TPS320 - Assignment 3 Final

TPS320 – Group Assignment 3

September 22

22001100 Vulnerability and Risk in Northern Tshwane

Sino Jali 28115563

Bongi Mabuza 28115725

Niclesse Mariette 28154208

Mbali Mkhombo 28202644

Darren Nel 28025785

Tobela Twala 27521894

TPS320 – Group Assignment 3: Vulnerability and Risk in Northern Tshwane Sino Jali 28115563 Bongi Mabuza 28115725 Niclesse Mariette 28154208

Mbali Mkhombo 28202644 Darren Nel 28025785 Tobela Twala 27521894

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Contents

1. Introduction 2

2. Brief of Field Trip 2

3. Extent of the Risks and Knock-on Effects 3

4. Sources of Vulnerability and Risk 5

5. Propositions for Increased Resilience 8

6. Implications for the Tshwane RSDF 11

7. Conclusion 14

8. References 15

9. Work Allocation Breakdown 16



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1. Introduction

In the following report the risks and vulnerabilities of communities in the northern regions

of Tshwane will be discussed in terms of the level/extent of risks observed, the possible

sources of these risks, potential interventions proposed that could counteract these risks as

well as the implications all of this has for the Regional Spatial Development Framework

(RSDF). The conclusions made are informed by scholarly, peer-reviewed articles,

government legislation and physical observations made while visiting the area. The purpose

of this identification of risk and vulnerability is to inform and educate, in order to encourage

an improved method of planning that prepares, mitigates and prevents as many risks as

possible to the inhabitants of a city.

2. Brief of the Trip

The group (Sino, Mbali, Niclesse, Bongi, Tobela and Darren) visited the northern regions of

Tshwane by personal motor car in order to assess the extent of the risks and vulnerability in

the area. Entering Soshanguve first, moving through some of the neighbourhood streets, it

was quickly apparent that many preconceptions about the area were misguided. The area in

general was quite pleasant and maintained. The problems soon noticed though were a

severe shortage of stormwater drainage systems and a lack of maintenance for the existing

ones. The level of vegetation was also very low as nobody in the area (we saw only three)

had any lawns or plants in their

gardens, creating a very dusty

environment, also bad for health

and flood prevention.

Picture 1: Dusty Streets of Soshanguve



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We then proceeded over to the adjacent township of Winterveld just opposite the bounding

road at the north end of Soshanguve. The stark contrast between living standards was

immediately apparent. As soon as we entered the Winterveld area one saw refuse dumped

everywhere, predominantly self-constructed “shack” houses and a general impoverished

environment. Driving through the area to observe the conditions, we stopped near a

creek/river overgrown with reeds and polluted with refuse where people had built houses

right on the edge of the wetland. When interviewing a local informal trader and resident,

she informed us about the problems experienced in the area, including lack of service

delivery, crime and living in poverty.

Picture 2: The Group with the Informal Trader/Resident Interviewed

We then drove to the North East to visit Hammanskraal, passing through a small part of

Temba, in order to observe the situation there. As we were driving one started to see the

area becoming cleaner in the sense that there was less rubbish strewn and we also observed

people (presumably municipal workers) picking up trash. Entering Hammanskraal we

experienced a much cleaner environment (attributed to the sense of community felt by

residents due to the rule of Tribal Law in the area) even though the level of affluence



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seemed to be comparable to that of Winterveld and Soshanguve (mixed.) Trying to enter

the residential suburbs was hampered by the large scale construction of

stormwater/sewage pipelines (presumably) along the main road, showing some sort of

development taking place. We entered the suburbs where the roads and infrastructure

were just as lacking as in the other areas visited, with a lot more evidence of erosion.

We proceeded to another block where the situation was much different. The roads were

paved, serviced by drainage systems and had signage. The whole area (including the

unpaved parts) seemed to be serviced by refuse removal as all the houses had municipal

refuse bins in front of them which had just been emptied. There was definitely a greater

presence of municipal activity in this area, creating a much more pleasant environment.

