;ah' tfia ke;sk Tnf.a lgy`vg jvd mdil n,mEu

je l;dj wid isu wm%ikak w;aoelSula jkq we;'

iuyr g l;djla mj;ajk g Tnf.a ;k;=r fyda ks,h .ek wid iskakd fkdokakjd h yel' idukH ckhd ;k;=rg fyda ks,hg .relrk neka ;ud

ykajdug fjk;a flfkl= fhdod .; yelsh' tfia ke;fyd;a l;dj w;r;=r

fud

hq,h 6

186

;ud ljqo hkak ta;a;= .efkk wdldrfhka jdlHhla folla l;djg we;=,;a

lsug u;l ;nd .kak' WodyrK f,i m%dfoaYSh iNd iNdm;skshla yehg ud

jev ndr f.k wjqre 3la .; we;s f fufydf;a Tnj weu;Sug ,eu Nd.Hhla

fldg i,lkjd jeks lshuka fhdod .; yel'

l;dj ;=

187

ikaksfokh i|yd iqodk f jeo.;alu olajd we;af;a fufiah' ug kd

10laa l;d lsug we;ak ta i|yd iqodk ug ug i;shla wjYHhs' ug we;af;a

kd 15la k k ;=kl iQodk ula wjYH f' ug we;af;a meh Nd.hla k

iqodk u i|yd k folla wjYHh' ug mehl f,djla we;af;a k uu f

oekau iQodk h' (If I am to speak for ten minutes, I need a week for preparation; if fifteen minutes, three days; if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now)

tfiau l;djla lsf wu;l fkdh hq;= lreKq u;lfha rojd .ekSug tu lreKq l=vd ld m;l igyka lr foaYkh lrk ia:dkfha ;nd .kak'

l;djla meje;af mjikd fohg .e,fmk wdldrfhka wx. p,khka is lrkak' llhd iy Y%djlhska weig wei yuqjk f,i jd isu (Eye Contact) jeo.;a f' tfiau llhd yeugu weig wei yuqjk f,iska wjOdkh fhduq

l< hq;=h'

l;djla meje;aug iNdjlg hEf Tf fmkqu inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' ;ekg W; wdldrfhka we| me

188

kla nQrejdf.a msf ke`. .ukla hdug msg;ajQ ;d;a;d iy mq;dg uqyqKug isjQ isoah u;l ;nd .kak' tu .ufka mq;d nQrejd msf ke`. hkg ;d;a;d mhska hjka ;reK mq;d nQrejd msf hkjd hehs u`. fomi iskakka iska fpkh lrk ,' tu fpkhg ijka fuka miqj mshd nQrejd msf ke`. mq;d mhska .uka hk g mq;d mhska hjka ;d;a;d nqrejd msf hkjd hehs u`. fomi iskafkda fpkh l

189

mlaIhla fyda jD;a;Sh i;shla .;fyd;a tajdfha oYkh" wNsm%dh" mrud: iy jkdl fudkjdo hkak ikaksfokh ;=< we;=,;a h hq;=h'

h wdh;khla fyda mlaIhla ;=< iudlhska iska ms

190

ikaksfok l%fudamdh ;=< fok mKsvh l=ulaoehs iqmlaIdldj is;d jOkh l< hq;=h'

h mqoa.,fhl=g hlsis mKsvhla fyda hula lSug we;sg" uqyqKg uqyqK lSu fyda /iaulg le|jd idlPd lsu jeo.;a h' ;=ka jk mdYajhla ,jd tu

mKsv ,ndu ;=

191

Pkao m;%sldjla ksudKh lsf fyda foaYmd,kh i|yd ikaksfokh lsf ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

1' Tnf.a mKsvh meye,s h hq;=h'

2' mKsvh" ck;dj we tk wdldrfhka ksudKh h hq;=h'

3' mKsvh je fofkl= fj;g hEug yels jk wdldrfhka m%pdrKh h

hq;=h'

4' iudc cd, yryd ;u mKsvh ,nd f" Tn mj;ajkq ,nk l;d iy

iudh W;aijhkays PdhdrEm m, lrkak'

5' f*aianqla jeks iudc cd, yryd foaYmd,kh ms

192

w;a m;%sld

ikaksfokh iy kdhl;ajhg wod

193

WoafoaYKh (Advocacy)

WoafoaYKh hkq h wNsm%dhla" .egjla ch.ekSug fmd wem Wmldr iy wkq.%y

we;s lrk" fmd tl;djka f.dvk.k" hym;a jd;djrKhla iy mirhla f.dv

ke.Sug iyfhda.fhka yd iyka;kfhka jevlrk mqoa.,hska fyda wdh;k iska

fydka ie,iq lrk ,o yd ixOdkh lrk ,o l%shdud.hka f' ke;fyd;a tu

l%shdud. .ekSf l%shdj,sh f'

idlaIs mok jQ WoafoaYkh (Evidence-based advocacy)

