Trade Flow Analysis_Tajikistan_final

ECO: IDENTIFYING INTRA-REGIONAL EXPORT POTENTIAL IN AGRO-PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS

TAJIKISTAN

TAJIK EXPORTS AND EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES FOR

PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

(WORKING DOCUMENT)

2004

(Project No. TAJ 61/92)

TAJIK EXPORTS AND EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) 2

This document was prepared within the framework of the project TAJ 61/92 and the South-South Trade Promotion Programme (SSTP). It aims to provide a statistical background of export opportunities for processed fruits and vegetables from Tajikistan.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. While every effort has been made to verify the information contained in this document, ITC cannot accept any responsibility for any errors that it may contain.

The report was produced by Ms. Ariuntuya Tsend-Ayush with the support of the Market Analysis Section (MAS) and Ms. Sylvie Bétemps. For further details on the methodology of the present document, please contact Ms. Sylvie Bétemps (ITC, e-mail: [email protected]; tel: +41-22-7300 204; fax: +41-22-7300 249). For additional information on the South-South Trade Promotion Programme (SSTP), please contact Mr. Govind Venuprasad (ITC, e-mail: [email protected]; tel: +41-22-7300 614; fax: +41-22-7300 249).

This report has not been formally edited by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC)



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note 4

A BACKGROUND – EXPORT OVERVIEW 6 B EXPORTS AND EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES FROM TAJIKISTAN 7 C FURTHER MARKET OPPORTUNITIES 35 D METHODOLOGY 37



NOTE

The following abbreviations are used: B Billion

CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, the Ukraine and Uzbekistan)

ECO Economic Cooperation Organization (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Islamic

Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)

EU European Union

FDI Foreign direct investments

FOB Free on Board

GDP Gross domestic product

HS Harmonized System Nomenclature

ITC International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

M Million

Mt Metric tons

nes not elsewhere specified

SME Small and Medium size Enterprises

SSTP South-South Trade Promotion Programme

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNSD United Nations Statistics Division

WTO World Trade Organization



A. Background – Export Overview

In 2002, Tajikistan ranked 152nd in the world as an exporting country. The country’s exports reached US$ 410 million in value, having expanded sharply, by 14% in value per year between 1998 and 2002. Growth of world exports increased by 4% on average per year during the same period. Manufactured products and crude materials accounted for 90% of Tajikistan’s total exports to the world in 2002 (see figure 1). Food products (live animals, beverages, vegetable oil and fats) represented 9, 5%. Figure 1. Breakdown of Tajikistan’s exports to the world in 2002

Source: ITC PC-TAS 1998-2002 The main food products exported by Tajikistan are edible fruits, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons (HS08), (see table 1). Ranked 3rd amongst all product categories exported by the country, they generated an income of US$ 22.4 million. Tajikistan’s export of vegetable and fruits and related preparations (HS07, HS20) reached US$ 14 million, while exports of oil seeds and oleagic fruits, grain (HS12) amounted to US$ 917,000.

OTHERS0.04%

Food Products

9,5%

CHEMICALS 0.13%

FUELS & LUBRICANTS 0.41%

CRUDE MATERIALS & INEDIBLE

25.97%

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

63.97%



Table 1. Tajikistan’s exports of food products in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap The following report focuses on Tajikistan’s opportunities on export of processed fruits and vegetables; a sector that was prioritized by Tajikistan’s Ministry of Economy and Trade. Product groups, with six-digit HS-6 codes, that fall under the category of processed fruits and vegetables and comprise part of Tajikistan’s export portfolio, have been listed in table 2. Table 2. Tajikistan’s exports of selected food products in 2002

HS rev. 1 Product

Value 2002 in US$

thousand

Qty 2002 (tons)

Value per ton

Annual growth in

value bw 98-02%

Annual growth in quantity bw

98-02%

Annual growth in value bw 01-

02%

World market share%

Ranking in world market

Annual growth in value of

world imp bw 98-02%

value 2002 in

US$ thousand

Qty 2002 (tons)

Value per ton

Annual growth in value bw 98-02 % Exporters

Share in Taj's

imports, %

081350Mixtures of edible nuts or dried fruits of this chapter 7,297 36,100 202 7 57 20 8 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

081310 Apricots, dried 5,679 16,133 352 44 107 -22 3 4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0

070310Onions and shallots, fresh or chilled 4,163 30,152 138 -3 18 202 0 31 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0

200980

Fruit&veg juice nes (exc mx) unferment unspiritd,whether/not sug/sweet 3,727 16,811 222 33 67 12 0 38 4 52 157 331 0

Russian Federation 100

080610 Grapes, fresh 2,791 6,049 461 21 45 106 0 29 4

200290

Tomatoes nes,prepared or preserved oth than by vinegar or acetic acid 1,896 6,795 279 8 38 -20 0 29 -2 22 48 458 -13 Iran 100

081090 Fruits, fresh nes 1,206 2,952 409 16 31 134 0 37 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

080620 Grapes, dried 1,120 2,293 488 7 40 -44 0 24 -7 0 0 0 0 0 0

080810 Apples, fresh 1,106 3,638 304 41 66 -31 0 42 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

071333

Kidney beans&white pea beans drid shelld,whether o not skinnd o split 1,030 3,802 271 151 224 86 0 33 -4 34 30 1,133 Netherlands 100

080232Walnuts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled 940 574 1638 192 222 69 0 26 7

200950

Tomato juice unfermented¬ spirited,whether or not sugared or sweet 821 3,716 221 -3 18 23 2 12 -8 0 0 0 0 0 0

080231Walnuts in shell, fresh or dried 581 1,055 551 87 142 -2 0 16 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0

081320 Prunes, dried 575 1,090 528 124 208 12 0 19 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

080820 Pears and quinces, fresh 549 1,264 434 42 62 37 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

120220

Ground-nuts shelld,whether or not broken,not roastd or otherwise cookd 534 1,072 498 25 67 -66 0 29 -2 0

070200 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled 476 1,294 368 13 38 21 0 58 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

200970

Apple juice unfermented¬ spiritd whether or not sugard or sweetend 418 1,894 221 24 45 6 0 50 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

071220Onions dried but not further prepared 395 1,183 334 31 69 8 0 25 0

121230

Apricot,peach/plum stones&kernels nes,usd primly f human consumption 309 419 737 57 103 -12 1 14 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0

List of Products exported by Tajikistan in 2002 Imported by Tajikistan

HS code Product

Value 2002 in US$

thousand

Annual growth in value between 1998-

2002, %

Annual growth in value betweenw 2001-

2002, %

Annual growth of world exports between 1998-

2002, %

Ranking in country exports

Share in world exports, %

Ranking in world exports

All products 409,944 14 25 4 0 152

08Edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons 22,394 18 5 0 3 0.1 79

20Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc food preparations 7,858 14 6 1 4 0 85

07Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 6,462 1 102 3 5 0 93

12Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc, nes 917 26 -57 2 15 0 125

14Vegetable plaiting materials, vegetable products nes 254 -46 -89 -2 23 0.1 66

04Dairy products, eggs, honey, edible animal product nes 45 0 40 0 141

19Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products 44 4 41 0 144

09 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 34 36 -13 45 0 17301 Live animals 32 -16 -72 1 46 0 141



Source: ITC TradeMap B. Export opportunities for processed fruits and vegetables

1. Tajikistan’s production of fruits and vegetables Tajikistan produces various types of fruits and vegetables (see table 3). With an average annual production of 137,377 Mt, 138,766 Mt and 198,886 Mt respectively dried onions, tomatoes and potatoes represent the highest crops within this category. Tajikistan’s production of dried onions and tomatoes decreased between 1992 and 2002, by 3.19 % and 2.74%, while the output for potatoes expanded significantly by 10.85%. The average annual production of watermelons, grapes, carrots and apples has been decreasing from 1992- 2000, but has shown reverse tendency since.

HS rev. 1 Product

Value 2002 in US$

thousand

Qty 2002 (tons)

Value per ton

Annual growth in

value bw 98-02%

Annual growth in quantity bw

98-02%

Annual growth in value bw 01-

02%

World market share%

Ranking in world market

Annual growth in value of

world imp bw 98-02%

Value 2002 in

US$ thousand

Qty 2002 (tons)

Value per ton

Annual growth in value bw 98-02 % Exporters

Share in Taj's

imports, %

081340 Fruits, dried nes 194 388 500 5 30 15 0 42 14 0 0 0 0 0 0

070610Carrots and turnips, fresh or chilled 147 1,192 123 11 54 880 0 47 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

080940 Plums and sloes, fresh 142 353 402 -21 11 97 0 37 1 0

071339

Beans dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split, nes 103 286 360 23 0 49 8

200850

Apricots nes,o/w prep o presvd whether o not sugard,sweetend o spiritd 100 436 229 9 41 -49 0 30 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0

200960

Grape juice (incl grape must) unferment&unspiritd,wthr/nt sug/sweet 97 444 218 -17 2 288 0 40 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0

080530Lemons and limes, fresh or dried 69 181 381 -64 -54 -92 0 64 1 27 34 794


080910 Apricots, fresh 67 211 318 0 31 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0

071290

Vegetables and mixtures dried, but not further prepared nes 51 128 398 65 0 73 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

120991Seeds, vegetable, nes for sowing 50 5 10000 18 25 -60 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

081330 Apples, dried 42 178 236 27 68 75 0 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

070990Vegetables, fresh or chilled nes 30 22 1364 -33 -27 -81 0 107 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

070690

Salad beetroot, salsif, celeriac,radish&sim edibl roots,fresh/chilld nes 22 170 129 -4 40 100 0 61 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0

120210

Ground-nuts in shell not roasted or otherwise cooked 19 47 404 -5 7 -64 0 47 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0

071331

Urd,mung,black/green gram beans drid shelld,whether/not skinnd/split 17 70 243 143 0 57 3

080930Peaches, including nectarines, fresh 14 22 636 -46 -33 367 0 65 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

070820Beans, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 13 61 213 -12 12 -93 0 75 5

200310

Mushrooms prepared or preserved other than by vinegar or acetic acid 13 17 765 0 65 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0

200210

Tomatoes,whole/in pieces prepard/preservd o/t by vinegar/acetic acid 11 54 204 -34 -17 -35 0 70 -7 0 0 0 0 0 0

200190

Veg,fruit,nut&edible prts of plants nes,prep/presvd by vin/acetic acid 10 59 169 -31 -3 -77 0 92 10 10 14 714




Table 3. Tajikistan’s production of fruits and vegetables between 1992 and 2002

Source: FAO Statistical database on agricultural products, 2002 2. Tajikistan’s exports of fruits and vegetables Tajikistan mainly exports onions, tomatoes, potatoes, carrots and apples (see table 2). As confirmed by FAO statistics, it is also a producer of those product groups. This suggests that the country is not re-exporting, but has its own supply capacity. Tajikistan’s export opportunities have been analysed hereunder for the selected vegetable and fruit products groups, that are relevant for the country, namely:

1. Dried onions, whole, cut, sliced, broken or in powder, but not further prepared (HS071220)

2. Dried vegetables and mixtures of vegetables, whole, cut, sliced, broken or in powder, but not further prepared (excl. potatoes, onions, mushrooms and truffles) (HS071290)

