Tracing the afterlife of iconic photographs using IPTC
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Tracing the afterlife of iconicphotographs using IPTC
Martijn KleppeSlides on Slideshare: bit.ly/iconicphoto
@martijnkleppe
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Charlie Cole, Newsweek – World Press Photo of the Year 1989
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Nick Ut, AP – World Press Photo of the Year 1972
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Icons
Composition
ArchetypeUnique & Generique
Often Published
Variations
Emotions
Meaningclear
SymbolicMeaning
Meaningchanges
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Outline
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1. Find images that are often published
2. Find images which meaning has changed over time
3. Lessons learned
4. Hopes for the future
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1. Often published
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• Which identical photos are published most often?
• 400 Dutch History textbooks
• Dataset of ~ 5.000 photographs
• Analyzed on 41 variables (f.e. name person & topic)
• IPTC to structure dataset
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1. Often published - IPTC
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International Press Telecommunications Council
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1. Often published - IPTC
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International Press Telecommunications Council
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1. Often published - IPTC
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Advantages for photographers:
- Code multiple images at once
- All information in 1 file- All software can read
information in the file- Easy to transfer
Advantages for academics:
- Code multiple images at once
- All information in 1 file- All software can read
information in the file- Easy to transfer (& share)
- Find images easier- Export all data
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1. Often published – My case
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• Which photos are published most often in 400 Dutch History textbooks?
• Locate photos in History textbooks
• Digitize them & add them to Fotostation Pro
• Code all images & add values in IPTC fields
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Fotostation Pro
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1. Often published – My case
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• Export data variables (f.e. topics) to SPSS
• Create frequency lists topics
• Which topics are most frequent?
• Manually go over most frequent topics to find most published photographs
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Icons
Composition
ArchetypeUnique & Generique
Often Published
Variations
Emotions
Meaningclear
SymbolicMeaning
Meaningchanges
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2. Changing Meaning
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• Back to Fotostation Pro to easily find photographs of Troelstra:
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2. Changing Meaning
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• Go over the captions provided in the history textbooks
1912?
or
1918?
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3. Lessons Learned
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• IPTC was useful & efficient
• Manual labor remained necessary & typos will happen
• Does the most frequent topic also contain the most published identical photo?(Spoiler alert: NO! )
• How to describe photographs?Do we all see the same thing in images?Do we all use the same words to describe images?
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“Universal suffrage, Portrait”
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“Political parties, social-democracy the Netherlands”
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“Protestphoto”
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3. Lessons Learned
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• IPTC was useful & efficient
• Manual labor remained necessary & typos will happen
• But does the most frequent topic also contain the most published identical photo?(Spoiler alert: NO! )
• How to describe photographs?Do we all see the same thing in images?Do we all use the same words to describe images?
• Semantic Gap
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3. Lessons learned
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“The semantic gap characterizes the
difference between two descriptions of an
object by different linguistic
representations, for instance languages or
symbols.”
Smeulders, 2000
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4. Hopes for the future
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• How to overcome or avoid the semantic gap?
• Image recognition
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lexalizer/id374904872?mt=8
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4. Hopes for the future
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4. Hopes for the future
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4. Hopes for the future
http://mw2013.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/where-do-images-of-art-go-once-they-go-online-a-reverse-image-lookup-study-to-assess-the-dissemination-of-digitized-cultural-heritage/
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4. Hopes for the future
Let me create my dataset of photos (with IPTC)
Apply image recognition to: Show me similar photos in 1 dataset
RQ: which photos are used most often?+ No more manual checking
Let me upload 1 photo and find all similar photos RQ: how did the meaning of the photo change over time?+ No dependency of words
Applicable for other research questions:Show me all newspapers that contain the photo of Troelstra
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Questions?
Martijn Kleppe
www.martijnkleppe.nl
@martijnkleppe
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LiteratureFinnegan, C.A.: “What is this a picture of? Some Thoughts on Images and
Archives”, In:Rethoric & Public Affairs 9, 116 – 123 (2006). Grijsen, C.: “In perspectief: behoud en beheer van born-digital fotoarchieven” (In
perspective: conservation and management of born-digital photo archives). In: FotografischGeheugen 75, 24 – 26. (2012).
Kleppe, M.: Canonieke Icoonfoto’s. De rol van (pers)foto’s in de Nederlandsegeschiedschrijving (Canonical Iconic Photographs: The role of (press) photos in Dutch Historiography). Eburon, Delft (2013a).
Kleppe, M.: Foto’s in Nederlandse Geschiedenisschoolboeken (FiNGS) (Photos in Dutch History textbooks) http://www.persistent-identifier.nl/?identifier=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-l37n-bi( 2013b).
Kleppe, M.: “Wat is het onderwerp op een foto? De kansen en problemen bij het opzetten van een eigen fotodatabase” (What is the subject of a picture? The opportunities and difficulties in setting up their own photo database). In: Tijdschrift voor Mediageschiedenis 293 – 107 (2012).
Reser, G., & Bauman, J.: “The Past, Present, and Future of Embedded Metadata forthe Long-Term Maintenance of and Access to Digital Image Files”. In: International Journal of Digital Library Systems (IJDLS), 3(1), 53-64 (2012).
Smeulders, Arnold W. M. e.a., “Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22, 1349 – 1380 (2000).
Terras, M. M., and I. Kirton. “Where do images of art go once they go online? A Reverse Image Lookup study to assess the dissemination of digitized cultural heritage.” Selected papers from Museums and the Web North America, 237 – 248 (2013) .