;uka ia:dms; lsug W;aidy lrk ;l fyda u;jdo Yla;su;a lsug o;a;" m%ia:dr"

jd;d Wmqgd oela ;=

195

fudhq,h 7

jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;dj iy

kdhl;ajh

196

yekauldka;djka fndfyduhla O jD;a;Skays fhk;a Tjqka jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajhg fyda iDcq foaYmd,khg inkaO we;af;a b;d wvqfjks' fuhg fya;=j ,sx.fNaoh u; mok jQ ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh jYfhka f.dvke`.S we;s w.;s.d Nd;hka iy fjkial lsf iudc Nd;djka ;ju;a fmd iudch ;=< olakg ,euhs' tjka ndOl fya;=fjka ldka;djka m%udKj;a whqka kdhl;aj ;k;=rej,g l%shdldj iyNd.su fyda uyck ksfhda;hska jYfhka ;r lsug bm;a ula isfkdf' we;e mqreIhska ldka;d m%Yak inkaOfhka ixf jk nj i;Hhla jqj;a ldka;djkag iqfYaI jQ jD;a;Shuh .eg wduka;%Kh lsug ldka;djka jefhka ixf jkq we;' jD;a;Sh i;s ;=

197

wfmaCIs; wruqKq

fuu fudhq,fhka my; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'

iah;aj jOkh" Okd;aul wdl,am jOkh iy kdhl;ajh hk ixl,am inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka oekqj;a lsu'

h mqoa.,fhl= iska wruqKq lr.;a oYkh Tyqg fyda wehg kdhl;ajh lrd

198

m

199

$ jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a mqoa.,sl oYkh l=ulaoehs idlPd lrkak' oYkh yDohdx.u tlla h hq;=h ;u is;g im mrud:hla h hq;=h

fuys my; WodyrK ie,ls,a,g .kak'

200

Tnf.a ;h inkaOfhka wruqKq m%ldYhla ;sfo@

Tnf.a iajNdl olaI;d fudkjdo@

tlS iajdNdl olaI;d j,ska Tn j;udkfha m%fhdack .kafkao@

tlS iajdNdl olaI;d j,ska wkd.;fha m%fhdack .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkao@

Tng f;a

201

wd;au .fIKh iy n,.ekau

;uka ljqreo hkak inkaOfhka ksis wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu wd;au .fIKhhs' h

flfkla ;u mqoa.,;ajh m%Yak lsf l%shdj,shla ;=

202

i|yd wOHdmkh ,eug wjia:d iy wod< f;dr;=re fj;

203

fm!oa.,sl n,.ekau

fm!oa.,slj ;uka ork N+ldjka wkqj ldka;dj ;u mjqf,a idudlhska iu O inkaO;d mj;ajhs' mjq, ;=< ldka;dj mj;ajkq ,nk inkaO;dj, mjqf,a

idudlhska ldka;djf.a whs;sjdisl ms

204

ldka;djka iudcfha wfkla msia iy wdh;k iu wka; in|;d we;slr .ekSu

whs;sjdisl" iudkd;au;djhka iy idOdrK;ajh jeks lreKq .fIKh lsu i|yd fm

205

;dlaIKh i|yd we;s Yla;sh m>Klfhkao oekqu i|yd we;s Yla;sh fmd;a

m;aj,skaao j;al i|yd we;s Yla;sh ksjfika o fmkajk nj lshd fokak'

$ n,.ekajQ mqoa.,fhl= ;=< ;sh hq;= Yla;Ska fudkjdo hkak iyNd.slhskaf.ka wikak'

$ tu Yla;Ska fudkjdo hkak ,ehsia;= .; lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak' WodyrKhla f,i wd;au Yajdih" Okd;aul ka;kh wdh flfkl= i;=

Yla;Ska nj mjikak'

my; i|yka m%Yak" ksjpkhka iy Wmldrl igyka Nd;d lrka idlcdj fufyhjkak' fuys mqyqKqlrejdg" iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ; n,.ekaug iy Tjqkaf.a iah;ajh wj lsug my; m%Yak Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh' tfukau n,.ekau" n,h" ldka;d n,i;=lrKh hkd ixl,amj, kshu w:h meye,s lrkak'

Tf ;fha m%;slafIam jk ,o wNsu;hkaa ke;fyd;a f;dard .ekSug ;snQ yelshdjka fudkjdo@

Tn n, rys;hs fyda Tn n,j;a hkqfjka Tng ye=fka ljodo@

foaYmd,k n,h Tn i;=j we;ao@ tfia k ta l=uk wjia:djka j,o@

iudch ;=< iy mjq, ;=< wiudk n,inkaO;dj,g fya;= fudkjdo@

Tn jdih lrk m%foaYfha ldka;djka n,.ekajqkq wjia:d fudkjdo@

n,.eka jQ ;eke;af;lah hk yeSu f.dvke`.Su i|yd Tjqkaf.a ;fha hqKq lr.ekSug iy fjkia lsug wjYH jkafka fudkjdo hkak jD;a;Sh

i;s ldka;djkaf.ka wikak'

iduQysl n,.ekau ;=

206

fojk ieish

Okd;aul wdl,am jOkh

ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh f.dvke`.Sug iy n,.ekau i|yd Okd;aul ka;kh

w;sYhska jeo.;ah' ukao fndfyda ldka;djka ;ukag ke;s foa .ek is;ka lmd

j;a jkq i" ;uka i;=j we;s foa ms

207

$ fuys uu;ajh kue;s ixl,amfhka ;ud foi msgia;rhl= n,k wdldrfhka uYkd;aulj n,k f,i Wmfoia fokak'