3. Extent of the Risk and Knock-on Effects

Of the most prominent risk factors observed in the far north of Tshwane, specifically the

Soshanguve area, was that the storm water drainage facilities (referring to kerb inlets) that

are situated on each side of the road were generally either filled with litter and/or had

uncontrolled grass and plants growing out of them. In the other two focus areas of

Winterveld and Hammanskraal there were very few storm water facilities at all, with only a

couple of kerb inlets and storm water channels located only along the main roads. The

potential risk associated with this is “unnatural” flooding as a result of the ineffectiveness of

the storm water drainage facilities. High levels of loss may result as a consequence of such

flooding, which can also often

“cut off” roads and railway lines,

making it more difficult (or even

impossible) to carry out relief

operations or evacuations.

(Munich Re Group 2004:23)

Picture 3: Flooding Due to Lack of

Drainage



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The health risks identified in the Winterveld area are relatively higher than the other regions

in the far north of Tshwane due to Winterveld being characterised very prominently by litter

and refuse dumping all over the township, including between dwellings and along streets.

Upon being interviewed, a respondent in Winterveld attributed this form of risk to the

failure of the local municipality to collect and remove waste effective- and timeously. A

number of health risks are aggravated as a result including the spread of yellow fever,

cholera and malaria. Vulnerabilities are then posed on the local residents because of this

litter, which has been noted to provide the ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes which

transmit pathogens. (Munich Re Group 2004:35)

The underdeveloped regions of Soshanguve, Winterveld and Hammanskraal where there is

mainly large informal settlements and shack dwellings clustered to closely together

increases the extent of risk in these areas. First and foremost, having many people living

together makes them susceptible to infectious diseases and in addition, air pollution, poor

nutrition and a lack of medical treatment has been found to seriously impair people’s health

and further increase their vulnerability. Secondly, having large informal settlements that

are too clustered together has a very high potential fire risk due to these settlements having

illegal and unsecure electricity transmission lines, gas- and wood burning fires and

improvised heating during winter. This quickly leads to fires that spread very quickly due to

the proximity of the houses and the materials used to construct them. All these combine to

cause great damage to property, assets and people by burning or possibly killing them.

(DRRF Framework 2005:32; Munich Re Group 2004: 31)

Picture 4: Shack Dwellings in Winterveld

The high crime rate in these lower-

income and informal areas (such

as Winterveld in particular) also

negatively impacts the extent of

the social risks in this area. In

Winterveld a small business

informal vendor confirmed that

crime is on the rise in this area and



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that the most common of these crimes include petty theft, vandalism, house-breakings and

armed robberies, most of which occur over the weekends and are attributed to youths and

those without jobs (unaffectionately referred to as “Tsotsis.”) The respondent also

confirmed that although the local police were aware of the situation, it usually takes them a

while before they attend to the issue. This has resulted in local residents fearing to leave

their homes on weekends and it has vastly affected their sense of community and social

lifestyles. (Munich Re Group 2004: 33).

Another disturbing observation made is that local residents in these areas sometimes

spontaneously set wild grass and open fields alight, often leaving them unattended. This is

because of the belief that “long, wild grass and open fields become a ground for criminals

and drug users to hide in.” This phenomenon poses great risks to the community and

neighbours as an unattended fire can easily spread to adjacent, neighbouring properties and

cause major damage and pose potential health and safety risks, specifically for small

children. The smoke from these fires further increases health risks and air pollution.