3. Fresh or dried walnuts, shelled and peeled (HS080232) 4. Fresh or dried lemons and limes (HS080530) 5. Dried apricots (HS081310) 6. Dried prunes (HS081320) 7. Dried apples (HS081330) 8. Dried peaches, pears, pawpaws, tamarinds and other edible fruit nes (HS081340) 9. Mixtures of nuts or dried fruits (HS081350) 10. Vegetables, fruit, nuts and other edible parts of plants, prepared or preserved by

vinegar or acetic acid (excl. cucumbers, gherkins and onions) (HS200190) 11. Tomatoes, whole or in pieces, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or

acetic acid (HS200210)

1992 1995 2000 2001 2002Onions, Dry 176,100 159,400 115,000 129,247 139,995 137,377 -3.19Tomatoes 176,100 159,400 115,000 129,247 155,278 138,766 -2.74Potatoes 167,400 111,600 303,200 318,041 356,703 198,886 10.85Watermelons 136,300 116,000 95,252 96,865 97,800 94,620 -2.17Grapes 99,900 96,400 110,300 109,709 81,228 92,122 -1.18Carrots 92,200 83,400 60,200 67,662 87,118 73,171 -2.43Apples 88,000 71,400 80,500 72,500 75,000 66,100 -1.81Vegetables Fresh nes 54,800 49,600 35,800 40,200 43,100 42,691 -3.23Apricots 35,000 28,400 32,400 29,100 30,000 26,400 -1.68Cabbages 32,000 29,000 20,800 23,488 29,064 25,296 -2.62Peaches and Nectarines 23,000 18,600 21,300 19,100 18,000 17,173 -2.07Fruit Fresh nes 20,400 16,500 18,900 17,000 8,000 14,336 -4.94Plums 15,000 12,200 13,900 12,500 12,000 11,245 -1.96Fruit Juice nes 14,000 10,500 11,200 18,900 21,000 13,745 0.41Cucumbers and Gherkins 9,500 8,600 6,200 7,000 6,200 7,309 -4.05Fruit Prepared nes 5,200 3,900 2,600 2,600 1,950 4,255 -10.9Almonds 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,800 3,000 3,736 -2.34Fruit Dried nes 4,500 4,200 3,000 6,000 3,900 4,064 -1.38Lemons and Limes 2,000 1,600 1,900 1,700 2,000 1,545 -0.85Beans, Green 1,900 1,700 1,200 1,400 1,200 1,455 -4.15Hazelnuts (Filberts) 1,600 1,000 1,000 1,100 800 1,027 -2.5Nuts nes 1,500 1,300 1,200 2,000 1,500 1,359 1.43Peas, Dry 900 891 2,448 2,114 3,440 1,593 16.13Garlic 400 400 300 322 30 313 -13.09Homogen.Cooked Fruit Pre 0 0 240 240 240 65 …Oranges 0 0 1,000 500 600 555 …

Production (Mt)Products

Annual mean (Mt) Growth (%)



12. Tomatoes, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid (excl. whole or in pieces) (HS200290)

13. Mushrooms prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid (HS200310)

14. Apricots, prepared or preserved, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter or spirit, nes (HS200850)

15. Tomato juice, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter (excl. fermented or containing alcohol) (HS200950)

16. Grape juice, incl. grape must, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter (excl. fermented or containing alcohol) (HS200960)

17. Apple juice, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter (excl. fermented or containing alcohol) (HS200970)

18. Juice of fruit or vegetables, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter (excl. fermented or containing alcohol, mixtures, citrus fruit, pineapple, tomato, grape, incl. grape must and apple juice) (HS200980)

Dried onions (HS071220) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 25th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of dried onions reached 1,183 tons in 2002, worth US$ 395,000. Exports of dried onions increased by 31% on average per year in value and by 69% on average per year in quantity between 1998-2002. In 2002, Tajikistan exported dried onions to the Russian Federation (see table 4). Table 4. Tajikistan’s exports of dried onions (HS071220) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 2nd in the Russian market, accounting for 22% of the country’s total imports after Uzbekistan. Tajikistan increased its market share in Russia, after the Netherlands, at 31% on average per year. During this period, Russia’s imports decreased by 12% on average per year. Tajikistan’s unit value for dried onions in Russia, of US$ 334 per ton, is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the Russian Federation. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 24th in world imports of dried onions. The world’s largest importers are Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Japan and Canada. With the exception of Germany and Canada, both growing by 1% on average per year, these import markets are declining. However, smaller importers, Indonesia, the United States, Malaysia, Thailand, Côte d’Ivoire, Chile and China have shown strong important growth.

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand

Share in Tajikistan's exports, %

Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)

Export trend in value

between 98-02, %, p.a.

Export trend in quantity


Export growth in value


Ranking of partner

countries in world imports

Share of partner countries in world

imports, %

Total import growth in value of partner

countries between 98-02, %, p.a.

Total 395 100 1,183 334 31 69 8 0 Russian Federation 395 100 1,183 334 31 69 8 24 0 -12



Table 5. The world’s main importers of dried onions (HS071220) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap

Mixed dried vegetables (HS071290) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 73rd in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of mixed dried vegetables reached 128 tons in 2002, worth US$ 51,000. World imports increased by 1% on average per year in the period 1998-2002. In 2002, Tajikistan exported mixed dried vegetables only to the Russian Federation (see table 6). Table 6. Tajikistan’s export of mixed dried vegetables (HS071290) to the world in 2002


Importers

Value imported in 2002 in US$

thousandQty imported in 2002 (tons)

Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%

Annual growth in quantity between 98-

02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 184,647 132,903 1,389 0 8 10 100Germany 39,089 20,347 1,921 1 7 16 21

United Kingdom 18,350 9,429 1,946 -5 -1 -6 9

Netherlands 14,147 8,659 1,634 -2 3 13 7Japan 13,766 5,023 2,741 -3 -2 -1 7Canada 12,616 5,835 2,162 1 0 1 6Australia 5,910 2,815 2,099 3 4 8 3France 4,848 3,133 1,547 2 17 33 2Brazil 4,366 2,119 2,060 -1 4 -2 2Belgium 4,164 3,915 1,064 4 5 6 2Poland 3,910 2,516 1,554 1 5 54 2Sweden 3,902 1,527 2,555 -6 -5 -4 2Indonesia 3,634 1,836 1,979 23 9 -14 1Denmark 3,164 1,449 2,184 13 12 53 1Switzerland 3,032 1,199 2,529 -2 1 0 1Austria 2,735 1,155 2,368 3 6 16 1

United States of America 2,635 2,155 1,223 24 62 108 1Malaysia 2,631 9,378 281 30 58 48 1Ireland 2,292 1,126 2,036 5 12 -10 1

Italy 2,198 1,603 1,371 -8 -2 18 1

Philippines 2,139 1,275 1,678 6 1

Israel 1,896 0 0 -6 1

New Zealand 1,881 774 2,430 10 5 7 1Finland 1,860 815 2,282 -4 0 -4 1

Russian Federation 1,811 3,608 502 -12 19 40 0Spain 1,698 1,481 1,147 -6 3 44 0Norway 1,670 617 2,707 1 1 14 0Mexico 1,508 18,131 83 19 151 27 0

Czech Republic 1,431 630 2,271 -2 1 14 0Croatia 1,427 883 1,616 -16 -5 39 0

Singapore 1,325 685 1,934 5 -12 3 0Colombia 1,184 661 1,791 0 13 15 0Thailand 993 362 2,743 53 36 82 0Côte d'Ivoire 985 366 2,691 33 32 -9 0Korea, Rep. of Korea 981 854 1,149 0 6 123 0Chile 951 0 26 50 0

South Africa 902 591 1,526 -10 0China 878 576 1,524 21 48 105 0Greece 862 2,223 388 8 58 22 0Taiwan, Province of (China) 701 366 1,915 91 103 0 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 51 100 128 398 65 1 Russian Federation 51 100 128 398 65 30 0 8



Main competitor countries on world marked Tajikistan ranks 10th in the Russian market, accounting for 1% of the country’s total imports after China, Poland, Uzbekistan, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, The Netherlands, Egypt, USA and Vietnam. Tajikistan’s unit value of US$ 398 per ton for mixed dried vegetables in Russia is the lowest amongst all suppliers to the Russian Federation. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 30th in world imports of mixed dried vegetables. The world’s largest importers are Japan, the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada and Korea Republic. With the exception of Japan, which is declining by 2% on average per year, all are growing markets. Particularly fast growing markets are Belgium, Mexico, Romania and Netherlands Antilles. Switzerland paid the highest unit value for mixed dried vegetables. Table 7. The world’s main importers of mixed dried vegetables (HS071290) in 2002


Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 668,024 381,508 1,751 1 8 10 100Japan 129,763 35,302 3,676 -2 0 -5 19United States of America 99,387 52,782 1,883 1 0 12 14Germany 68,337 28,396 2,407 3 6 20 10Netherlands 42,722 35,432 1,206 18 53 44 6Canada 37,295 11,784 3,165 4 1 6 5Korea, Rep. of Korea 31,673 12,475 2,539 8 3 9 4United Kingdom 29,862 13,964 2,138 -6 -2 9 4France 29,001 13,025 2,227 1 6 6 4Italy 16,920 10,259 1,649 8 18 27 2Australia 10,757 5,019 2,143 -1 3 2 1Spain 10,210 17,575 581 16 58 23 1Belgium 10,182 5,014 2,031 7 20 42 1Austria 7,398 2,973 2,488 -2 0 16 1Switzerland 7,389 1,784 4,142 -2 2 3 1Poland 7,281 3,957 1,840 -1 11 12 1Hungary 7,022 1,783 3,938 12 8 9 1Malaysia 6,546 6,866 953 -3 3 12 0Denmark 6,375 1,762 3,618 6 7 20 0Norway 5,920 1,638 3,614 -1 4 17 0Brazil 5,897 4,365 1,351 -11 3 9 0China 5,520 2,639 2,092 7 -24 74 0

- -

Ireland 5,143 983 5,232 4 5 9 0Sweden 4,999 1,454 3,438 -4 1 9 0Mexico 4,997 46,805 107 22 84 62 0Croatia 4,550 2,661 1,710 -13 -5 20 0Taiwan, Province of (China) 4,096 2,781 1,473 -7 -17 20 0

Czech Republic 3,572 1,438 2,484 -1 -4 14 0

Israel 3,546 0 -9 18 0Greece 3,513 6,321 556 9 33 51 0

Russian Federation 3,433 6,473 530 8 32 19 0Singapore 3,099 3,740 829 -20 -30 -18 0Philippines 3,082 3,050 1,010 -5 0Hong Kong (SARC) 2,930 2,015 1,454 -37 -39 -68 0New Zealand 2,743 1,148 2,389 3 12 14 0South Africa 2,572 2,034 1,265 0 0Slovakia 2,113 746 2,832 14 18 29 0Indonesia 2,096 3,322 631 1 6 -8 0Romania 1,935 1,227 1,577 57 55 29 0

Netherland Antilles 1,909 1,563 1,221 52 72 8 0



Fresh or dried walnuts (HS080232) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 26th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of fresh walnuts reached 574 tons in 2002, worth US$ 940,000. Exports of fresh walnuts increased by 192% on average per year in value and by 222% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased, by 7% on average per year during this period. In 2002, Tajikistan exported fresh walnuts to the Russian Federation and Turkey (see table 8). This market has been dynamic in Russia between 1998-2002, with imports increasing by 96% compared to 7% for the world market as stated above. Table 8. Tajikistan’s exports of fresh or dried walnuts (HS080232) to the world in 2002


Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 1st in the Russian market, accounting for 52% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan increased its market share in Russia between 1998-2002 at 192% on average per year. This is considerably faster than Russia’s increase in imports of fresh walnuts by 96% on average per year. Tajikistan’s unit value for fresh walnuts in Russia, of US$ 1,634 per ton, is higher than Uzbekistan’s (US$ 1,462) and lower than the Ukraine’s (US$ 1,903). Tajikistan ranks 11th in the Turkish market, after Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, the Ukraine, Romania, Afghanistan, Moldova, Pakistan, Bulgaria, Iran and Kazakhstan. The unit value of US$ 1,727 per ton for fresh walnut in Turkey is higher than Kazakhstan (US$ 1,696) and lower than the Free Zones1 (US$ 2,625). Potential new markets The Russian Federation and Turkey rank 30th and 12th respectively in world imports of fresh walnuts. The world’s largest importers are Japan, Germany, France, Greece, Spain and Canada. All are growing, with Greece and Spain showing very rapid growth. The Russian Federation, Turkey, Korea and Belgium have the fastest growing markets.