$ ;ud" ;ud iskau fudfyd;la iajhx fpkhg ,lafldg" ;ud ;=< mj;sk j,l fufkysfldg tlS .;s.=K iDK - ,l=K we;s me;af;a ,shk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'

$ fojkqj ;ud ;=< mj;sk fyd| .;s.=K fufkys fldg imhd we;s ld mf;ys Ok + ,l=K we;s me;af;a tls .;s.=K ,shk f,i Wmfoia fokak'

$ ;ud ;=< we;s Okd;aul iy iDKd;aul .=Kdx. t

208

2 jk wNHdih

$ wvla j;=r msrjQ rejla iyNd.slhskag fyd|ye fmfkkakg i,iajd ta ms

209

Okd;aul ka;khg wod< ck l;dj

wE; w;S;fha b;d oeyeka fifuka rcl l< rc flfkla rc

jdi,g wE;ska jQ mi,a okjl isjk wlghq;a;la ms

210

fufyu ys;,d Tyqg je rla hkak ,enqfK keye' ksoka fydre

lKavdhula mqfrdays; nuqKd jglr .;a;d' wfma fyd| fj,dj'

f ksyd fyd|hs ksOdfk .kak ,sfokak' ksia ,a, fydhd

.kak ;j;a uykais fjkak fka kE fidruqf,a kdhlhd lSjd'

kdhlhd tfyu lshoa ;j;a fidfrla lSjd" wr my< ;sfhk h

we,a,g .syska uQj;a kdj,d wms;a kdf.k ksoka.,g hk tl fyd|d

lsh,' kdjkak .shdu ;uhs oelafl mqfrdays; nuqKf. ll=f,a f,a

.,k ;=jd,hla ;sfhk ;a;sh' f,a le

211

f;jk ieish

kdhl;ajh f.dvke`.Su

kdhl;ajh hkq h wruqKla

212

kdhl;ajh hkakg'''

>> Yr ,laIK tk Wi" uy;" " iq fyda l wd oE kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka t;r jeo.;a ke;s w;r wjYH jkafka lKavdhula fufyhug wjYH m%fndaOh" fm> kdhlfhl= ug ;k;=rla fyda ks, kduhla wjYH ke;'

>> kdhlfhl= Wm;ska ys fkdf' tfy;a ld,hla ;siafia w;m;aa lr .;a l=i,;d uska iy iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha n,mEu u; kdhl;ajh > ks,n,Orhd (bureaucrat) iy kdhlhd hkak tl yd iudk fkdjk w;r ks,n,Orhd wdh;kj, fr.=,dis iy kS;s l%shd;aul lsug ld,h lemlrk w;r fndfyda g kdhlhka ysjkafka kS;s ;s j,ska iajhxl%ShlrKh jQ jd;djrKhla ;=< fkdj iajNdlj ;u fud

213

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

wNHdih 3

f,dj kd 20


wjYH jH kdhl;ajh ms

214

kdhl;ajh inkaO Wmud l;dj

wE; w;S;fha tlu;a tl ld,hl kla

rdcd,sfhla lEu fidhka mshdUkakg jqKd'

k fol ;=klau y yuka lEula ke;sj

rdcd,shd isfha Yd, nv.skaklsks' rdcd,shd

l rla mshUd f.k hkg W! gqjd fika

fikaa .dg .dgd hk bfnlaa' fmfkk

f;la udkhl ;ukaf.a wdydrhg .e,fmk fjk lsisu fohla rdcd,shd

fkdoelal ksid;a fjk;a lsisu l,amhla fkdue;s jQ ksid;a rdcd,shd

fika fika bnd bkak ydjg mshdUkakg .;a;d' rdcd,shdg fudk

;r nv.sks jqK;a W! yu m%cd;ka;%jd flfkla' ta ksid W! bndg

lsgq lr,d f .ek Tyqg okajkakg ys;=jd'

f b Wkakefya" ug hflla lkak nv.skshs' Tfya wefrkak weye

.efgk udkhl lsisu f.drla keye' b;ska ug WUj lkak isoaO fjkjd'

bndg lsisu fohla f;are .kak nerej .shd'

fudk jrola l

215

lEfj;a kE lSjfk' tfyu fldfyduo ;rhlg uqyqK fokafka@ '''' ''''

tfyu lrk tflka Tng widOdrKhla isfjkak mqjka' rdcd,sfhda wr .f,ka

tyd ;sfhk fod

216

l;d l

217

fuu Wmud l;dj lshjQ miq my; i|yka m%Yak i|yd

iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka ms

218

ukd ixOdk Yla;shla ;su ;=

219

kdhl;ajh inkaO wdOdrl igyka

fmd wruqKla fj;

