TRADE MICRODATA:

The OECD-Eurostat Trade by

Enterprise Characteristics (TEC)

Database

Working Party on Globalisation of Industry (WPGI) Paris, 20 May 2011

Sónia Araújo Trade and Business Statistics Division

OECD Statistics Directorate

Main messages

In order to map and understand trade flows in an era of globalisation (GVCs etc.) we need to capture the micro, business-level dimension of trade

= who trades with whom?

TEC Database: disaggregating trade flows according to the characteristics of trading companies

The TEC exercise has proved a very efficient and cost effective way of advancing in that direction: it needs to be pursued and broadened.

Plan of the presentation:

Understanding the dynamics of international trade using microdata is key for policy making

OECD experiences: Addressing Policy Issues with Trade Microdata

OECD-Eurostat Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) Database

Future Perspectives on TEC

Trade microdata are a unique tool

to explore key policy questions:

• Bilateral Imbalances: improve trade in value-added measures

• The impact of the economic downturn on the intensive and extensive margin of trade

• The determinants of the extensive margin

• Exports as a determinant of young firms’ growth and job creation

• GVCs: are import duties really a tax on exports?

Linking Trade with Enterprise

Characteristics OECD countries experiences

• Austria (Central Bank): – Determinants of Trade in Services

• Australia (Bureau of Statistics): – “Characteristics of Australian Exporters”

• Canada (Export Development Canada) : – Estimate future demand for trade facilitation services

– Identify the characteristics of firms that stopped exporting and the growth profile of SME exporters

• USA (USITC): – “Small and Medium Sized Enterprises U.S. and EU Export Activities,

and Barriers and Opportunities Experienced by U.S. Firms”

THE OECD-EUROSTAT

TRADE BY ENTERPRISE

CHARACTERISTICS

DATABASE (TEC)

Export Propensity Increases with

Firm Size Number of exporting enterprises as a share of total enterprises by size class

Exports are concentrated (1):

Export values by Enterprise Size Class, as a share of total exports

Exports are concentrated (2): Top exporters share of exports

The majority of enterprises exports to

only a few destination markets:

Number of enterprises according to the number of partner countries Canada Norway EU extra-EU EU-Intra-EU

1 partner country 68% 55% 54% 17%

2 partner countries 11% 15% 15% 10%

3-5 partner countries 11% 16% 16% 22%

6-9 partner countries 5% 6% 7% 19%

10-14 partner countries 1% 3% 4% 15%

14+ 4% 4% 5% 16%

Export values according to number of partner countries

1 partner country 25% 1% 3% 3%

2 partner countries 8% 1% 3% 2%

3-5 partner countries 15% 2% 6% 6%

6-9 partner countries 10% 4% 8% 10%

10-14 partner countries 3% 5% 8% 15%

14+ 39% 62% 72% 64%

Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) database Context

TEC is a joint OECD-Eurostat exercise.

Datasets are compiled by linking micro data (data at trader level) with business registers.

Under guidance of the OECD Steering Group “Business Economic Statistics and Trade (BEST)”, a first OECD set of Linkage Tables was sent out to participating Non-EU-OECD member countries in June 2007.

Structure

5 datasets displaying imports/exports by ISIC industry (or group of industry) in terms of value (M$) and numbers of enterprises :

I. Trade by size class

II. Trade by top enterprises

III. Trade by partner zones and countries

IV. Trade by number of partner countries

V. Trade by commodities (Central Product Classification)

Content

Up to now, OECD has received tables from Canada, the United States, Norway and Israel. In addition to that, Eurostat provided OECD with the respective (published) data tables of 19 EU member states:

– EU countries 2005,2006,2007

– Canada 2003, 2006,2007,2008

– USA 2003, 2005 (exports)

– Israel 2006,2007,2008

– Norway 2003,2005,2006,2007

Comparability

– Unmatched Data

– EU countries trade data are reported either for Intra-EU or for Extra-EU, no Total trade as the other countries, the perimeter of these zones evolves over time (EU25, EU27)

– EU countries total trade and the number of trading enterprises

– For the majority of the countries (except Canada), data are not longitudinal series

TEC database

Future perspectives on trade

microdata:

• Continue this highly informative exercise:

– bring in new countries

– enrich the matched datasets with more enterprise characteristics (ownership, purchases, turnover, etc.)

• Improve international comparability

• Exploring ways to improve access to microdata for analytical purposes while conforming to confidentiality laws

Extending TEC

• Include Trade in Services

• Trade by Multinational Enterprises

• Intra-Firm Trade

• Persistent Exporters and Exports by Young Firms

• Clarifying the Role of Intermediaries

• Trade in Value-Added

14

Clarifying the Role of

Intermediaries (1)

Wholesalers and Retailers (% of total exporting enterprises)

15

Clarifying the Role of

Intermediaries (2)

Wholesalers and Retailers (% of total importing enterprises)

16

Clarifying the Role of

Intermediaries (3)

International Trade in Goods by Economic Sectors

(% of total trade)

17

% of Total

exportsAgriculture Industry Trade Total

Canada 1.0% 59.2% 8.7% 100.0%

Israel 1.0% 74.6% 19.7% 100.0%

United States 0.7% 65.0% 22.0% 100.0%

EU average 0.4% 71.6% 17.3% 100.0%

% of Total

importsAgriculture Industry Trade Total

Canada 0.3% 42.8% 35.6% 100.0%

Israel 0.3% 43.8% 47.0% 100.0%

United States - - - -

EU average 0.2% 46.2% 40.8% 100.0%

Clarifying the Role of Intermediaries (4)

Weight of Wholesalers and Retailers in Top Product Categories (exports)

18

Clarifying the Role of Intermediaries (5)

Weight of Wholesalers and Retailers in Top Product Categories (imports)

19

More on linking trade with

enterprise characteristics: • The OECD Statistics Brief No. 16,February 2011:

http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3746,en_2649_33715_1844528_1_1_1_1,00.html

• The Statistics Newsletter, OECD, Issue No. 51, April 2011: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/47632702.pdf

• The OECD-Eurostat Handbook on Trade Microdata (forthcoming)

• Eurostat website on International Trade by Enterprise Characteristics: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristics

• TEC is available in the OECD website:

http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx >> Globalisation >> Trade by Enterprise

Characteristics

http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3746,en_2649_33715_1844528_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3746,en_2649_33715_1844528_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/47632702.pdfhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristicshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_trade_by_enterprise_characteristics

Thank you very much

for your attention!

sonia.araujo@oecd.org