Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive...

21
Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive Growth Bernard Hoekman World Bank ADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010

Transcript of Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive...

Page 1: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive Growth

Bernard Hoekman

World Bank

ADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010

Page 2: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Context: trade collapse & recovery:now and then

 

‐50

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

30

‐48

‐44

‐40

‐36

‐32

‐28

‐24

‐20

‐16

‐12 ‐8 ‐4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48

Current

Past Mean

Past Median

Source: Prospects Group, World Bank

Page 3: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

In part because of stimulus programs and limited recourse to protectionism

Global Trade Alert, Sept. 2010

Page 4: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

G20 use of temporary trade barriers

Page 5: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

So far so good? Not good enough!• Trade has recovered fast; but employment has not

• Stimulus being withdrawn (reduce debt; deficits) 

• Major pressures to rebalance current accounts

• Worries about currency wars/protectionism

• Doha moribund—but trade reform now needed more than in 2001

• Rebalancing – a structural agenda

• Liberalization will:

– boost South‐South trade: where there is higher growth and higher barriers

• help deficit nations improve competitiveness (via lower trade and input costs)

• help surplus countries by increasing domestic absorption must imply greater investment and expenditure on services

• Much of the polict action revolves around services

Page 6: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Where to from here? Focus on services

• Are in a world of trade in tasks, not products– Global value chains

• Some two‐thirds of global GDP = services– This is where the mass of business interest and concern lies—not trade in agriculture or manufactures

• Services are key determinant of competitiveness• Barriers to trade much higher than for goods• Services already on the Doha/WTO table

– General agreement a “topping up” is needed– Services offers a clear way of doing so

Page 7: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Services trade policies in 102 nations

Source: Gootiiz & Mattoo, 2009

ECUGEO POLDOM TTO NLDNIC BGR LTU FINGTMMDG MNG MUS IRLROM AUSKGZ GBRARG SWECOLPER JPNNZL USAZAFKAZ CZEGHA PRY ESPBRA DEUSEN ARMPAK AUTGRCMLI TUR PRTRWA ZMBKHMNGA ALB HUNUZB ITABELRUSUGA DNKHND CHLMAR CANKORCIVCMRKEN MEXCRIBWABOLLSO UKR FRAURYTZAMOZ

DZA VENLKAYEM NAM BLRJORTHANPLMWI TUNBGD LBNEGYVNMDRC CHN PANMYSIDN

PHL

IRNZWEIND

ETH

BHRSAUOMN

KWT

QAT

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Res

trict

iven

ess

of s

ervi

ces

trade

pol

icy

4 6 8 10 12Log of GDP per capita, 2007

Note: GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$)Total number of countries 102

Page 8: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Services policies by sub‐sector0

1020

3040

5060

70S

ervi

ces

trade

rest

rictiv

enes

s in

dex

GCC SAR EAP MENA AFR LAC OECD ECA

Note: The number of countries 102

Financial Telecom Retailing Transportation Professional

Page 9: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Services and Growth

• Growth driven by increases in the quantity and productivity of capital (K) and labor (L) inputs

• Services are determinants of the productivity of these inputs– Financial sector (intermediation across time)– Human capital (education, health….)

• “Producer” services underpin specialization: allow “splintering” of value chain and ΔTFP through their intermediation role and coordination and communication across time/space

Page 10: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Productivity of services• Productivity growth in services drove much of post‐1995 expansion in US productivity, especially in distribution and financial sectors 

• Aggregate productivity differentials across OECD reflect differences in services, not goods industries –especially TFP in business services

• India’s TFP growth in services was 2.4% p.a. between 1980‐2006, double what was achieved in manufactures or agriculture

• (Rate in China was 2%, below other sectors)• The presence of foreign services providers as the measure of services policy is the most robust “international” services variable affecting TFP

• See Francois and Hoekman survey (JEL, 2010)

Page 11: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

GATS and Doha• Only limited binding of status quo reforms—incl. OECD (e.g., cross‐border)

• Less emphasis on new entry than on expanding/protecting FDI (mode 3 most liberal)

• Little use of GATS as pre‐commitment device (China a major exception; also other accession countries)

• GATS sector/mode coverage: < 50% for most developing countries; Full national treatment/market access <25% 

Page 12: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Why such limited traction?1. Less “need” for trade agreements?

– Much reform implemented unilaterally – FDI has grown 10 times faster than GDP since 1990; reached $15 trillion in 2008, o/w 60% in services

Problem: we do have significant barriers ….