220

hym;a udkj in|;d f.dvk`.d .ekSf yelshdj (Leadership depends on relationship-building)

kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d flfrys fiiq msia wdlIKh

jkafka kdhlhska udkj ys;jd jqjfyd;a muKs' f ksid

kdhlhd" uyckhd iy ;ud wjg jdih lrk m%cdj iu. ukd

in|;djka f.dvk`.d .; hq;=h' tfiau uyckhd fyda ;ud

jevlrk ia:dkh fyda hlsis m%cdjla ;=< in|;d f.dvk`.d

.ekSu" ;ud wjg j;ajk m%cdj inkaOfhka oekqj;aj isu" Tjqkaf.a tfkod

;h ms mqoa.,sl ;h iy fmd ;h hk foflau hy meje;au kdhl;ajhg jeo.;ah'

WodyrK f,i ksjfia ;u |g myr foka ldka;djkaf.a wNsjDoah

fjkqfjka l;d lsu ydiHhg ldrKhls' ;udf.a orejka fkdi,ld yka

f,dalfha orejkaf.a hymeje;au .ek l;d lsfuka Tjqka ck;dj bfha

ysjg Ndckh f'

kdhlhd ;u phdjka i;Hjd phdjka njg m;alr .; hq;=h' ;ud wrlal= iy is.r fndka" rd;%S iudcYd,dj, kgka iyNH;ajh fyda

ixialD;sl pHdjka .ek l;d fkdl< hq;=h' tfiau fo ;hla .;

221

lsfuka ck;djf.a m%idoh kd .ekSug fkdyels jkq we;'

tfiau fyd| kdhlhd fndre fmdfrdka fkdfok w;r l< yels foa muKla lshhs'

fyd| kdhlhd wdpdrOu wkqj yeisf' IKh w,a,i fyda {d;s ix.%y msgqolshs'

tfiau wka whf.ka khdkql+, yeisula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka k" ;ukao mlaI kh fyda wdh;ksl kh wdrlaId lrk

mqoa.,fhla njg m;ah hq;=h'

kdhlfhl= ;u yeiss iajNdjfha wLKav ,laIK mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;ah' f,djl Okjdoh l;d lrka

;j;a fgl iudcjdoh fjkqfjka fmkSisu jeks l%shd

fyda ck;d yuq bfha fydka iqyoYs,Sj yeis

ksjig meKs Pkaoodhlhdg wldreKsl f,i ie,lSu

iqiq ke;'

f,dj lld,Skj l< hq;= jev ,ehsia;=jla (To do List, long term) ilid .ekSu l< hq;=h' tu ,ehsia;=f jev bgq lf

222

h foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda jD;a;Sh i;s /iaula le|f ldhh Tn iska lrkafka k tu /ia i|yd l,a we;sj iqodk u"

l,a;shd idudl;ajhg oekqu" wjidk fudfydf;a /ia wj,x.=

fkdlsug j. n,d .ekSu hkdh Tnf.a j.lS w;r f'

iEugu ;ud fjkqfjka ldh idOk m;%sldjla (Action Plan) ilid .; hq;=h'

;ukaf.a ldh idOk m;%fha m%uqL;d ykd .; hq;=h'

;udf.a oekqu iy l=i,;d jOkh lr.ekSu (Knowledge Building and Learning)

flfkl=g kdhl;ajh Klhla yeisrug mqreu wd

l=i,;d

223

m;%h ;udg wjYH m ilia fkdfldg wka whg fjkia jk f,i lSu

wiSre h'

kdhl;ajh oerE ish,af,da Ialr;dj,g uqyqK kafkda fj;s' kdhl;ajh

224

tfiau kdhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug wjYH jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka ;uka iskd nj oDYHudk lsuhs' (Be Visible). fndfyda g ;uka m%cdj fjkqfjka lrkakd jQ jev fyda iqNidOk jev ms

225

hula jerkq g thg ksoyig lreKq lSu fyda jeroao wka wh fj; megug ;e;alsu kdhl;aj ,laIKhla fkdf' h jerula isjQ g

tu jeroao ;ud w;ska is jQfhao ke;so hkak m%ldY lsu jeo.;ah'

kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d hlsis ;;a;ajhla fyda mqoa.,hska ms

226

tlu ugul ,d ie,lSfuka m%cdj iu jvd im h yel'

fyd| kdhlhd wka wh inkaOfhka mQj ks.ukj,g fkd t

227

fuf,i cd,.; f my; lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h'

Odldr wjYH;d we;s" tlsfkldg fjkia jQ ck iuQyhd fj; jD; ukilska n,d ;u ixOdkh ke;fyd;a jD;a;Sh i;sh fj; Tjqka

228

hym;a kdhlfhl= i;= .=Kdx.

fuu kdhl;aj .=Kdx.h ud ;=< ;sf

fuu kdhl;aj .=Kdx.h ud ;=< ke;

fuu kdhl;aj .=Kdx.h ud ;=< jOkh fjka ;sf +

j.lsj hq;=nj - accountability

229

kuHYS,Snj - flexibilityiudj fok .;sh - forgiveness;=renj - freindhsipwl=,nj$wjxlnj - frankness/ honesty/ integrity ;Hd.YS,snj - generosityflf

