UNIT 1 1)QUESTIONS FORMS

*DIRECT QUESTIONS:a)Yes/No Questions. (Which expect the answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’)

b) Wh-Questions.(With questions words at the beginning)

c) Alternative Questions.(Which expect the answer to be one of two options)

EXAMPLES:

a)Yes/No Questions.e.g. Do you like rock music?

b) Wh-questions.e.g. Where did you buy that CD?

.

c) Alternative Questions.(Two options)

e.g. Would you rather go to a Tokio Hotel or Jonas Brothers concert?

2)PREPOSITIONS.

• OF PLACE: at/in/onIndicate actual position.They are used in expressions.• OF TIME: at/in/onIndicate at what time the action is done.• OF MOVEMENT: at/into/to/towardsIndicate the place where the action is done.

EXAMPLES:*PREPOSITIONS.

• OF PLACE:e.g. *Meet me at the Coffe Shop. *I found great information in a History book.• OF TIME:e.g. *My birthday is on April 14th. *The english class starts at 12:15 p.m.• OF MOVEMENT:e.g. *When I walked into the classroom, everybody

was so quiet. *The cat was running towards her.

UNIT 2PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT

CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE:USE1-With routine or regular repeated actions.2-In time clauses with a future meaning after when, as

soon as, if, until.3-When we are talking about permanent situations.4-When we are talking about the future as expressed in

timetables.5-With scientific facts.6-With ‘state’ verbs.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS:*(The present form of be + -ing verb)USE

1-Actions happening now.2-Changing/developing situations.3-Temporary situations.4-Plans and arrangements in the future.5-Annoying or surprising habits with always.

EXAMPLES:

PRESENT SIMPLE:e.g.*Maria takes the school bus everyday.

*I´ll start doing my homework as soon as possible.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

e.g. *She´s always shouting at me.

*The pollution nowadays is getting worst.

MODIFIERS:

• FAIRLYMore than average, less than very.• QUITEA little or a lot but not completely.• PRETTYIt suggests more than was expected.• A BITIt has the same meaning as little.• REALLYIt´s used to show emphasis.• EXTREMELYIt´s used in a similar way to

very, but is stronger than very.

EXAMPLES• FAIRLYThat house is fairly big, but it isn´t

enough space for all my family.• QUITEI´m a quite hungry, but I will wait for

lunch time.• PRETTYIt´s a pretty good band. I didn´t know

that they have sold lots of albums.• A BITThat candy is a bit spicy.• REALLYThe mexican food is really delicious,

most of foreign people love it.• EXTREMELYI was extremely excited in the

concert.

UNIT 3TYPES OF COMPARISON

• TO A HIGHER DEGREE.(COMPARATIVE FORM + THAN)• TO THE SAME DEGREE.(AS…..AS)• TO A LOWER DEGREE.(WITH LESS + THAN AND THE LEAST)• (NOT)AS….AS*TO COMPARE THINGS WHICH ARE DIFFERENT.• AS…...AS(TO THE SAME DEGREE)

EXAMPLES:• TO A HIGHER DEGREESteelers play better

than Bengals.• TO THE SAME DEGREEPlaying soccer is as

difficult as playing football.• TO A LOWER DEGREESteelers are less

focused in the games than they were.• (NOT)AS…..ASSteelers are not as good at

the games as they used to be. • AS….ASPalmer is as intelligent as

Roethlisberger.

REFLEXIVES & OWN

• WE USE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:• When the object is the same

person/thing as the subject.• When you want to emphasise the

subject or object.• With by to mean ‘alone’.

•WE USE OWN:

• On my own/on his own, etc. to mean ‘without the help of others’.• On my own/on his own,etc. to mean

‘alone’.• My own/her own, etc. to mean

‘belonging to no other person’.

EXAMPLES:

• REFLEXIVES:e.g. * I want to talk with the teacher herself. *I have no idea what´s going on with my t.v, it turns itself on and off.

• OWN:e.g. *I will finish the whole project on my own. *She likes to prepare her own food.

UNIT 4 NARRATIVE TENSES

• PAST SIMPLE (verb + -ed) *there are many irregular verbs.

• USETo talk about events in the past that are now

finished.To talk about habits in the past.To talk about situations in the past.In reported speech.

•PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + -ing)• USETo talk about actions in progress in the past.To talk about temporary situations in the past.To talk about anticipated events that did not

happen.To talk about an event that was in progress

when another event happened.To talk about actions in progress at the same

time in the past.

•PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (had + past participle)

• USETo refer to a time earlier than another past time.In reported speech.• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (had been + -ing)• USETo talk about actions or situations which had

continued up to the past moment that we are thinking about.

EXAMPLES:

• PAST SIMPLEe.g. *He said he didn´t want to go to the party.• PAST CONTINUOUSe.g. *I was watching a horror movie on t.v.• PAST PERFECT SIMPLEe.g. *He said he had already done his homework.• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSe.g. *I went to the doctor as I had been having

headaches.

TIME CONJUCTIONS

• ASTo talk about two situations which develop or change together.

• WHENTo refer to periods of life.• WHILETo describe two longer actions or

situations going on at the same time.• EVENTUALLY/FINALLY (‘in the end’)To say

that something happens after a long time or a lot of effort.

•AT FIRST/TO BEGIN WITH (‘beginning of a situation’)To make a contrast with something different that happens later.

• AS SOON ASTo talk about two actions or events that happen very quickly one after another.

• AFTERWARDS/AFTER THATAfter is not usually used alone, instead we use this expressions.

• BY THE TIMEIs used before a verb and means ‘not later than’.

EXAMPLES:

• As they get older, they are getting mature.• When they were younger, they used to play

concerts in bars.• While they were travelling at tours, they

were studying at Internet.• It was very hard for them to get a company

for recording their first album, but finally they found Universal.

•At first Bill had short hair, but after a few years he decided to wear it longer.

• As soon as they knew each other, they decided to create the band.

• Tokio Hotel is going to make its european tour, after that they are going to come to America.

• I will go to a concert of them by the time they come to Mexico.

UNIT 5 MODALS

• CANTo ask for and give permission.• COULDTo ask for permission when you are not sure

what the answer will be.• MAYTo ask for or give permission in formal

situations.• OUGHT TO/SHOULD To talk about obligations and

duties in the future, present and past.• MUSTTo talk about present and future strong

obligations.• NEEDN´T(don´t need, don´t have to)To talk about a

lack of obligation in the present or future.

EXAMPLES:• Can I go to the cinema after finishing my hw?• Could you please borrow me a pencil?• You may take a break, you have been working

a lot the whole morning.• You should/ought to start your project today. • You must end the final project according to

the deadline date. • You needn´t go to math lessons if you got a 10

in math exam.

USED TO & WOULD

1. USED TO FORMS:*used to + infinitive*did/didn´t + use to + infinitive*did you/she/they, etc. use to + infinitive2. WOULD:*To talk about past habits and repeated actions

but not about past states.

EXAMPLES…• USED TOe.g. *She used to play with dolls, now she is

always watching t.v or chatting. *I didn´t use to go to school by bus, now I

take it most of the days.• WOULDe.g. *When I was younger, I would go to my

grandmother´s house every Sunday. *When my brother was a baby, he would cry

every night.