2.   Trade negotiation machinery does not work?– Many developing countries have little to demand, except mode 4 (not on table); Many also have little to offer

Problem: does not apply to larger countries

3.    GATS rules/lock‐in not perceived to be of great value?– Low expected probability of backsliding – Not effective source of discipline/relevant to firms– Regulatory uncertainty and resistance by regulators

Page 13: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Uncertainty re: costs & benefits

• In addition to standard political economy forces opposing reform (firms, unions) in services have: – Sectoral and “horizontal” regulators (e.g., mode 4)

– NGOs, civil society

• Regulators worry about autonomy and negative spillovers of a market access driven negotiation

• Civil society worries about realization of social objectives, ownership of firms, employment, etc.

Page 14: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Advancing social goals

• Conflicts between efficiency and equity can arise as essential services are liberalized or regulatory standards gravitate towards international levels

• Successful international integration requires not just liberalization, but– appropriate regulation, and 

– effective policies to widen access to services to lower income/disadvantaged households/regions

Page 15: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Lessons from experience 

• Much of the gains accrue to manufacturing and agricultural sectors – users of services

• FDI is a major channel for gains from services trade– Overall business climate matters

• Cross‐border exports of services depends on IT infrastructure/cost and human capital (skills)

• Social and other complementary policies needed to support reforms (equity goals)

• Weak regulation and legal framework can reduce gains and generate downside risks – incl. market power/rents

Page 16: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

Moving forward—internalize lessons

• Change approach in Doha and trade agreements

• Focus on complementary regulatory reform – Better regulation a precondition for liberalization

• Learn from WTO trade facilitation experience – Process of analysis of status quo and country experience

– Explicit understanding that assistance will be provided

– Clear focal point already existed (Kyoto convention; WCO) 

– Process of self‐assessment and diagnostic in almost all countries, supported by specialized organizations/expertise (“Annex D entities”)

– Much action already been taken at country/regional level, supported by Annex D entities, RDBs, donors

Page 17: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

What could be done? (1)

• Adopt a plurilateral approach limited to critical mass of large players; allow free riding of rest– Started down this path post 2005 Hong Kong 

ministerial: plurilateral requests/offers

• Address regulatory concerns by focusing first on national treatment – discrimination– Will not deal with regulatory barriers, but there is 

still a lot of outright protectionism; focus on that

Page 18: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

What could be done? (2)

• Regulatory cooperation/assistance – outsideWTO– Establish a forum to exchange information and learn from 

experiences with regulation/reform (Feketekuty, VoXEU, 2010)

– Put in place mechanisms for regular scrutiny of performance of services (outcomes), regulatory impact assessments/audits

• Allocate more “aid for trade” to services – Invest in transparency: analysis at national level– Help put in place preconditions in source countries for 

expanded exports of services– Support regional cooperation (e.g., transport logistics)

Page 19: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

• Many developing countries are service exporters

• Besides traditional activities such as tourism, health, information technology and communication services are success stories in a number of countries

• Capital intensive and managerially complex services are also part of the story

• Increasingly creative business strategies to capture specific niches are driving continued growth in services activities

Assessment of a country’s trade potential, and a roadmap for successful opening and export promotion in select services sectors. 

Page 20: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

GETTING IT RIGHT IS COMPLEX 

• Trade agreements are a driver for modernization of services regulatory regime

• Vehicle for expanding service trade  and improving competitiveness 

• Developing countries confront several challenges:– Addressing knowledge gaps

– Managing the political economy  of welfare improving reforms

– Trade policy making in services gives rise to great organizational challenges

– Difficulty of translating existing regulations into the terminology and concepts used in trade agreements

A guide to the organization, formulation, and implementation of trade‐related reforms in the services sector.

Page 21: Trade in Services and Prospects for Global Inclusive …artnet.unescap.org/tid/artnet/mtg/reformservice_add.pdfADBI/ARTNet conference, Bali, October 11, 2010 Context: trade collapse

GETTING IT RIGHT IS POSSIBLE

• One of the most complex sectors, yet developing countries  are successfully confronting negotiations

• There are good practices that can be adopted in negotiations

• The financial crisis did not affect financial systems in countries with high level of liberalization

• Policy responses by developing countries to recent crisis were not constrained  by trade agreement disciplines 

• Experience shows that developing countries are able to address their concerns and interests when negotiating with OECD countries 

• Possible to reach high level of financial integration and maintain sound financial regulations