1 Free Zones: Special area with preferential or free tax

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 940 100 574 1,638 192 222 69 7 Russian Federation 902 96 552 1,634 192 222 69 30 0 96

Turkey 38 4 22 1,727 12 2 70



Table 9. The world’s main importers of fresh or dried walnuts (HS080232) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Fresh or dried lemons and limes (HS080530) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 64th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of fresh or dried lemons reached 181 tons in 2002, worth US$ 69,000. Exports of this product declined by 64% on average per year in value and by 54% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased by 1% on average per year. In 2002, Tajikistan exported fresh or dried lemons only to Kyrgyzstan (see table 10). Table 10. Tajikistan’s exports of fresh or dried lemons and limes (HS080530) to the world in 2002


Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

W orld estimation 282,642 81,200 3,481 7 9 7 100Japan 45,815 9,935 4,611 3 3 6 16Germany 29,476 7,197 4,096 3 7 11 10France 19,166 6,434 2,979 7 7 6 6Greece 16,732 5,522 3,030 31 29 51 5Spain 15,560 3,867 4,024 19 17 -4 5Canada 14,632 4,655 3,143 7 6 -17 5

United Kingdom 10,663 2,859 3,730 3 1 -8 3Belgium 10,657 2,417 4,409 46 45 222 3Israel 9,924 0 6 -24 3Australia 8,895 2,435 3,653 9 6 3 3Switzerland 8,386 1,474 5,689 2 4 12 2Turkey 8,283 5,279 1,569 70 68 1078 2Italy 7,434 1,745 4,260 12 13 -5 2Austria 6,723 2,276 2,954 1 0 46 2Korea 5,752 1,362 4,223 58 60 27 2Netherlands 5,219 1,428 3,655 -13 -9 -5 1Brazil 4,539 899 5,049 -9 -3 -28 1Mexico 4,241 2,682 1,581 16 29 -6 1Slovenia 3,236 1,064 3,041 -4 -5 23 1Taiwan, Province of (China) 3,024 808 3,743 9 1 19 1Portugal 2,706 623 4,343 2 7 -13 0Herzegovina 2,501 1,355 1,846 11 14 111 0Egypt 2,403 595 4,039 12 9 -6 0Hungary 2,219 872 2,545 11 11 26 0Croatia 2,128 1,105 1,926 10 0 91 0Syrian Arab Republic 2,032 1,500 1,355 0Lebanon 1,960 598 3,278 -18 -23 21 0Denmark 1,749 429 4,077 -5 -3 -11 0Jordan 1,731 851 2,034 -1 2 16 0Russian Federation 1,723 1,030 1,673 96 84 -37 0Hong Kong (SARC) 1,715 470 3,649 -17 -18 7 0

Moldova, Rep.of 1,615 647 2,496 55 0Czech Republic 1,466 532 2,756 0 -1 73 0Norway 1,334 205 6,507 3 0 6 0United Arab Emirates 1,249 379 3,296 0 -11 -5 0

New Zealand 1,223 342 3,576 6 3 37 0Yugoslavia 1,119 490 2,284 256 0Singapore 1,044 276 3,783 10 12 4 0Sweden 1,023 289 3,540 -7 -5 5 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 69 100 181 381 -64 -54 -92 1

Kyrgyzstan 67 97 178 376 79 0



Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 1st in the Kyrgyz market, accounting for 64% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan’s unit value, of US$ 376 per ton, for fresh or dried lemons is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the country. Potential new markets Kyrgyzstan ranks 79th in world imports of fresh or dried lemons. The world’s largest importers are Japan, the United States, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy. While market growth in the United States has been strong, in the other large importing countries markets have shown modest or declining growth. However, smaller importers, the Russian Federation, Belgium, Spain, Romania, Hungary, Korea and Singapore have shown similar growth. Table 11. The world’s main importers of fresh or dried lemons and limes (HS080530) in 2002


Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 913,739 0 1 5 10 100Japan 125,474 90,540 1,386 -2 1 13 13

United States of America 95,947 270,297 355 11 8 19 10Germany 87,213 150,060 581 -3 1 -3 9France 71,634 121,818 588 -6 0 8 7

United Kingdom 56,628 78,685 720 2 5 24 6Italy 53,535 95,599 560 2 9 24 5Poland 50,608 102,483 494 5 3 -3 5Federation 49,469 144,022 343 15 13 27 5Netherlands 41,114 69,783 589 -11 -9 -8 4Belgium 29,126 49,412 589 12 18 12 3Canada 29,115 51,161 569 4 5 -5 3Spain 22,561 40,965 551 11 18 -4 2Hong Kong (SARC) 17,681 25,741 687 0 8 -1 1

Saudi Arabia 15,899 54,866 290 7 7 27 1Austria 14,179 21,286 666 -6 -8 2 1Switzerland 13,995 17,448 802 -3 -1 -2 1Greece 13,260 24,615 539 5 14 179 1

Czech Republic 8,071 20,054 402 5 6 32 0Ukraine 7,691 3,323 2,314 -10 0Denmark 6,584 11,425 576 4 9 13 0Sweden 6,455 10,304 626 -7 -2 -9 0Romania 6,298 21,051 299 14 10 14 0Hungary 5,374 14,884 361 12 11 102 0United Arab Emirates 5,338 15,881 336 -7 -9 -2 0Korea, Rep. of Korea 4,935 3,835 1,287 16 15 7 0Singapore 4,622 8,719 530 16 9 7 0Yugoslavia 4,467 12,756 350 5 9 8 0Free Zones 4,419 12,732 347 -5 6 42 0Croatia 4,395 10,904 403 1 1 12 0Slovenia 3,469 6,111 568 -1 2 7 0Slovakia 3,456 9,138 378 -2 1 11 0Australia 3,321 2,335 1,422 3 -3 30 0Norway 3,171 4,095 774 2 6 10 0The former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia 3,026 8,331 363 7 6 -20 0Portugal 3,018 6,263 482 10 22 -35 0Finland 2,740 3,906 701 0 1 -3 0Bulgaria 2,511 7,269 345 11 10 -17 0Lithuania 2,349 4,506 521 1 0 12 0Belarus 2,144 5,335 402 -11 -5 69 0



Dried apricots (HS081310) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 4th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of dried apricots reached 16,133 tons in 2002, worth US$ 5.6 million. Exports of this product expanded by 44% on average per year in value and by 107% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports decreased, by 4% on average per year during this period. In 2002, Tajikistan exported dried apricots to the Russian Federation, Belarus and the Ukraine (see table 12). This market has been dynamic in Russia and Belarus, with imports increasing by 13% and 32% respectively between 1998-2002. World imports declined by 4% on average per year during this period. Table 12. Tajikistan’s exports of dried apricots (HS081310) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 1st in the Russian market, accounting for 60% of the country’s total imports and increased its market share in Russia by 44% on average per year between 1998- 2002. This is a considerable faster increase than Russian import trend (13% on average per year). Tajikistan’s unit value for dried apricots in Russia, of US$ 352 per ton, is higher than Kazakhstan’s (US$ 545) and lower than Kyrgyzstan’s (US$ 556). Tajikistan ranks 2nd in the Belarusian market, accounting for 23% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan expanded its market share in Belarus during 1998-2002, by 24% on average per year, while Belarusian imports increased by 32% on average per year during this period. Tajikistan’s unit value, of US$ 232 per ton, for dried apricots in Belarus is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the country. Tajikistan ranks 4th in the Ukrainian market, accounting for 3% of the countries total imports. The unit value for dried apricots in the Ukraine, of US$ 3,500 per ton, is higher than Kyrgyzstan’s (US$ 2,923) and lower than Turkey’s (US$ 4,160). Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 5th in world imports of dried apricots. Belarus and the Ukraine are ranked 48th and 26th respectively. The world’s largest importers are the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany.

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 5,679 100 16,133 352 44 107 -22 -4 Russian Federation 5,606 99 15,931 352 44 107 -23 5 5 13

Belarus 45 1 194 232 24 107 275 48 0 32

Ukraine 28 0 8 3,500 1300 26 0



Table 13. The world’s main importers of dried apricots (HS081310) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Dried prunes (HS081320) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 19th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of dried prunes reached 1,090 tons in 2002, worth US$ 575,000. Exports of dried prunes increased by 124% on average per year in value and by 208% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased, by 3% on average per year during this period. In 2002, Tajikistan exported dried prunes only to the Russian Federation (see table 14). This market has been dynamic, with imports increasing by 2% on average per year between 1998-2002. Table 14. Tajikistan’s exports of dried prunes (HS081320) to the world in 2002


Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

W orld estimation 163,152 107,061 1,524 -4 14 21 100United States of America 31,414 16,951 1,853 -6 5 45 19

United Kingdom 18,122 9,153 1,980 -8 4 18 11France 15,870 7,134 2,225 -4 7 66 9Germany 15,397 8,160 1,887 -5 6 44 9Russian Federation 9,371 26,937 348 13 50 -41 5Australia 8,818 5,677 1,553 -3 10 15 5Netherlands 4,994 2,512 1,988 -13 -4 29 3Switzerland 4,617 1,251 3,691 -6 -1 18 2Canada 4,138 2,287 1,809 -6 4 6 2Japan 3,759 1,037 3,625 -6 -1 -20 2Spain 3,180 1,424 2,233 -6 5 52 1