With the informal (and often inadequate) build quality and close proximity of some of the

houses in these areas, natural catastrophes such as wind storms, floods and (less often)

landslides can also affect these areas drastically. These areas are often not developed

according to statutory planning and development requirements and so again increase the

vulnerability of the inhabitants. These types of risks can cause enormous devastation in the

event of a catastrophe and the damage and loss incurred from such an event would then be

much larger (compared to a regulated and appropriately developed area) mostly due to the

higher densities and increased vulnerability. (Munich Re Group 2004:25)

4. Sources of Vulnerability and Risk

African Nations are currently urbanising faster than any other regions in the world, and one

of many disadvantages of rapid development is, its contribution to the increasing

vulnerability of the growing areas. (Wisner, B. & Pelling, M. 2009) Rapid population growth,

urbanisation and migration are sources of vulnerability, as government is failing to



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withstand the growing need for housing by the growing population in urban areas.

Government is then unable to accommodate and provide supporting compatible

infrastructure and services that will meet and sustain cities with growing population. The

failure to cope with the increasing number of people and their housing needs has no doubt

contributed to development of settlements in unfavourable and unsafe locations. This is

however not the only contributor to such settlements and the enduring impacts of

apartheid spatial planning need to be taken into account as well. This pre-1994 planning

created distorted settlement patterns springing up, poorly located on the periphery of cities.

(SACN Report 2004) Settlements like Soshanguve, Hammanskraal and Winterveld, where

households are forced to settle on land which is exposed to all sorts of risks and disasters.

Existing planning and infrastructure delivery processes are the main mechanisms that shape

and form these settlements and therefore are a major contributor to causes of risk and

vulnerability. The risks associated with living in theses poorly located settlements are very

clear, but still a lack of preparedness prevails. (Napier, M. and Rubin, M. 2002)

Picture 5: Unpaved Roads

in Winterveld

All these distorted

settlements receive

little if any appropriate

infrastructure, such as

paved roads, drainage,

sewage, solid waste

collection or piped

water. This lack of

infrastructure causes health risks to households, especially concerning children. (Wisner, B

and Pelling, M.) As mentioned above, these areas have a lack of paved roads,, which

continuously exposes households to dust from the dusty roads and contribute to the high

air pollution experienced in these areas, which is a major contributor to respiratory illness.

Another threat to the health in the area is due to the close proximity the residents live in,

making the spread of disease inevitable. The lack of municipal solid waste collection causes



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the dumping of refuse to take place everywhere. This also aggravates the spread of diseases

as animals in the area carry the garbage all over the area. This matter is made worse by the

fact that these areas are located far from proper health services. The poor provision of

sewage facilities causes sanitation problems within these areas, where households use

poorly serviced and maintained pit latrines. In Winterveld we even observed self

constructed toilet ‘walls’, where the inhabitants of the house had to build the enclosure

around their toilet out of unstable material such as old sheet metal and curtains, building a

type of ‘shack’ as an enclosure. This begs the question of how safe and stable can that toilet

be if it was built by a person with no background knowledge about how to construct a toilet

that meets acceptable standards.

When households attempt to survive and cope with challenges of living far from areas of

economic opportunity, they tend to make do with the little that they have. They then

construct their own houses which are not in compliance with current planning and building

regulations (authorized housing), they construct non-permanent structures, leaving them

with inadequate housing. (Napier, M and Rubin, M. 2002) Judging from the marginalised

location of the settlements in the Northern region of Tshwane, households are excluded

from social and economic opportunities and therefore are receiving little if any form of

income. This makes them unable to afford proper housing so they construct their own

houses out of cheap or easily accessible material, such as wood or sheet metal. “The

government is useless, he promised us RDP houses 6 years back, but till today we haven’t

received any. It has come to a point where I have accepted that I will die in my-self built

shack” says Mama Caroline Makhonya, a resident of Winterveld.