230

iQodkj isu - preparednessYsIag;ajh - refinementYajdih ;eh yels - reliability

Wmdh fl!I,Hfhka hq;=u - resourcefulness.reire we;snj - respectlemlsu - sacrifiesplaIKNdjh - sagacityiajhx md,kh -self controlmrd:ldnj - selflessnessixfnj - sensitivityiqlaIu nqoah - shrewdnessl=i,;d iys;u - skillfulnessir, nj - simplicitywkqlmd iy.;nj - sympathylKavdh yeSfuka jevlsu - team workiaa;=;sjka;u - thankfulnesswjfndaOfhka hq;=u - understandingl,n, l< fkdyels - unflappabilityfome;a;gu jdis i,id .; yels - win win wisdomuy;a Wkkaj - zest

231

w;a m;%sld


232

{dk Nd.h (Epistemology)

{dk Nd.hla hkq oekqu ms

233

ia;%Skaf.a woyia uid" tu m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d wduka;%Kh lsu u.ska ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh wiudk;d ke;s lrk > ld,Sk Wmdhud.sl wjYH;d fj;

235

fudhq,h 8

jD;a;Sh i;sfhka foaYmd,khg'''

236

yekauiaa;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh

237

fndfyda ldka;djka foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh ;=< ;u foaYmd,k whs;sh Pkaoh ug iy mskaf.a Pkao jevj,g iydh ug muKla Nd;d lrhs' tfiau fndfyduhla mlaI ;=< wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdohla fkdue;s w;r fuu idm%odhsl foaYmd,k mlaI jHqyhka ldka;djka fojk fm< mqrjeishka fia i,lhs' Pkao ld,fha muKla ldka;djka jeo.;a fldgila f,i i,ld" ;SrK .kakd ;ekaj, Tjqkaf.a u;jdo .Kka fkdf.k yeisfrk mqreIjd foaYmd,k mlaI wmg yuq we;' foaYmd,k mlaI ;=< ;Ska ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, ldka;djka ksfhdackh jkafkao b;d wvqfjks' m%cdjf.a ixjOk l%shdoduh ksKh lrk ;SrK .ekSf l%shdoduhkaf.ka ldka;djka wE;au iy msgux lsu ;=

238

uq,sl wruqKq Objectives

ldka;dj iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg wod< uQ,sl

ixl,am inkaOfhka oekqu jOkh lsu"

ldka;djkag foaYmd,khg meKSug we;s ndOl

ykd.ekSu iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh

239

m

240

f ksid 1947 isg Y%S ,xld foaYmd,kfha ldka;d ksfhdackfha wvq ;;a;ajh iy ldka;djg

tfrysj mj;sk widOdrK ;;a;ajhka fjkia lsf l%shdj,shla wdrN lsu jeo.;ah'

fkdfhla jd;djrKhka ;=< ish ukqIHhskaf.a ^mqreIhska" ldka;djka"

241

mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia

wNHdih 1

f,dj kd 20


wjYH jH *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka" nq,afvda.a la,sma" udl mEka

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%u foh$nqoa l,nkh


wNHdifha wruqK foaYmd,k ;fha bhg taug wjYH

p; ,laIK fudkjdoehs fidhd ne,Su iy foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka jeo.;a jkakd jQ

ikaia:dk idlPd lsu'

$ Tnf.a ;fha jvd;au leue;s ldka;d foaYmd,k kdhsldj ljqo@

$ weh Tnf.a leu;su ldka;d kdhsldj jkafka ukao@

$ Tjqkag foaYmd,k ;fha bhg taug Wmld jQ lreKq iy p; ,laIK fudkjdo@

hk m%Yak j,g ms

242

foaYmd,k iy iudc jHdmdrhkays ldka;d ch.%yK iy ikaia:dk

1889 kd YslaIdodk ix.uh msysgqu (Womens Education Society)1904 ,xld ldka;d ix.uh msysgqu (Ceylons Womens Union)1909 o< ldka;d ix.uh msysgqu' ( Tamil Womens Union)1927 ldka;d ij ck Pkao ix.uh msysgqu' (Womens Franchise

Union - WFU)1930 ldka;d foaYmd,k ix.uh (Womens Political Union -WPU) msysgqu'1930 ,xld uys,d i;sh msysgqu'

1931 fvdkfuda fldiu hgf;a ldka;djkag ijck Pkao n,h ,eu'

1931 we,ska fud,uqf (Adeleine Molamure) m%:u ldka;d uka;%Sjh jYfhka f;a m;au'

1932 rdcH uka;%K iNdjg o< cd;sl ldka;djla tk fkai irjkuq;a;= (Neysum Saravanamuttu) m%:u j;djg f;a m;au'

1936 fld

243

m%cdjf.a tfkod ;hg yqremqre WodyrK u.ska m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iajdm;Hh" ,snr,ajdoh" wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy ue;sjrK l%uh jeks

ixl,amj, w:hka meye,s lrkak'

ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldr fjkiafldg ie,lS msgqoelSf iuq;sfha my; i|yka 7 jk j.ka;sh ,xldf fld;r rg n,d;aul ;sfo"

hkak iyNd.slhska lKavdh 3lg fnod idlPd lrkak'

Y%S ,xldf uOHu wdKavqj iy m

244

fojk ieish

ldka;dj foaYmd,kfha uqyqK fok ndOl

yekau

ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh ms

245

>> Y%S ,xldj ijck Pkao n,h ,nd jir 80 lg jvd .; we;;a ldka;djka 13 fofkl=g jvd mdfka;=jg heug yels ;sfo@

>> uOHu wdKavqj iy m> jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;djkaf.a ksfhdackh jelsfuka ldka;djkag fiajd whs;sjdisl kd .ekSug" fiajl iqNisoah fjkqfjka b,a,S kd .ekSug

iy flaj,a lsug n,hla we;sf' ldka;djka Yd, m%udKhla fiajfha

fhk;a jD;a;Sh i;sj, kdhl;ajh uqukskau mdfya ms mdYajh iska

oeug fya;=j l=ulao@

>> ksoyi ,nd jir 60lg jvd ld,h .; we;;a" tfiau 1960 jif ldka;djla foaYmd,k rduqf by,u n, jHqyh ksfhdackh lrka f,djg m> ck.ykfhka 52] lg jvd ia;%S ksfhdackhla mj;skafka jqjo ckaoodhlhska f.ka 53]la ldka;djka jqjo md,sfka;=f ia;%S ksfhdackh 6] lg jvd wvq

jkafka ukao@

mqyqKqlrejd iska weish hq;= m%Yak iy

wjOdrKh l< hq;= lreKq

fud

hq,h 8

246

my; lshuka inkaOfhka iyNd.slhska fld;r tl jkafkao@ hkak .ek nqoa l,nkh lrkak' m>kl bm;a ls iy

o;a;j,ska my; lshukaj, i;HNdjh ikd: lrkak'

Y%S ,xldf ck.ykfhka 52] la ldka;djka' ckaoodhlhskaf.ka nyq;rh;a

ldka;djka' wfma rf ldka;djkag ckao n,h ,enqfKa 1931 ' f,dalfha m%:u

w.ue;sKsh 1960 ys jqfk;a Y%S ,xldfjks'

ta;a md,sfka;=f uka;%Ska 225ka ldka;djka iskafka 13 fofkls' ldka;djka

mska fukau olaI h' kdhl;ajfhka msmqka h'

md,sfka;=f" m

247

isoa wOHkh

Y%shd,;d l=reKE., m%foaYfha fjfik wjqre 38l foore ujls' wef.a

iehd u,a fukaia wjqre 45la jhie;s mqoa.,fhla jk w;r Tyq

m%foaYfha ms mdie,l foaYmd,k oHd .=rejrhd h' fuhg wu;rj

u,a hqIka .=rejrfhls' Y%shd,;d jD; Yaj oHd,fha bf.kqu ,nka

isk ld,fha u,a iu wer fma%u inkaO;djhla u; jdy jQfha

wef.a Wmdh o w;ru k;r lrks' jdyfhka miqj weh u,af.a

uyf.or mx jQjdh' bf.k f.k ish;a bf.k .;a fohska jevla

fkdf.k ksjfia isfuka Y%shd,;d vdjg m;aj is neka weh" rdcH

fkdjk ixOdkhl mqyqKqlrefjla iy lafIa;% ks,Odkshl jYfhka

/lshdjla ,nd .;a;dh'

fuf,i wjqre folla muK weh /lshdj l< w;r m

248

my; Wmldrl igyka fhdod f.k ish lreKq wkdjrKh

we;aoehs n,d Tjqkaf.ka .s,syS .sh ldrKd idlPdjg .kak'

ldka;d foaYmd,k m%jOkh bfha we;s indOl

1' mqreIdm;Hhsl foaYmd,k mlaI" foaYmd,k jHqyhka iy foaYmd,kh ;=< mqreIdm;H oeu

iudch Wia my;al ms

249

ksid f;a m;ajQ uka;%Sjhkag ;u m%cdj fjkqfjka lghq;= lsug fkdyels fuka

wkd.;fha kej; m;aug we;s bvlv wys fjhs' bkahdf 33] l fldagdjla

ldka;djka fjkqfjka fjkalr we;s ;;a;ajhka ;=< mjd we;e mxpdh;a iNdjkays

ldka;djka m%Odk;ajh oerejo wh jeh fjkalsf idlPdj, tu iNdjg m;a jQ

ms ksfhda;hska iska ldka;d wjYH;d fjkqfjka wh jeh fjka lsug wlue;a;la

olajhs' tu ksid iEu whjehlskau ldka;djka fjkqfjka m%;sY;hla fjka lsfuka

ldka;djkag ;u ksfhda; wdh;k ;=< ;u jevigyka bhg f.k hdug msgqn,hla

,efnkq we;'