New Zealand 3,101 1,546 2,006 -6 4 6 1Poland 2,833 1,474 1,922 11 14 99 1Italy 2,665 1,081 2,465 -11 -3 58 1India 2,559 1,951 1,312 3 10 20 1Belgium 2,327 1,163 2,001 -2 12 67 1Denmark 2,105 932 2,259 -3 5 39 1Greece 2,045 690 2,964 17 25 156 1Brazil 1,813 761 2,382 -11 -1 37 1Mexico 1,802 2,080 866 16 49 27 1Egypt 1,712 917 1,867 -9 4 47 1

Czech Republic 1,643 1,079 1,523 5 26 70 1Sweden 1,546 755 2,048 -9 2 18 0Israel 1,404 0 -17 -44 0Slovakia 1,068 414 2,580 34 38 154 0Ukraine 1,065 249 4,277 -21 0Turkey 1,051 808 1,301 -9 4 -6 0Austria 1,049 364 2,882 -1 5 6 0Norway 983 419 2,346 -5 4 18 0Free Zones 905 395 2,291 20 27 -14 0Finland 827 303 2,729 -11 -3 42 0Iraq 744 952 782 29 29 -41 0Lithuania 728 829 878 11 53 18 0Latvia 595 588 1,012 -1 21 1 0Portugal 512 201 2,547 -6 0 85 0Slovenia 464 191 2,429 1 16 30 0United Arab Em irates 446 234 1,906 10 17 51 0Singapore 419 229 1,830 -10 0 -49 0

Saudi Arabia 411 539 763 -9 5 49 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 575 100 1,090 528 124 208 12 3 Russian Federation 575 100 1,090 528 124 208 12 23 1 2



Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 2nd in the Russian market, accounting for 21% of the country’s total imports after Chile and expanded its market share in Russia 1998 - 2002, by 124% on average per year. This is greater than Russia’s increase in imports of dried prunes of 2% on average per year during this period. Tajikistan’s unit value for dried prunes in Russia, of US$ 528 per ton, is higher than Latvia’s (US$ 441) and lower than the Ukraine’s (US$ 532). Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 23rd in world imports of dried prunes. The world’s largest importers are Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and Mexico. The fastest growing markets are China, Algeria, Thailand and France. The best prices per average unit 2002 were paid in Egypt and Thailand. Table 15. The world’s main importers of dried prunes (HS081320) in 2002


Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 260,733 0 3 6 2 100Japan 35,627 16,244 2,193 -6 -7 1 13Germany 33,027 14,955 2,208 1 0 3 12

United Kingdom 20,456 10,910 1,875 14 11 18 7Italy 19,373 9,143 2,119 -4 -1 -4 7Mexico 12,051 20,662 583 7 27 -27 4Belgium 10,266 4,587 2,238 37 29 9 3Canada 9,859 5,065 1,946 2 3 4 3Brazil 9,801 10,538 930 -11 -5 -22 3Spain 9,595 7,899 1,215 4 3 -24 3Algeria 7,423 3,979 1,866 94 81 110 2Hong Kong (SARC) 7,019 5,552 1,264 30 44 55 2Poland 4,253 2,881 1,476 9 9 -1 1Sweden 4,240 1,771 2,394 5 1 -5 1Netherlands 4,174 2,431 1,717 -20 -17 48 1France 4,140 3,038 1,363 74 83 9 1Israel 3,963 0 4 5 1Australia 3,751 2,234 1,679 15 22 52 1Denmark 3,724 1,765 2,110 5 0 -4 1Finland 3,699 1,927 1,920 -1 -4 7 1Pakistan 3,478 1,806 1,926 21 26 36 1Greece 3,450 1,491 2,314 14 7 45 1Norway 2,999 1,185 2,531 -1 -2 -9 1Russian Federation 2,794 5,861 477 2 14 -25 1Austria 2,776 1,284 2,162 1 -8 6 1China 2,573 3,834 671 161 149 47 0Switzerland 2,485 901 2,758 4 3 -16 0

New Zealand 2,275 797 2,854 3 2 -4 0Tunisia 1,824 1,301 1,402 106 0Taiwan, Province of (China) 1,715 1,085 1,581 -9 -11 -36 0United States of America 1,670 1,001 1,668 16 27 127 0

Czech Republic 1,648 1,250 1,318 18 16 35 0Thailand 1,514 498 3,040 78 67 56 0Egypt 1,341 412 3,255 -3 -14 88 0Colombia 1,265 911 1,389 -1 0 -3 0Venezuela 1,163 950 1,224 5 3 -54 0Morocco 1,105 1,927 573 0Singapore 1,095 445 2,461 -19 -18 -1 0Lithuania 1,091 732 1,490 15 13 23 0Peru 968 1,109 873 1 2 -29 0



Dried Apples (HS081330) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 29th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of dried apples reached 178 tons in 2002, worth US$ 42,000. The export of apples increased by 27% on average per year in value and by 68% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased by 1% on average per year. In 2002, Tajikistan exported dried apples only to the Russian Federation (see table 16). Table 16. Tajikistan’s exports of dried apples (HS081330) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 2nd in the Russian market, accounting for 22% of the country’s total imports after the United States. Tajikistan expanded its market share in Russia, after Uzbekistan, by 27% on average per year between 1998-2002. Russia’s imports for dried apples declined by 11% on average per year during this time. Tajikistan’s unit value for dried apples in Russia of, US$ 236 per ton, is higher than Uzbekistan’s (US$ 164) and lower than China’s (US$ 365). Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 26th in world imports of dried apples. The world’s largest importers are Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. The fastest growing importers are Malta, Latvia and Poland. The average unit value of imported dried apples is in Japan (see table 17). Table 17. The world’s main importers of dried apples (HS081330) in 2002

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 55,517 22,966 2,417 1 5 11 100Germany 12,850 6,408 2,005 -6 1 15 23

United States of America 10,260 3,652 2,809 12 18 6 18United Kingdom 6,893 2,131 3,235 -4 8 6 12Canada 6,755 1,895 3,565 33 28 17 12Netherlands 2,353 1,087 2,165 -8 0 -15 4France 2,225 626 3,554 -3 -1 44 4Switzerland 1,842 433 4,254 -3 1 -7 3Austria 1,666 360 4,628 -3 -13 2 3Mexico 1,012 953 1,062 22 19 33 1Australia 978 475 2,059 5 21 80 1Sweden 898 212 4,236 3 12 64 1Belgium 875 262 3,340 -8 -8 28 1Poland 530 369 1,436 40 68 27 0Spain 525 326 1,610 -16 -20 51 0Italy 496 132 3,758 12 19 98 0Ireland 479 457 1,048 -9 0 -14 0Finland 434 91 4,769 5 9 25 0Norway 378 108 3,500 2 9 5 0

New Zealand 367 202 1,817 1 8 -33 0Denmark 358 149 2,403 -17 -6 -30 0Israel 327 0 4 -21 0Japan 295 46 6,413 -12 -17 1035 0

Saudi Arabia 216 333 649 -6 -16 248 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 42 100 178 236 27 68 75 1 Russian Federation 42 100 178 236 27 68 75 26 0 -11



Source: ITC TradeMap Dried fruits (HS081340) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 42nd in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of dried fruits reached 388 tons in 2002, worth US$ 194,000. Exports of dried fruits increased by 5% on average per year in value and by 30% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased by 14% on average per year during this same period. In 2002, Tajikistan exported dried fruits only to the Russian Federation (see table 18). Table 18. Tajikistan’s exports of dried fruits (HS081340) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan is ranks 2nd in the Russian market, accounting for 18% of the country’s total imports after China. Tajikistan has gaining market share in Russia, after Uzbekistan, at 5% on average per year, between 1998-2002. Russia’s imports declined by 4% on average per year during this period. Tajikistan’s unit value for dried fruits in Russia of, US$ 499 per ton, is higher than the Syrian Arab Republic’s (US$ 490) and lower than Moldova’s (US$ 560). Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 25th in world imports of dried fruits. The world’s largest importers are the United States, China, Germany and Japan. With the exception of Germany, which is declining by 2% on average per year all growing import markets, with the highest average unit value achieved in the United States.

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%Greece 202 121 1,669 7 16 51 0Malta 198 397 499 117 164 288 0Russian Federation 188 514 366 -11 20 -42 0

Czech Republic 164 101 1,624 13 34 1 0Slovakia 161 100 1,610 46 50 73 0Colombia 155 37 4,189 22 75 216 0Venezuela 134 89 1,506 -14 -2 -64 0Guatemala 119 42 2,833 37 69 441 0Slovenia 91 24 3,792 13 21 -7 0Brazil 85 22 3,864 -33 -28 -27 0Latvia 79 20 3,950 105 90 -67 0Philippines 72 19 3,789 -61 0Chile 70 0 63 17 0Turkey 69 105 657 263 0El Salvador 68 22 3,091 53 1 3300 0Singapore 57 12 4,750 -9 -17 -16 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 194 100 388 500 5 30 15 14

Russian Federation 193 99 387 499 5 30 25 25 0 -4



Table 19. The world’s main importers of dried fruits (HS081340) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Mixed edible nuts or dried fruits (HS081350) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 5th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of mixed edible nuts or dried fruits reached 36,100 tons in 2002, worth US$ 7.2 million. Exports of these products expanded by 7% on average per year in value and by 57% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased, by 6% on average per year during this time. In 2002, Tajikistan exported mixed edible nuts or dried fruits to the Russian Federation and Belarus (see table 20). This market has been dynamic in Belarus, with imports increasing by 23% on average per year between 1998-2002.

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 182,065 0 14 25 12 100

United States of America 39,733 7,058 5,629 61 19 57 21China 26,269 61,328 428 68 102 16 14Germany 22,834 15,487 1,474 -2 10 10 12Japan 17,952 6,541 2,745 11 -3 3 9Canada 11,028 2,433 4,533 1 0 11 6

United Kingdom 9,203 2,484 3,705 12 8 -11 5Hong Kong (SARC) 4,645 4,752 977 -2 45 -1 2Malaysia 4,418 15,045 294 4 0 8 2France 3,527 1,053 3,349 16 15 -43 1Australia 3,147 1,285 2,449 -3 2 48 1Mexico 2,862 3,443 831 51 91 30 1Korea, Rep. of Korea 2,854 2,735 1,044 90 83 -31 1Singapore 2,453 1,399 1,753 -7 2 -12 1Netherlands 2,295 1,247 1,840 -1 11 -25 1Sweden 2,145 711 3,017 -14 -8 -1 1Italy 1,816 1,546 1,175 20 43 1 0Austria 1,395 364 3,832 -19 -22 24 0

Taiwan, Province of (China) 1,388 2,081 667 -15 11 -5 0

Saudi Arabia 1,344 2,641 509 4 13 12 0Pakistan 1,303 7,623 171 32 26 41 0Switzerland 1,301 402 3,236 -3 5 2 0Thailand 1,194 911 1,311 36 33 139 0Ireland 1,161 1,121 1,036 107 155 22 0

New Zealand 1,081 461 2,345 8 9 17 0

Russian Federation 1,053 2,057 512 -4 18 0 0Iran (Islamic Republic of) 904 2,554 354 52 64 46 0Denmark 876 174 5,034 -8 -6 0 0