Picture 6: Resident and Informal Trader

The lack of adequate services and low

income has resulted in households not

being able to afford electricity and

therefore turning to gas, paraffin or

wood as fuel for heating and cooking,

causing major risks of fire and



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respiratory disease caused by smoke and gas inhalation. Increasing poverty is one of many

other sources of vulnerability applicable to this region. It has been found that even

households with electricity still use paraffin for cooking as electricity is too expensive, and is

mostly used for lighting. Fire spreads quickly within in houses built off such flammable

materials and that are also built too closely together. (Napier, M and Rubin, M. 2002)

Patterns of development taking place on the shores of rivers and on flood plains make the

area more vulnerable to natural disaster such as floods and heavy storms with high wind

speeds. These rivers are also not managed, making them unsafe while also being

significantly polluted, causing health problems for people living close by such as cholera or

malaria. (Wisner, B. and Pelling, M. 2009)

5. Propositions for Increased Resilience

This section of the paper will discuss some of the possible interventions and strategies that

can be made within the identified areas in order to reduce risk and build resilient

communities.

The first step to engage with risk reduction in urban areas is to identify the risks (Pelling, M.

& Wisner, B. 2009: 5). This has been done in the first part of this report. From the identified

risks one can see that this region, the far north of the City of Tshwane, is not at risk from

one isolated factor but rather a multitude of risks who’s individual effects might be small

but the accumulated effects can present potential for disaster (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B.

2009: 6).

Local Government

A well managed and effective local government is the key in creating resilient regions.

According to Pelling and Wisner (2009: 43-45) local government or municipalities are the

ones with the greatest potential to combat urban disaster and promote risk reduction as

they are in contact with local communities, with local knowledge, as well as national



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government and international humanitarian NGO’s. Among local governments possible

contributions to risk reduction include:

Land tenure regularisation and upgrading of settlements

Relocation of settlements at high risk

Land-use planning to inform new constructions

Updating and implementing building codes for disaster-resistant houses and places

of work

Protecting critical infrastructure (this includes maintenance)

Improving early warning systems

Picture 7: Maintenance of Infrastructure in Hammanskraal

These contributions that local governments can make are the most critical in dealing with

the identified problems in section 1 as they are amongst the best ways to prevent risk and

build more resilient settlements. The local government should then be doing “upgrading of

slums, social housing or community development programming” because they “have great

potential for bringing multiple benefits including risk reduction.” (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B.

2009: 56) This is an effective means to reduce risk and achieve multiple local and national

government developmental goals.



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Civil Society

Through promotion and partnerships with local government civil society can help protect

itself through community healthcare, local hazard mitigation or livelihood strengthening

work. “Where government’s support for local capacity-building is insufficient, local actors

and civil society can still make a positive contribution, but it is difficult for local pockets of

resilience to be replicated or scaled up across the city without the resources and

coordinating capacity of local government.” (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009: 45-46) As such

we propose the creation of community forums within the region which will provide a

support network within the community so that they can help themselves to mitigate things

such as crime and help reduce health hazards within the region.

Private Sector

The private sector is important to the management and prevention of risk because they

provide and manage critical infrastructure, including potable water, waste management and

roads. (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009: 45) As such we propose public private partnerships in

the area because this will ensure private sectors involvement as they will want to protect

their investments within the area.

Planning

As seen in Pelling and Wisner (2009: 48), development planning entails the planning,

construction and maintenance of the physical infrastructure. The use of land-use planning is

one of the primary tools for integrating disaster risk reduction with urban planning because,

through the wise use of land-use planning, one can control where development happens.

Coupled with the use of land-use planning one must take into account the people who live

in the area, as such, public participation is fundamental in the planning and risk reduction of

the far north. (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009: 48)

The provision and development of critical infrastructure is essential in building the resilience

of the region as the “Disruption in either kind of critical infrastructure makes it more

difficult for people, neighbourhood and cities to recover from an extreme event and can

magnify the effects of a hazard impact.” (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009: 51) The lack of



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infrastructure in one area can have an impact that can effect and spread across the city. This

effect is more likely to happen the more vulnerable the city is. (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B.