3' ldka;d foaYmd,k ksfhda;hskag udOH wkq.%yh fkd,eu

foaYmd,kh ;=< o mskaf.a l%uhka iy ms rjrhska inkaOfhka we;s jk

ril;d i ldka;d foaYmd,kh ms

250

udkisl iy ldhsl Y%uh lemlrka ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,shg odhlug .eyeKqkag

yelshdj ,efnkaafka iudcuh iy wdluh jYfhka bhg meKshfyd;a muKs'

6' idm%odhsl jekaoUq iy mjq,ajd ia;%S foaYmd,k m%jk;djh

ol=Kq wdishdj mqrdu idm%odhsl jekaoUq mjq,ajd ia;%S foaYmd,kh olakg we;' we;e

g foaYmd,k Wkkaj mrhd mjq,a n,h fjkqfjka ke`.Sisk ia;%S foaYmd,khla

Y%S ,xldj ;=

251

ufkdaNdjd;aul idOlo ldka;djf.a foaYmd,k b .ukg ndOd muqKqjhs'

ta wkqj ldka;dj fifkynr ud;dj o fidre | o wdorKSh hKsh o ohdnr fidhqh o muKla fkdj" fyd|u iudc l%shdldksh" olaI fialdj"

ck;d kdhsldj jeks iudc ks,kduo weh fj; ,eug yels mirhla

ksudKh lrk iudchla we;s lsug lghq;= l< hq;=j ;sf' ldka;djg

f.!rj lrk iudc mirhla yslsug wkqn, imhk wdl,auh fjkila

we;s lsugo fjfyish hq;= f'

9' wksjdh fldagd l%uhla fkdue;su

udkj ixjOkh ;=< foaYmd,k ksoyi" udkj whs;Ska iy mqoa.,sl wd;au .re;ajh

hk ldrKd we;=,;a jk w;r ldka;djkag tu ksoyi N=la;s ug k ldka;djka

we;=,;a wdKavqlrKhla iy mirhla ksudKh h hq;=f' bkahdj jeks rgl 73

jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska 33] l wksjdh fldagd l%uhla tys m

252

ukd l

253

wkqn,hla fkdimhk nj;a fmkS hhs' f ksid ldka;dj .Dyia: lghq;=j,g wu;rj

kdhl;aj mqyqKqj we;= ixOdkYS,Ss u iy oekqj;au w;ska by, ugulg

meKsh hq;=j ;sf' tfiau ksis mqyqKqj o f ioyd jeo.;a h' ldka;djf.a wNsudkh

m%jOkh lsu i|yd Tjqka i;= l=i,;d Tma kexu ;=

254

ue;sjrK m%pdrl /,sj, ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkag iydh ug ixOdhlhska lghq;= lrkafka wvqfjks' weh jefhka ria;shd lr m%pdrl /,sfha wjidk

wjia:dj f;la r|jdf.k wehg ish m%pdrl l;dj meje;aug bv fokafka

ksiqkaf.a Woafhda.h myj .sh wjidk fydardf hs' tg wehf.a m%pdrl

jHdmdrh wlukH f' tfiau ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkaf.a m%pdrl /,s lvdlmam,a

ls lr we;af;a fndfyda g ms wfmalaIlhska isks'

19' kdufhdackd l%shdj,sh ;=< ksoNdjhla fkdue;su

fndfyda wjia:djkays wfmalaIlhska f;dard m;alr .kakd kdu fhdackd l%shdj,sh

;=< ksoNdjhla fkdue;s w;r" ldka;djkag wfmalaIl;ajh ug mskaf.a

wdm;Hfhka hq;a foaYmd,k mlaI ue,slula olajhs' tfiau fuu wfmalaIl;ajh

,nd .ekSu r|d mj;skafka h flfkla mlaI wdm;Hh iu`. mj;ajd .; hq;=

fyd| ys; kue;s m%;sm;a;s rys; .Kka ne,Su u;h' tfiau kdu fhdackd ,nd

.ekSug k ldka;djka mskag jvd uykais mlaIh fjkqfjka jev l< hq;=

f' wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=f ldka;d ksfhdackh yeugu mdfya tla wfhl=g fyda

fofofkl=g iSudj ;sfnkq oelsh yelsh' f ksid m%pdrK /,sj, tu ldka;d

wfmalaIsldj yqfol,d njg m;a f' kdu fhdackd l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djka i|yd

wksjdh fldagdjla kshu l< hq;= jkafka fujeks fya;+ka ksidfjks' WodyrKhla

f,iska ;reK fldagdfjka wvla ldka;djka fjkqfjka (Reserved Seats and Double Normation) kS;sfhka kshu l< hq;= w;r we;e Pkao fldGdY ldka;djkag muKla ;r lsug bv fuka ldka;djkag kdu fhdackd ,ef m%;sY;h ks;H f,iska

je l< yel'