Czech Republic 853 299 2,853 9 8 19 0United Arab Emirates 624 2,133 293 -14 2 -26 0Spain 576 186 3,097 10 -6 24 0Belgium 554 258 2,147 -13 -7 -51 0Poland 537 272 1,974 7 14 27 0Portugal 470 369 1,274 5 -1 1 0Hungary 440 92 4,783 3 1 15 0Egypt 426 992 429 7 10 63 0Croatia 414 176 2,352 41 60 -34 0Finland 377 88 4,284 3 6 107 0Chile 374 0 14 231 0Slovenia 369 144 2,563 15 42 151 0



Table 20. Tajikistan’s exports of mixed edible nuts or dried fruits (HS081350) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 1st in the Russian market, accounting for 80% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan gained market share in Russia, after Uzbekistan, at 7% on average per year between 1998 and 2002. Russia’s imports declined by 11% on average per year during this time. Tajikistan’s unit value for mixed edible nuts or dried fruits in Russia, of US$ 203 per ton, is higher than Azerbaijan’s (US$ 132) and lower than Uzbekistan’s (US$ 277). Tajikistan ranks 3rd in the Belarusian market, accounting for 15% of the country’s total imports, after Uzbekistan and Lithuania. Tajikistan gained market share in Belarus, after Uzbekistan, at 17% on average per year between 1998-2002. Belarusian imports increased by 23% on average per year during this same period. Tajikistan’s unit value for mixed edible nuts or dried fruits in Belarus, of US$ 110 per ton, is the lowest amongst the all suppliers to Belarus. Potential new markets The Russian Federation and Belarus rank 2nd and 30th respectively in world imports of mixed edible nuts or dried fruits. The world’s importers are the United Kingdom, Russia, France, Canada and Germany. With the exception of Russia, which is declining by 11% on average per year all are growing import markets. The United Kingdom, together with the Dominican Republic and Romania also belong to the fastest growing markets, and has one of the highest unit values, together with Brazil and the United Arab Emirates. Table 21. The world’s main importers of mixed edible nuts or dried fruits (HS081350) in 2002

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 7,297 100 36,100 202 7 57 20 6

Russian Federation 7,262 100 35,782 203 7 57 20 2 12 -11

Belarus 35 0 318 110 17 80 -5 30 0 23

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%

Annual growth in quantity between

98-02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 72,003 0 6 30 17 100United Kingdom 25,195 2,950 8,541 49 29 21 34Russian Federation 9,066 41,321 219 -11 29 -12 12France 5,084 4,206 1,209 28 53 57 7Canada 4,192 1,112 3,770 10 8 70 5Germany 3,611 1,272 2,839 6 11 44 5Belgium 2,285 503 4,543 27 25 25 3Finland 2,071 682 3,037 -1 3 13 2Netherlands 1,541 756 2,038 -14 -2 19 2Austria 1,494 432 3,458 -17 -19 29 2Mexico 1,481 2,041 726 30 69 11 2Spain 1,262 578 2,183 2 12 8 1Sweden 1,196 460 2,600 -12 -6 0 1Italy 1,113 276 4,033 13 5 21 1Republic 753 235 3,204 96 89 23 1Romania 736 164 4,488 41 38 58 1United States of America 734 210 3,495 15 8 27 1



Source: ITC TradeMap Vegetable, fruits and nuts (HS200190) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 92nd in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of vegetable, fruit and nuts reached 59 tons in 2002, worth US$ 10,000. Exports of these product decreased by 31% on average per year in value and by 3% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports increased, by 10% on average per year. In 2002, Tajikistan exported vegetables, fruits and nuts only to the Russian Federation (see table 22). This market declined, with imports decreasing by 5% on average per year (compared to 10% growth for the world market) during this period. Table 22. Tajikistan’s exports of vegetables, fruits and nuts (HS200190) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 22nd in the Russian market for these products and lost market share in Russia at 31% on average per year between 1998 and 2002. This is faster than Russia’s decline in imports of vegetables, fruits and nuts of 5% on average per year during this period. Tajikistan’s unit value for vegetables, fruits and nuts in Russia, of US$ 169 per ton, is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the Russian Federation.

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 10 100 59 169 -31 -3 -77 10

Russian Federation 10 100 59 169 -31 -3 -77 14 1 -5

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


98-02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%Switzerland 711 120 5,925 2 6 -12 0Singapore 570 131 4,351 15 7 -1 0Panama 510 247 2,065 -4 0 37 0Norway 495 191 2,592 9 20 -27 0Ireland 492 239 2,059 12 13 3 0Tunisia 418 108 3,870 0Hungary 417 85 4,906 14 13 53 0Australia 413 173 2,387 23 20 34 0Brazil 395 29 13,621 11 -20 30 0Slovakia 388 126 3,079 -30 -24 4 0Denmark 386 149 2,591 -19 -25 33 0Luxembourg 319 70 4,557 39 44 18 0Japan 285 57 5,000 -15 -21 -60 0Belarus 233 750 311 23 51 83 0Slovenia 233 57 4,088 10 8 28 0

Czech Republic 230 52 4,423 -54 -52 10 0

Netherland Antilles 226 104 2,173 -3 -6 48 0Latvia 219 94 2,330 16 35 34 0Portugal 204 178 1,146 -2 36 106 0United Arab Emirates 177 29 6,103 19 44 103 0Zimbabwe 143 0 1 0Croatia 136 28 4,857 8 5 86 0Greece 131 32 4,094 -20 -12 4267 0



Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 14th in world imports of vegetable, fruits and nuts. The world’s largest importers are the United States, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. All are large and growing import markets. The United Kingdom, together with Israel, Mexico, Ireland and Korea also belong to the fastest growing markets. Table 23. The world’s main importers of vegetables, fruits and nuts (HS200190) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Tomatoes prepared otherwise than by vinegar (HS200210) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 70th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of tomatoes prepared reached 54 tons in 2002, worth US$ 11,000. Exports declined by 34% on average per year in value and by 17% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports decreased, by 7% on average per year. In 2002, Tajikistan exported tomatoes prepared only to the Russian Federation (see table 24). This market declined, with imports decreasing by 9% on average per year between 1998-2002.

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 589,617 0 10 12 13 100United States of America 180,045 170,293 1,057 12 10 10 30Germany 83,158 92,533 899 11 14 27 14Japan 32,806 27,015 1,214 14 14 11 5United Kingdom 29,216 25,015 1,168 18 25 6 4Canada 24,996 25,989 962 12 11 55 4Saudi Arabia 21,142 25,877 817 9 14 5 3France 20,839 13,906 1,499 4 1 25 3Italy 17,872 15,486 1,154 11 14 -16 3Netherlands 16,961 16,663 1,018 11 13 27 2Belgium 15,715 17,586 894 7 14 10 2Switzerland 12,323 5,618 2,193 -1 6 16 2Austria 11,027 8,832 1,249 10 14 4 1Sweden 9,401 7,052 1,333 5 5 19 1Russian Federation 8,114 23,736 342 -5 2 3 1Denmark 7,981 9,187 869 3 12 11 1Spain 7,657 8,001 957 9 19 4 1Australia 7,589 4,201 1,806 7 11 28 1Korea, Rep. of Korea 5,769 8,971 643 28 25 8 0Ireland 5,311 3,667 1,448 21 23 13 0Hong Kong (SARC) 4,905 2,697 1,819 0 -5 -20 0Singapore 3,612 2,445 1,477 -3 -1 4 0Poland 3,373 4,814 701 -6 -1 -9 0Portugal 3,231 2,291 1,410 5 8 26 0Czech Republic 3,204 5,112 627 7 9 53 0Norway 3,054 1,337 2,284 -9 -11 -27 0Israel 2,933 0 35 125 0Mexico 2,370 21,870 108 29 139 40 0United Arab Emirates 2,343 2,318 1,011 -1 2 -7 0Finland 2,229 1,570 1,420 12 10 51 0Bermuda 1,943 1,970 986 0 3 513 0Greece 1,929 1,541 1,252 1 5 9 0New Zealand 1,878 1,223 1,536 7 4 64 0Slovakia 1,856 2,689 690 -1 1 12 0Croatia 1,741 1,845 944 7 15 82 0Costa Rica 1,687 1,082 1,559 4 6 17 0Kuwait 1,634 1,194 1,369 -1 2 103 0Brazil 1,605 1,236 1,299 0 6 7 0Slovenia 1,429 1,334 1,071 23 20 57 0Qatar 1,223 1,467 834 10 0



Table 24. Tajikistan’s exports of tomatoes prepared otherwise than by vinegar (HS200210) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 15th in the Russian market, and lost market share in Russia by 34% on average per year. Tajikistan’s unit value for tomatoes prepared in Russia, of US$ 204 per ton, is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the Russian Federation. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 18th in world imports of tomatoes prepared. The world’s largest importers are the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, Belgium and Canada. These are large but declining import markets, except Germany, which is growing by 1% on average per year. Much smaller but strongly growing importers are Saudi Arabia, Korea, Cameroon, Taiwan and Angola. Table 25. The world’s main importers of tomatoes prepared otherwise than by vinegar (HS200210) in 2002

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 477,851 0 -7 3 10 100United Kingdom 118,502 275,764 430 -13 4 6 24Germany 76,661 177,607 432 1 9 -2 16Japan 48,087 76,814 626 -4 1 15 10France 46,421 99,248 468 -3 3 8 9Belgium 23,724 50,490 470 -2 3 10 4Canada 21,973 43,899 501 -5 -2 1 4Australia 14,294 23,883 599 -3 1 15 2Denmark 12,889 24,936 517 5 12 35 2Netherlands 10,669 25,712 415 1 10 40 2Switzerland 8,822 13,421 657 -4 -1 12 1Sweden 8,771 17,575 499 -9 -2 20 1United States of America 8,665 15,020 577 -37 -35 41 1Ireland 6,840 12,901 530 0 8 29 1Greece 6,307 11,741 537 5 11 58 1Austria 4,598 9,940 463 1 11 26 0New Zealand 4,022 6,837 588 1 5 29 0Portugal 3,775 8,326 453 6 9 27 0Russian Federation 3,047 9,430 323 -9 -5 -18 0Italy 3,002 5,205 577 6 7 152 0Latvia 2,637 4,497 586 -15 -6 -2 0Saudi Arabia 2,478 6,054 409 27 52 -19 0Norway 2,393 4,414 542 -3 3 25 0Venezuela 2,221 6,593 337 -20 12 8 0Luxembourg 2,151 2,547 845 1 -17 7 0Korea, Rep. of Korea 1,937 3,736 518 31 39 75 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 11 100 54 204 -34 -17 -35 -7 Russian Federation 11 100 54 204 -34 -17 -35 18 0 -9



Source: ITC TradeMap Tomatoes prepared otherwise than by vinegar excluding whole or in pieces (HS200290) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 70th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of tomatoes prepared reached 6,795 tons in 2002, worth US$ 1.8 million. Exports of this product increased by 8% on average per year in value and by 38% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports declined, by 2% on average per year during this period. In 2002, Tajikistan exported tomatoes prepared to the Russian Federation (see table 26). This market has been dynamic 1998- 2002, with imports increasing by 3% on average per year. Table 26. Tajikistan exports of tomatoes prepared otherwise than by vinegar excluding whole or in pieces (HS200290) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 6th in the Russian market, accounting for 6% of the country’s total imports after China, Uzbekistan, Italy, Turkey and Iran. Amongst these countries Tajikistan has been expanding its market share in Russia, after Italy by 8% on average per year 1998-2002. This is faster than Russia’s imports increase (3% on average per year between 1998-2002). Tajikistan’s unit value for tomatoes prepared in Russia, of US$ 279 per ton, is higher than Iran’s (US$ 274) and lower than Romania’s (US$ 313). Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 8th in world imports of tomatoes prepared. The world’s largest importers are Germany, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Canada and Russia. These are large but declining import markets except in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and in Russia, where imports are growing by 10% and 3% respectively on average per year between 1998-2002. Other growing markets are Nigeria, Spain and Mexico.

