Trace the OriginTrace the origin of print, broadcasting and the internet with emphasis on the impact

each medium had on the incumbent medium as well as the effect it had on the

masses/consumers.

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Media

• reach a very large audience• Public Media : it is the sum of the public mass

distributors of news and entertainment across media such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting.

• includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers.

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PRINT MEDIA

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History• 25,000-30,000 years B.C. first humans painted

descriptive pictures on cave walls. The narrative compositions left on the walls of Lascaux represented their own way of communicating with the spiritual world and another. The well-preserved drawing depicted their deep religious beliefs, fears, and every day life.

• One of the earliest examples of pictorial writing was found in the excavation of Uruk in Mesopotamia, dating from 3500 B.C. The Sumerians developed cuneiform (pictographs) writing on wet clay tablets. Later (2900 B.C.), the Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing. Special scribes were employed to keep records for the priest class who exacted taxation from the population.

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The Origin of Newspaper

• Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1447• In 17th century, newspapers began to appear as regular and

frequent publications. • Content began to shift toward more local issues in the latter

half of the 17th century.• the telegraph in 1844: information transferred within a

matter of minutes, allowing for more timely, relevant reporting.

• 19th century: the primary means of disseminating and receiving information.

• Golden age: between 1890 to 1920

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Impact

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• Spreading Literacy. • Other people’s ideas were more readily available. Hence encouraging

religious reform, scientific advancement cultural, political and economic climate and increasing industrialisation etc.

• Initial social effects of printing was that the traditional village storyteller disappeared.

• Many cheap printed books and ballads which were being produced in abundance at the time.

• Craving for a lifestyle reflecting uniformity and rigidity, and so the complex systems of indexing and cataloguing that we have today came into being.

• The technology of print communication can be seen as promoting both individualism and uniformity. At the same time, print allowed an increase in governmental control ‘by making the vernacular a mass medium print created a new instrument of political centralism previously unknown.

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Impact

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Religious ImpactSocial impactCritical readingDangerous ReadingCreative readingExtensive ReadingPrivate reading

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BROADCASTING

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Origin of Broadcasting• Dot-dash radio telegraphy (primarily Marconi) was used

experimentally in 1897 • Broadcasting was made possible with the invention of the

audion tube by• De Forest in 1906• First signal carrying voice and music in 1906 by Reginald

Fessenden• Voices of Caruso and Emmy Dustin were broadcasted

experimentally in 1910• Entry of U.S army in world world war• Charles Herrold of San Jose, California sent out broadcasts as

early as April 1909• From his Herrold School electronics institute in downtown San

Jose

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Evolution and Milestones

Radio• November 1923- Amateur

broadcasting• July 1927- First regular radio

broadcast (bombay)• 26 August 1927- First station

commenced (Calcutta)• June 1930- Indian Broadcasting

Company went into liquidation– 1 April 1930- IBC under

Department of labour and Industries

• August 1935- Lionel Fieldon (BBC) became Controller of broadcasting

Cont…• 1 January 1936- Central station (Delhi)• June 1935- IBC changed to All India Radio– Private stations set up: Peshawar & Allahabad

• 1930-36- started news broadcasting• 1937- AIR transferred to Department of Communication• 1939- AIR broadcasting to foreign audience• 1941- AIR transferred to Department of Information and

broadcasting1957- Vividh Bharti or All India Variety Programme(AIVP)channel

• 1967- Vividh Bharti channels commercialised• 23 July 1969- Special youth service inaugurated at Delhi

Cont…Television• 15 September 1959- Television started• 1975- Centres opened in Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow• April 1976- Doordarshan constituted as separate

department• 1 August 1975- 31 July 1976- Satellite Instructional

Television Experiment(SITE) conducted• 15 August 1982- Natinal coverage provided by

Doordarshan• November-December 1982- Coverage by Doordarshan to

9th Asian games• July 1983- Expansion of network• August 1980- Government abolished licenses on single

and two-band radio sets

Impact of Radio

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• Employment:– Broadcasting provided about 327,000 wage and salary jobs in

2004.– about 73 percent of all jobs were in establishments with at

least 50 employees• I live in a strictly rural community, and people here speak of “The

Radio” in the large sense, with an over-meaning. When they say “The Radio” they don’t mean a cabinet, an electrical phenomenon, or a man in a studio, they refer to a pervading and somewhat godlike presence which has come into their lives and homes. —E. B. White,

• Radio defined the twentieth century as much as the automobile.• The new medium of radio was to the printing press what the

telephone had been to the letter: it allowed immediacy

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Impact ofRadio

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• The radio, which knew no geographic boundaries, drew people together as never before.– Radio became a “godlike presence,” as the essayist E. B.

White described it.• Its impact was greatest—the second and third decades

of the 1900s.• Radio announcers swiftly become personalities, too,

with whom listeners felt they had an intimate acquaintance

• Through the economic turmoil of the depression, radio was one of the most important forces keeping the nations together.

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Impact of Television

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• By the early thirties commercials had become the standard way of financing broadcasts. Convenience goods, consumed by millions, became the most popular products to sell, accounting for 86 percent of the network and 70 percent of the non-network advertisements in 1934

• By 1953, when there were more than 17 million television sets in the United States, many proclaimed that radio would soon die

• While television changed the function of radio in society, it did not eliminate it.

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Impact of television

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• The earliest television networks in the United States (NBC, CBS) were actually part of the larger radio network systems.

• The 1950s time period witnessed, for example, the closing of many movie theaters, as motion pictures competed with television for consumer attention.

• Cable TV was developed very early on and began to be used in the 1950s as a way to expand the reach of network television in areas that had problems receiving broadcast signals

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INTERNET

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HistoryThree individuals and a research conference:•Vannevar Bush: wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system. •Norbert Wiener: invented the field of Cybernetics.•The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence•Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village04/08/23 Trace of origin 18

Cont…• A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was

developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969.

• The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute.

• The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program.

• In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol.• In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the

NSFNET.• NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity

of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995.

Impact of Internet

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• Telenetworking You can work from the comfort of your own home. There is no time wasted travelling and no travel costs. It enables you to work around the needs of your family and/or children,

giving you greater flexibility. It is more convenient - you can plan the working day to suit you, which

could help reduce stress levels.

• Video conferencing Meetings can take place without leaving the office. Travel costs and the time taken to travel can be reduced significantly. Meetings can be called instantly worldwide with little notice. Delegates can still attend meetings even if they are physically unable to.

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Impact of Internet

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How the Internet is changing our lifestyle• Home shopping You can avoid long queues, save time and shop from the comfort of your

own home. You do not have to travel into city centres or pay for car parking costs. You can shop around for the best prices and shop abroad for cheaper

goods. It can offer the customer a wider range of shopping, 24 hours a day all

year round. People who are house-bound have the ability to shop and have goods

delivered. Benefits to the company include: It opens the market to customers nationally and internationally. It enables smaller companies to compete with larger companies. There may be a possible reduction in staffing and/or shopping outlets,

thereby reducing costs. You can offer 24 hour shopping at minimum cost.

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Impact of Internet

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How the Internet is changing our lifestyle• Home banking All services are from the comfort of your home or workplace, 24 hrs a day,

365 days a year. Higher interest rates are available to Internet bankers. It is easy to shop around on line for the best interest rates and switch

funds automatically.

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Thank You

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