20' fmd iy foaYmd,k ;fha wiudk;djhka

ldka;djg rf foaYmd,k fukau fmd ;fha mqreI mlaIh yd iudkj lghq;=

lsf iu whs;sh we;' fuys fYaIfhka ish Pkao uiSj, fukau cku;

pdrKj, Pkaoh ug" uyckhd iska f;dard m;a lr .kq ,nk ish uKav,j,g

f;dard m;alr .kq ,eug Tjqyq iqiafida fj;s' kuq;a ldka;djkaf.a m%.;sh my; ouk

wdl" iudc" ixialD;sl iy fmd foaYmd,k ;fha wiudkd;au;djhka ;ju;a

olakg ,efnk w;r tjka wiudk;djhka bj;a lsu iuia; m%cdfu iqN idOkhg

n,mdhs' ldka;djka ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, ksfhdackh fkdjkafka" we;e g

Tjqkaf.a ;fha iajdk;ajh ms

255

f;jk ieish

ldka;dj foaYmd,k jYfhka ch.%yKh lrug wjYH l%ufo fhdackd lsu

wNHdih 3

f,dj kd 20 hs

wjYH iyNd.slhska .Kk ishu iyNd.sjkakka wjYH jH *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka" nq,afvda.a

la,sma" udl mEka

l%ufoh iyNd.s;aj l%u foh$nqoa l,nkhwjYH myiqldrlhska ixLHdj 1hswNHdifha wruqK n,h hk ixl,amh idlPd lsu iy

ldka;djkag foaYmd,k n,h

256

my; m%ia;dj msre iy wdmaf;damfoaY Wmfhda.S lr.kska foaYmd,kfha

kshe,Sf wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq wjfndaO lr .kak'

f;d,a, mojk w; f,dj wdKavq flf (The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the World)

orejka yslsf isg Tjqka fydka /l n,d .kakd ldka;djka ksji

fydka md,kh lrhs' f ksid ksjfia rdcldh fydka lrk ldka;djkag

foaYmd,kh lsu t;r wiSre jkafka ke;' wdKavq md,kh lrk ksfhda;hska

ug Tjqka ksi.fhkau Yla;sh iy yelshdj ,nd f.k we;' f ksid ukd

l

257

jmqrmq yehg ;uhs wiajekak (You reap what you sow) foaYmd,kfha b;du jeo.;a jkafka ck;d Pkaohhs' f ksid ck;djf.a

Pkaoh ,efnkafka ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a l%shd l,dmh wkqjh' f.hska f.g

f.diska m%shukdm jokska ck;dj ms ld,hla tlu Pkao fldGdYfha isug fkdyels

jk w;r O foaYmd,k fya;= ksid fjk;a Pkao fldGdYhlg udre ug

ish yelsh' f ksid Tng l=uk Pkao fldGdYhl jev lsug is jqj;a

;udf.a Yla;sh wvqfldg fkd.; hq;=h'

ld,h rka yd iudkh (Time Is Gold) ;fha kEu ch.%yKhg jeo.;au foa ld,h ukd f,i l

258

.ekSu b;du wmyiq fohla jk w;r ckm%sh;djh ke;s lr .ekSug hkafka

kd folla jeks iq ld,hls' f ksid l;d l< hq;= foa inkaOfhka

wjOdkh fhduqlsu jeo.;a h'

iEu l j

259

l, gq l, j< bi .ekSu h wjia:djla gq g bka m%fhdack .ekSu jeo.;a h' fuhska woyia l< hq;=

jkafka ;u m%;sm;a;s mdjd foka lm wdldrfhka yeisu fkdj hlsis jdis

iy.; wjia:djla gqg bka m%fhdack .ekSug Wkka h hq;= wdldrhhs'

WodyrKhla f,i h iqNidOk jev ms

260

Tf k,dj Tnu kdo lrkak (Blow your own horn) iuyr g ;uka lrk ,o jevj,g t;r ms

261

or fldagqjla leh yels uq;a tlg nk or hla leu wmyiqh (A single twig breaks easily)

;ud ;j;a lKavdhj,g WmfoaYkh iy .=reyrel foka wkq.dlhka

msila f.dvk`.d .ekSug fjfyiSu jeo.;a h' tfiau ;u lKavdhu Yla;su;a

lr .kska lKavdh yeSfuka bhg hEfuka ;u Yla;sh je lr.; yels

f'

;ks j

262

ldka;djka iska n,h ,nd .ekSug" ,nd .;a n,h /l .ekSug iy foaYmd,k ;fha wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq

l< hq;=h fkdl< hq;=h

wd;;sh iy udkisl mSvkh uyefrk

wdldrfhka fkdaodxYj, ksr;u l< hq;=h'

uykais jev lsu wjYH jqj;a ;udf.a kskao

lemlsu fyda f,djg lEu wkqNj lssu

wu;l fkdl< hq;=h'

Ydl wNHdihkays fhfoka ksfrda.S

;hla f.dvk`.d .ekSu l< hq;=h'

;rld f,dalh ;=< Tn hula wdrN l<

miq w;ru kj;ajd fkdhd hq;=h'

Okd;aul iy iunr udkisl ;;a;ajhla ;nd

.; hq;=h' ;ryd iy flaka;sh md,kh lr

.; hq;=h'

Trade Union Training Module for Women (Sinhala)

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Transcript of Trade Union Training Module for Women (Sinhala)