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%Finland 1,931 2,605 741 5 7 24 0Mexico 1,568 15,050 104 18 95 20 0Cameroon 1,535 4,038 380 96 168 7575 0South Africa 1,434 4,021 357 10 0Brazil 1,386 2,937 472 -25 -19 -7 0Poland 1,313 2,407 545 0 -3 13 0Croatia 1,293 2,595 498 4 16 38 0Taiwan, Province of (China) 1,103 1,885 585 50 48 153 0Gabon 968 1,625 596 -6 -2 10 0Romania 940 2,769 339 7 -1 115 0Mauritius 892 1,640 544 8 23 30 0Angola 892 1,493 597 62 81 1 0Slovenia 881 1,743 505 2 7 27 0United Arab Emirates 785 1,437 546 7 11 18 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 1,896 100 6,795 279 8 38 -20 -2 Russian Federation 1,896 100 6,795 279 8 38 -20 8 2 3



Table 27. The world’s main importers of tomatoes prepared otherwise than by vinegar excluding whole or in pieces (HS200290) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Mushrooms prepared otherwise than by vinegar (HS200310) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 65th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of mushrooms reached 17 tons in 2002, worth US$ 13,000. World imports decreased by 2% on average per year between 1998-2002. In 2002, Tajikistan exported mushrooms only to Germany (see table 28). Table 28. Tajikistan exports of mushroom prepared otherwise than by vinegar (HS200310) to the world in 2002


Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 13 100 17 765 -2

Germany 13 100 17 765 1 24 -5

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

W orld estimation 1,148,081 0 -2 7 15 100Germany 126,041 201,994 624 -1 8 12 10Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 93,596 94,046 995 10 12 102 8Italy 83,216 159,253 523 0 12 87 7United Kingdom 75,564 101,114 747 -11 -5 -4 6Japan 74,943 92,720 808 -2 2 -13 6France 47,484 77,612 612 -6 3 11 4Canada 35,118 50,660 693 -2 0 -2 3Russian Federation 32,850 100,625 326 3 17 -1 2Nigeria 25,806 27,541 937 43 59 21 2Netherlands 25,792 41,000 629 -9 4 18 2Switzerland 22,306 29,811 748 -3 5 18 1Benin 21,717 24,933 871 2 10 18 1Belgium 21,634 34,367 629 -5 4 4 1Ghana 19,450 22,088 881 0 8 69 1Korea, Rep. of Korea 16,730 25,690 651 1 8 0 1Poland 16,636 21,530 773 2 11 5 1Mexico 15,724 53,893 292 30 66 15 1United States of America 15,379 21,937 701 -29 -21 10 1Sweden 15,102 24,027 629 -4 4 23 1Argentina 13,907 26,935 516 -4 7 -36 1Yemen 12,287 19,157 641 1 11 44 1United Arab Em irates 11,648 20,128 579 0 12 4 1Spain 11,395 17,717 643 -1 6 24 0Angola 10,828 11,893 910 21 31 16 0Philippines 10,045 20,194 497 7 0Venezuela 9,135 15,181 602 2 16 -15 0Hungary 9,000 14,345 627 5 16 48 0Austria 8,722 13,323 655 -4 3 25 0Brazil 8,408 15,124 556 -27 -16 -2 0Saudi Arabia 7,370 11,891 620 7 27 16 0Norway 7,170 10,236 700 -2 3 15 0Côte d'Ivoire 6,696 8,814 760 -16 -6 -18 0Congo 6,619 6,343 1,044 5 13 -6 0Ukraine 6,603 1,262 5,232 12 0Czech Republic 6,548 10,076 650 9 20 24 0Denmark 6,343 9,398 675 -1 6 11 0Finland 6,264 10,444 600 -9 -1 11 0Kuwait 6,092 7,974 764 -5 -1 54 0Australia 5,949 10,315 577 10 24 -16 0



Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 18th in the German market. Tajikistan’s unit value for mushrooms in Germany, of US$ 765 per ton, is much higher than Turkey’s (US$ 281) and slightly lower than Denmark’s (US$ 769), also supplying the German market. Potential new markets Germany ranks 1st in world imports of mushrooms. The world’s largest importers are the United States, Japan and France, where the market is strongly growing and the highest unit value is paid. The fastest growing markets are Algeria, Estonia, Malaysia and the Russian Federation. Table 29. The world’s main importers of mushrooms prepared otherwise than by vinegar (HS200310) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Apricots, prepared (HS200850) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 30th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of apricots reached 436 tons in 2002, worth US$ 100,000. Exports increased by 9% on average per year in value and by 41% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports declined, by 4% on average per year. In 2002, Tajikistan exported apricots only to the Russian Federation (see table 30).

Im porters

Value im ported in 2002 in US$

thousandQ ty im ported in 2002 (tons)

U nit va lue (U S$ per

un it)

Annual growth in va lue between 98-

02,%


02,%

Annual grow th in va lue betw een 01-

02,%

Share in w orld

im ports%

W orld estim ation 612,115 0 -2 5 6 100G erm any 149,559 137,987 1,084 -5 3 7 24United S tates of Am erica 107,981 57,875 1,866 0 1 -11 17Japan 62,252 32,308 1,927 4 5 7 10France 50,188 36,377 1,380 3 4 -4 8United K ingdom 15,996 15,798 1,013 0 3 24 2Ita ly 15,663 14,097 1,111 -8 -2 13 2Belg ium 15,424 11,469 1,345 -5 -1 -3 2Canada 14,323 16,805 852 16 24 14 2Sweden 12,809 11,323 1,131 -8 -3 18 2Netherlands 12,549 7,896 1,589 -17 -16 -6 2Portugal 11,063 8,197 1,350 5 10 14 1Sw itzerland 10,060 5,518 1,823 -1 1 3 1Israel 9,708 0 -2 47 1Russian Federation 9,657 27,877 346 35 39 91 1G reece 9,584 6,269 1,529 -7 -9 131 1S ingapore 7,630 7,957 959 1 3 37 1Korea, Rep. of Korea 7,432 11,238 661 25 36 93 1Denm ark 7,187 5,664 1,269 -20 -16 19 1Hong Kong (S ARC) 6,269 8,530 735 -1 7 19 1Australia 4,831 5,235 923 -4 0 10 0Estonia 4,538 9,019 503 95 150 623 0M alaysia 4,109 8,819 466 76 71 23 0F in land 3,928 3,174 1,238 -3 0 -5 0M exico 3,233 8,427 384 16 43 -19 0Austria 3,032 2,397 1,265 -8 -2 -22 0Czech Republic 3,021 3,972 761 -4 4 -8 0United A rab Em irates 2,994 3,030 988 3 6 6 0Lebanon 2,823 3,369 838 1 10 -9 0Norway 2,613 2,851 917 -12 -10 -15 0Rom ania 2,484 7,700 323 10 8 16 0Saudi A rabia 2,326 1,828 1,272 4 27 20 0Spain 2,245 1,254 1,790 10 6 236 0S lovakia 2,181 2,578 846 2 6 -4 0Philippines 2,124 7,291 291 31 0Croatia 1,663 1,360 1,223 4 10 4 0Taiwan, P rovince of (C hina) 1,534 1,280 1,198 7 7 68 0Costa R ica 1,485 1,497 992 11 18 -7 0A lgeria 1,301 1,155 1,126 98 114 47 0S lovenia 1,294 1,139 1,136 14 16 3 0



Table 30. Tajikistan exports of apricots, prepared (HS200850) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 6th in the Russian market, accounting for 6% of the country’s total imports after Uzbekistan, Greece, Bulgaria, the Ukraine and Germany. Amongst these countries Tajikistan has been expanding its market share in Russia since 1998, after Greece 9%, on average per year between 1998-2002. Tajikistan’s unit value, of US$ 229 per ton, for apricots in Russia is the lowest amongst all its suppliers. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 15th in world imports of apricots. The world’s largest importers are France, Germany, Belgium and the United Kingdom. With the exception of Belgium, which is growing by 6% on average per year, all are large but declining import markets. In Korea, where the highest average unit value is paid, the market is growing strongly. Other fast growing markets are Bulgaria, Ireland, Slovakia and Greece. Table 31. The world’s main importers of apricots, prepared (HS200850) in 2002


Im porters

Value im ported in 2002 in US$

thousandQty im ported in 2002 (tons)

U nit va lue (U S$ per

unit)

Annual grow th in value between 98-

02,%

Annual grow th in quantity between 98-

02,%

Annual grow th in va lue betw een 01-

02,%

Share in world

im ports%

W orld estim ation 128,566 0 -4 2 -2 100France 33,451 34,985 956 -4 1 3 26G erm any 30,068 43,289 695 -7 0 -5 23Belgium 10,084 11,728 860 6 8 0 7United K ingdom 7,213 7,045 1,024 -7 0 -14 5Netherlands 6,728 8,327 808 -13 -6 -15 5Austria 5,862 7,373 795 8 11 11 4Ita ly 4,227 6,006 704 -10 3 -37 3Japan 2,851 2,266 1,258 -10 -9 -20 2Czech Republic 2,031 2,134 952 13 14 70 1Sw itzerland 2,023 1,882 1,075 -10 -2 8 1Hungary 1,668 1,675 996 0 -2 46 1New Zealand 1,636 1,517 1,078 -5 -2 -5 1Austra lia 1,574 0 12 54 1Croatia 1,534 1,331 1,153 8 11 14 1Russian Federation 1,362 3,685 370 -6 3 -11 1Canada 1,271 1,402 907 -5 0 -1 0Sweden 1,079 1,166 925 -2 7 9 0Poland 1,073 1,086 988 -9 1 1 0Israel 1,012 0 5 19 0G reece 996 1,180 844 27 44 -34 0United S tates of Am erica 988 821 1,203 12 32 8 0S lovenia 875 1,334 656 1 9 -33 0Denm ark 826 716 1,154 13 28 -16 0Ire land 711 705 1,009 55 75 58 0F in land 709 682 1,040 -9 0 4 0A lgeria 707 426 1,660 13 19 32 0Rom ania 700 546 1,282 6 5 127 0Luxem bourg 612 517 1,184 11 22 102 0Norway 479 452 1,060 -4 1 -6 0M exico 443 1,574 281 14 46 27 0S lovakia 279 315 886 51 58 143 0Bulgaria 267 373 716 129 340 5240 0Lithuania 228 165 1,382 26 31 -7 0Spain 227 231 983 -8 -1 21 0Korea, Rep. of Korea 187 99 1,889 27 22 -29 0Estonia 184 335 549 11 30 133 0A lbania 179 325 551 42 0Portugal 165 162 1,019 -15 -19 -12 0Saudi A rabia 149 172 866 -21 -25 153 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 100 100 436 229 9 41 -49 -4 Russian Federation 100 100 436 229 9 41 -49 15 1 -6



Tomato juice (HS200950) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 12th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of tomato juice reached 3,716 tons in 2002, worth US$ 821,000. Exports declined by 3% on average per year in value but increased by 18% on average per year in quantity between 1998 and 2002. World imports decreased, by 8% on average per year during this period. In 2002, Tajikistan exported tomato juice only to the Russian Federation (see table 32). This market has been a declining one since 1998, with imports decreasing by 33% on average per year Table 32. Tajikistan exports of tomato juice (HS200950) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 1st in the Russian market, accounting for 21% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan has been loosing its market share in Russia since 1998, at 3% on average per year, whereas Russia’s imports declined by 33% on average per year. Tajikistan’s unit value, of US$ 221 per ton, for tomato juice is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to Russia. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 4th in world imports of tomato juice. The world’s largest importers are the United States, Belarus, Spain, Russia, Germany and the United Kingdom. The first three countries have fast growing markets, whereas Russia, Germany and the United Kingdom the markets are declining. Small importers, India, Taiwan, Albania and Latvia have the fastest growing markets. Table 33. The world’s main importers of tomato juice (HS200950) in 2002

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 821 100 3,716 221 -3 18 23 -8 Russian Federation 821 100 3,716 221 -3 18 23 4 8 -33

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%

World estimation 45,797 0 -8 -3 9 100United States of America 6,479 19,154 338 12 23 -14 14Belarus 4,427 8,067 549 17 22 118 9Spain 4,085 5,577 732 56 41 58 8Russian Federation 3,858 10,793 357 -33 -29 -20 8Germany 3,150 9,978 316 -6 1 -20 6United Kingdom 2,099 3,696 568 -2 -1 67 4France 1,862 5,391 345 -5 -2 -13 4Netherlands 1,807 3,526 512 3 18 88 3Moldova, Rep.of 1,646 3,718 443 14864 3Lithuania 1,176 3,211 366 -7 -1 9 2Japan 1,117 1,130 988 -16 -12 -21 2Estonia 811 2,212 367 3 12 -11 1Albania 802 2,008 399 27 40 71 1Ukraine 735 200 3,675 60 1Belgium 686 1,530 448 -13 -10 -20 1Singapore 667 793 841 0 5 39 1Hong Kong (SARC) 651 917 710 -4 -3 19 1Denmark 549 604 909 -1 -1 60 1Sweden 487 773 630 -1 9 23 1Costa Rica 443 492 900 0 1 1 0



Source: ITC TradeMap Grape juice (HS200960) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 40th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports grape juice reached 444 tons in 2002, worth US$ 97,000. Grape juice exports declined by 17% on average per year in value but increased by 2% on average per year in quantity. World imports decreased, by 5% on average per year between 1998-2002. In 2002, Tajikistan exported grape juice only to the Russian Federation (see table 34). Table 34. Tajikistan grape juice (HS200960) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 10th in the Russian market, accounting for 1% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan has been loosing its market share in Russia since 1998, at 17% on average per year, Russia’s imports trend was increased by 17% on average per year between 1998-2002. Tajikistan’s unit value for grape juice in Russia, of US$ 218 per ton, is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the Russian Federation. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 4th in world imports of grape juice. The world’s largest importers are the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, and France.

Importers



Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


02,%


02,%

Share in world

imports%Guatemala 430 825 521 16 22 -28 0Saudi Arabia 425 1,052 404 6 29 146 0Greece 405 992 408 -28 -12 -36 0Switzerland 399 1,017 392 -4 5 -14 0Kazakhstan 350 726 482 33 38 39 0Poland 329 966 341 20 0Ireland 306 391 783 -19 -26 105 0India 279 264 1,057 38 19 35 0Austria 257 521 493 5 1 33 0Taiwan, Province of (China) 236 0 33 41 181 0Ghana 228 380 600 0Latvia 227 620 366 26 31 43 0Italy 219 310 706 -2 -1 77 0Korea, Rep. of Korea 217 316 687 1 2 11 0Czech Republic 215 533 403 -32 -32 34 0Croatia 208 447 465 10 25 241 0El Salvador 197 244 807 -3 1 -12 0Slovakia 178 545 327 -12 -3 13 0Romania 164 302 543 -8 -11 273 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 97 100 444 218 -17 2 288 -5 Russian Federation 97 100 444 218 -17 2 288 10 1 17



Table 35. The world’s main importers of grape juice (HS200960) in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Apple juice (HS200970) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 50th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports of apple juice reached 1,894 tons in 2002, worth US$ 418,000. Exports of this product have been increased by 24% on average per year in value and by 45% on average per year in quantity, while world imports increased, by 1% on average per year. In 2002, Tajikistan exported apple juice only to the Russian Federation (see table 36). Table 36. Tajikistan exports of apple juice (HS200970) to the world in 2002


Importers


thousand

Quantity imported in

2002Quantity

unit

Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


98-02,%


02,%Share in world

imports%

World estimation 365,060 0 No quantity -5 4 8 100United States of America 62,183 215,202 Cubic meters 289 -4 18 17Canada 45,720 45,778 Tons 999 -5 0 -2 12Japan 44,227 28,292 Tons 1,563 -6 3 -10 12Germany 38,712 113,348 Tons 342 -5 2 -9 10France 25,435 46,808 Tons 543 -9 -7 21 6Italy 23,599 91,014 Tons 259 45 51 203 6Korea, Rep. of Korea 16,836 13,298 Tons 1,266 -3 6 29 4Netherlands 10,970 16,923 Tons 648 -2 9 34 3United Kingdom 9,888 15,386 Tons 643 -9 4 -20 2Russian Federation 6,719 10,813 Tons 621 17 28 13 1China 4,788 4,035 Tons 1,187 23 8 418 1Belgium 3,695 10,738 Tons 344 -3 12 -2 1

Taiwan, Province of (China) 3,473 0 No quantity -18 -8 -9 0Poland 2,992 3,004 Tons 996 -3 5 20 0Switzerland 2,946 7,805 Tons 377 -10 -5 3 0Greece 2,834 2,416 Tons 1,173 129 132 168 0Slovakia 2,829 11,427 Tons 248 17 27 -42 0Austria 2,819 4,627 Tons 609 -13 -3 10 0Sweden 2,753 3,134 Tons 878 -17 -1 -5 0Chile 2,589 0 No quantity 24 347 0Denmark 2,586 2,812 Tons 920 -4 14 25 0Norway 2,478 2,278 Tons 1,088 -16 -1 -6 0Portugal 2,201 2,198 Tons 1,001 -6 2 14 0Angola 1,948 2,728 Tons 714 254 246 806 0Finland 1,869 2,089 Tons 895 -12 0 -7 0

Australia 1,845 1,985 Cubic meters 929 -7 -12 0Nigeria 1,694 1,792 Tons 945 -11 -7 -77 0Spain 1,671 1,578 Tons 1,059 -33 -53 94 0Cameroon 1,642 1,967 Tons 835 -8 9 9 0Hong Kong (SARC) 1,530 1,627 Tons 940 -7 1 36 0Costa Rica 1,529 1,429 Tons 1,070 17 21 51 0Malta 1,423 2,325 Tons 612 28 33 40 0Saudi Arabia 1,355 1,420 Tons 954 -14 8 9 0Thailand 1,340 0 No quantity 2 13 13 0Mexico 1,246 22,146 Tons 56 34 216 -2 0

New Zealand 1,241 846 Cubic meters 1,467 -6 2 0Ireland 1,157 1,415 Tons 818 64 66 191 0Czech Republic 1,069 1,329 Tons 804 -43 -56 79 0Jamaica 1,048 887 Tons 1,182 0

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 418 100 1,894 221 24 45 6 1 Russian Federation 418 100 1,894 221 24 45 6 12 1 -1



Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 8th in the Russian market, accounting for 2% of the country’s total imports, increasing its market share in Russia between 1998-2002, after the Ukraine, at 24% on average per year, while Russia’s import trend was declining by 1% on average per year. Tajikistan’s unit value for apple juice in Russia, of US$ 221 per ton, is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the Russian Federation. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 12th in world imports of apple juice. The world’s largest importers are Germany, the United States, Japan, Austria, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Canada and Denmark. With the exception of the United Kingdom and Japan these are growing markets. Belarus, Mexico, Israel and New Zealand are the fastest growing markets. The highest unit value paid, after Japan, is in Saudi Arabia. Table 37. The world’s main importers of apple juice (HS200970) in 2002 Source: ITC TradeMap

Importers


thousand


2002Quantity

unit

Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


98-02,%


02,%Share in world

imports%

World estimation 999,045 0 No quantity 1 11 -4 100Germany 256,475 449,415 Tons 571 1 11 7 25United States of America 244,602 1,356,149 Cubic meters 180 3 -5 24Japan 75,888 77,584 Tons 978 -1 6 -28 7Austria 47,705 109,495 Tons 436 1 16 -21 4Netherlands 44,105 80,551 Tons 548 0 9 2 4United Kingdom 44,070 65,857 Tons 669 -7 6 -21 4Canada 26,469 31,459 Tons 841 4 8 10 2Denmark 22,389 39,278 Tons 570 10 16 55 2Belgium 20,554 37,471 Tons 549 -5 1 0 2France 20,519 43,018 Tons 477 -6 1 -13 2Italy 19,913 35,901 Tons 555 -6 0 -29 1Russian Federation 17,398 34,834 Tons 499 -1 4 7 1

Australia 13,949 19,424 Cubic meters 718 3 -5 1Sweden 12,905 16,148 Tons 799 -2 9 12 1Belarus 11,558 14,515 Tons 796 43 46 98 1Greece 8,767 10,606 Tons 827 5 19 15 0Finland 8,710 9,429 Tons 924 5 11 -8 0Spain 6,817 12,141 Tons 561 -3 5 3 0Ireland 5,718 7,265 Tons 787 10 30 -4 0Norway 5,412 6,243 Tons 867 13 19 24 0Mexico 5,263 71,120 Tons 74 35 148 -29 0El Salvador 3,987 6,979 Tons 571 16 29 12 0Czech Republic 3,858 6,455 Tons 598 18 12 32 0Saudi Arabia 3,496 3,746 Tons 933 2 8 -5 0Hong Kong (SARC) 2,920 3,432 Tons 851 -1 6 -35 0Israel 2,673 0 No quantity 32 3 0Guatemala 2,643 4,756 Tons 556 2 7 -32 0

Taiwan, Province of (China) 2,468 0 No quantity -1 19 -12 0Honduras 2,384 4,410 Tons 541 17 32 -7 0Panama 2,373 3,265 Tons 727 17 19 102 0

New Zealand 2,283 2,845 Cubic meters 802 30 66 0Singapore 2,167 3,071 Tons 706 2 7 -12 0Portugal 2,090 4,840 Tons 432 7 29 3 0Croatia 1,969 2,612 Tons 754 4 12 1 0Malaysia 1,887 2,429 Tons 777 25 31 18 0South Africa 1,868 3,190 Tons 586 68 0Nicaragua 1,852 3,546 Tons 522 7 6 -13 0United Arab Emirates 1,802 0 No quantity 19 23 41 0Luxembourg 1,794 2,139 Tons 839 3 0 21 0



Fruit and vegetable juice (HS200980) Tajikistan’s performance in the world market Ranked 38th in the world, Tajikistan’s exports fruit and vegetable juice reached 16,811 tons in 2002, worth US$ 3.7 million. Exports of this product increased by 33% on average per year in value and by 67% in quantity on average per year. World imports increased, by 4% on average per year between 1998-2002. In 2002, Tajikistan exported exports fruit and vegetable juice to the Russian Federation and Belarus (see table 38). This market has been a dynamic one since 1998, with imports increasing by 1% on average per year. Table 38. Tajikistan fruit and vegetable juice (HS200980) to the world in 2002

Source: ITC TradeMap Main competitor countries on the world market Tajikistan ranks 1st in the Russian market, accounting for 23% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan has been expanding its market share in Russia between 1998-2002, 33% on average per year. Russian imports of this product increased by 1% on average per year during the same period. Tajikistan’s unit value of US$ 221 per ton for fruit juice in Russia is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to the Russian Federation. Tajikistan ranks 9th in the Belarusian market, accounting for 1% of the country’s total imports. Tajikistan‘s unit value for fruit juice in Russia of US$ 299 per ton is the lowest amongst all the suppliers to Belarus. Potential new markets The Russian Federation ranks 13th and Belarus ranks 44th respectively in world imports of fruit and vegetable juice. The world’s largest importers are the United States, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France and Canada. With the exception of the United Kingdom, these are large and growing import markets. The Dominican Republic, Korea, Venezuela and Ireland have the fastest growing markets. Table 39. The world’s main importers of fruit & vegetable juice (HS200980) in 2002

Importers

Exported value 2002

in US$ thousand


Exported quantity

2002 (tons)

Unit value

(US$ per unit)







Ranking of partner



imports, %



Total 3,727 100 16,811 222 33 67 12 4 Russian Federation 3,707 99 16,744 221 33 67 12 13 1 1

Belarus 20 1 67 299 44 0 0

Importers


thousand


2002Quantity

unit

Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


98-02,%


02,%Share in world

imports%

World estimation 869,442 0 No quantity 4 14 4 100United States of America 107,677 228,957 Cubic meters 470 4 12 12Germany 107,111 71,855 Tons 1,491 2 13 10 12Japan 67,044 29,060 Tons 2,307 5 14 -19 7Netherlands 52,033 26,305 Tons 1,978 1 9 1 5United Kingdom 41,396 32,330 Tons 1,280 -2 24 17 4France 38,765 31,408 Tons 1,234 3 18 19 4Canada 34,516 28,435 Tons 1,214 4 8 1 3




Importers


thousand


2002Quantity

unit

Unit value (US$ per

unit)


02,%


98-02,%


02,%Share in world

imports%Saudi Arabia 28,897 42,382 Tons 682 17 23 -3 3Italy 23,620 15,334 Tons 1,540 7 10 26 2Austria 22,911 14,552 Tons 1,574 4 14 -14 2West Asia not elsewhere specified 21,375 34,615 Tons 618 2Belgium 17,079 14,047 Tons 1,216 3 22 1 1Russian Federation 16,160 36,605 Tons 441 1 19 -13 1Korea, Rep. of Korea 15,830 4,719 Tons 3,355 50 41 -27 1Denmark 15,495 10,699 Tons 1,448 18 38 8 1Singapore 14,302 15,938 Tons 897 12 4 -2 1Portugal 11,981 12,455 Tons 962 10 9 26 1Qatar 11,594 11,755 Tons 986 21 1Switzerland 11,462 4,256 Tons 2,693 0 3 17 1Spain 10,426 13,878 Tons 751 -6 -7 64 1Sweden 10,418 7,508 Tons 1,388 2 20 3 1

Australia 9,819 4,840 Cubic meters 2,029 13 16 1Guatemala 7,732 12,853 Tons 602 1 6 8 0Ireland 7,622 5,130 Tons 1,486 20 29 104 0Hong Kong (SARC) 7,402 5,621 Tons 1,317 15 15 -9 0Israel 6,660 0 No quantity 19 34 0Albania 6,360 22,440 Tons 283 20 37 48 0Bahamas 6,135 0 No quantity -6 24 0Honduras 5,939 8,206 Tons 724 12 21 -11 0Greece 5,752 3,855 Tons 1,492 -8 5 9 0

Taiwan, Province of (China) 4,982 0 No quantity 11 4 5 0Dominican Republic 4,743 0 No quantity 69 0 131 0Finland 4,217 2,599 Tons 1,623 5 12 4 0El Salvador 4,166 5,994 Tons 695 11 18 -3 0Venezuela 4,089 5,136 Tons 796 49 79 -35 0Costa Rica 4,083 4,279 Tons 954 12 4 37 0Mexico 4,061 30,222 Tons 134 11 95 -25 0Oman 4,037 4,568 Tons 884 734 0Norway 3,903 996 Tons 3,919 1 6 30 0



C. Further market opportunities for fruits and vegetables While this report focused mainly on processed fruit and vegetables as food products, there are additional market opportunities for fruit and vegetable products. Increased demand for food ingredients in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as natural food additives, provides for growing niche markets, in which Tajik products seem to participate. Below are brief descriptions of export opportunities in these markets, given the range of fruit and vegetable products grown in Tajikistan.

Cosmetics There are no exact figures about the volume of fruit and vegetable products used by the cosmetic industry. But demand for natural ingredients is growing, as consumers have become more sophisticated and interested in natural products. Mass producers as well as up-market brands shift their production increasingly to the use of natural ingredients. The EU is the world’s largest producer of cosmetic products, followed by the United States and Japan. Products included in that category are raw plant material (HS 12), vegetable saps and extracts (HS 13), vegetable (and animal) derived oils, fats and waxes (HS 15), essential oil and oleoresins (HS 3301), colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin (HS 3203). Some examples of ingredients based on fruit and vegetables grown in Tajikistan are:

• Almond oil/ almond butter are products widely used in natural cosmetics, soap- making and perfumes. They are derived from almond kernels and serve as an odourless base.

• Apricot Kernel Oil can be used on its own or in massage products as well as for lip balms and cream.

• Oil derived from carrots or carrot seeds both serve for regeneration and nutrition of the skin.

• Grape seed Oil is a very light and odourless oil, used widely in massage products, either alone or mixed with almond oil.

• Hazelnut oil is widely used for massage products, as well as for hair care and cream/lotion formulas.

• Honey has been used since Egyptian times as ingredient for medicines and cosmetic purposes.

• Walnut shells, ground into a fine powder, used in skin creams, sun products or hair colors.

Pharmaceuticals As for cosmetics, it is not possible to give exact figures for the use of food industry products in pharmaceuticals, because statistics do not specify medical and other uses individually. The EU is one of the world’s largest producers of natural pharmaceuticals. Natural pharmaceutical products consist of plants and parts of plants (including seeds) (HS 1211), medicinal and vegetable saps and extracts (HS 1302 1991), and vegetable alkaloids (HS 2939). A range of natural products used by the pharmaceutical industry, which have no medicinal activity; are mainly the same as the ones used for cosmetics (see above). In addition to that essential oils are widely used for medicines purposes, e.g. Lemon Essential Oil.



Food additives Food additives are substances added to foods to perform a specific function. These functions include preserving the food and changing the appearance or taste of the food (by adding colour or flavour). Natural additives are substances found naturally in a foodstuff and are extracted from this food to be used in another. E.g. Beetroot juice with its bright purple colour can be used to colour foods such as sweets. Walnut shells are used as flavour or colour for liquor production.

Summary As mentioned above, all of these are worldwide growing niche markets. As part of the demand on these markets consists of “rest products”, which develop in processing fruit and vegetables (dried apricots consumer / apricot kernel cosmetic industry), such export opportunities should be taken into consideration.



METHODOLOGY

Data source and nomenclatures

The analysis is based on the Harmonised System (HS) nomenclature of products, and is carried out at a six-digit level (approximately 5,100 categories of products are covered). The aggregate nature of the trade flow analysis can overstate the export potential, since products within the same six-digit level group might not be perfect substitutes. Calculations made at the product level are based on statistics extracted from the COMTRADE database of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). COMTRADE has detailed trade statistics at the product level. The results of the trade flow analysis are based on the most recent available data. The growth rates listed in the tables are calculated on an annual basis over the 1998-2002 period.

Interpretation and limitations Although trade statistics provide a useful starting point for market research and assessing trade performance, they present some limitations: • Trade statistics do not fully capture all the transactions taking place between countries, owing

to compilation errors and omissions, smuggling and the non-reporting of transactions. Different reporting standards amongst countries can exacerbate the problems of non-comparability of data between countries;

• Trade statistics occasionally include re-exports, which can artificially inflate the extent of

trade; • Even at the lowest level of desegregation, differentiated products exist within product groups; • For countries that do not report trade data to UNSD, ITC uses mirror statistics to evaluate

their trade flows. This method is a second-best solution since trade with other non-reporting countries is not recorded. There is also the problem of trans-shipments, which may mask the actual source of supply. Finally, mirror statistics invert the reporting standards by evaluating exports in c.i.f. terms and imports in f.o.b. terms;

• Trade statistics refer to the total value of transactions, which may be very different from local

value added; • Exchange rates fluctuations can affect the value of dollar denominated trade statistics, which

may not result from changes in volumes;



• Services are not included in the trade statistics used in this study. In view of the aforementioned shortcomings, trade statistics should not be used as the only source for evaluating regional trade potential. It should be emphasized that statistical trade data do not always capture supply and demand characteristics in the commercial sense. The outcome of a trade flow analysis as described in this working document therefore needs to be validated at company levels.

Definitions Descriptive statistical measures were used on production. The arithmetic mean is calculated as the sum of all observations divided by the total number of observations. It provides us with an indicator of what, on average, would be the value of production in the past. Formally:

XX

n

ii

n

= =∑

1

Where X is the arithmetic mean Xii

n

=∑

1 is the summation of all observations Xi and n is the sample

size. Growth rates have been calculated on the basis of average annual percentage changes. They are based on a model of continuous exponential growth between two points of time. Formally:

( )GXX

n

t

n t= −

×− 1 100

Where G is the exponential growth rate between the first period point Xt and last period point Xn, to the root of the number of intervals between these two points. Value and quantity have been analyzed in order to ascertain a country’s trade opportunities. Comparisons between countries’ export unit prices have also been used. Unfavorable terms of trade might result from lower product quality, lower negotiating power, unfavorable market timing for launching a product or the accumulation of stocks. Caution should also be applied to statistics on quantities since these are more difficult to collect and are likely to suffer from higher statistical errors.

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