2009: 51)

With regard to the suggested interventions it is however important, as noted in Pelling and

Wisner (2009: 5), the importance of political spheres and community will to make these

interventions happen and that the above mentioned proposals work best when “...groups of

professionals are integrated and, most importantly, wherever possible urban dwellers and

their civil society organisations are involved” (Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009: 43)

6. Implications for the Tshwane RSDF

The main focus in this region is to maximise the disaster resilience of the residents and

communities, the public and private sectors in Tshwane and the economy of Tshwane

through the coordination of all-hazard prevention-, preparedness-, mitigation-, response-

and recovery plan activities within the framework of sustainable development. (CTMM

RSDF)

The RSDF for the North West and North East of Tshwane (Soshanguve, Mabopane,

Winterveld and Hammanskraal) address the issue of risk management only to a minor

extent and mainly unintentionally by proposing measures to confront other problems (such

as roads/stormwater provision) which then have positive externalities of risk reduction. The

city is committed to ensuring that all citizens achieve a healthy and dignified living standard,

and this involves being protected from disasters that may occur. (CTMM RSDF)

A great percentage of the people living in the Northern area of Tshwane live in informal

settlements. In the RSDF, we see that the municipality aims to provide quality housing and

safe living conditions (also keeping people safe from risks) for all the people in the region,

but currently the goals and objectives are not being met. (CTMM RSDF)

There are spin-offs that the municipality has come up with to ensure environmental ethics.

They include the creation of liveable environments which in a way is a vague way of saying



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there should be a safe and risk minimized environment, the protection of livelihoods, the

safeguarding of the resource base of the City and realizing sustainable development,

creation of opportunity to attract grants and donor funding for future similar initiatives due

to the initial momentum created and lastly working with nature is more cost-effective in the

long term than working against nature through engineering solutions. (CTMM RSDF)

In the Northern region of Tshwane there are settlements that are in a horrible state in terms

of risk management as we have depicted in section 3 of this assignment, including the areas

of Winterveld, Temba, Mabopane, Hammanskraal and Soshanguve. According to the RSDF

the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality is aware of this and has then embarked on a couple

of specific projects to alleviate this condition. In the City of Tshwane Spatial Development

Strategy (SDS) they also include the LA21 park initiative which looks at low cost housing

development incorporating the best of sustainable living principles in partnerships with

various role-players to optimize economic and social development within an environmental

sustainable setting, the upgrading and rehabilitation of the Apies River as an ecological and

activity spine for the benefit of the entire city, bicycle lanes, incentives for private green

developments, creation and enforcement of a system of compensation for negative

ecological impacts or externalities to the City, the creation of cooperatives for city cleaning

and engineering and then the implementation of the Eco-Plan for the city emanating from

Tshwane Integrated Environmental Policy. (CTMM SDS 2007:38)

Picture 8: Municipal Worker Collecting Garbage Also the city has drawn and

implemented a 5 year Programme that

has identified additional Strategic

Objectives, namely the provision of

basic services and development of

infrastructure, Economic growth and

development, Building of sustainable

communities, building of safe and

secure communities and lastly good

governance. (CTMM RSDF)



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The environmental structuring concept specifically to open space and conservation has

categorized open spaces into the following:

Ecological – where you have green nodes that are protected areas, conservation

areas, irreplaceable sites and green ways that are ridge system.

Blue nodes – which are dams and wetlands and Blue ways that are water courses

inclusive to the 1:50 year flood line

Socio-economic – which are Brown nodes, including capital, urban and metropolitan

cores, multipurpose sport complexes recreational parks, resorts and brown ways,

which are activity streets and linkages.

Grey nodes – which are landfill sited, cemeteries and quarries, and Grey ways like

your infrastructure servitudes and railway lines

Place making – including the Red nodes which comprise the gateways, landmarks

squares and the Red ways which are the ceremonial streets and boulevards.

A number of special conditions have been drafted for the area north of the Magaliesburg

which is called the Magaliesburg Precinct, looking at curbing risk and disaster problems.

They address the availability of bulk services like water, sewerages, roads, storm water and

electricity, the discouragement of ‘leap-frogging’ development, the building of sustainable

communities by means of sufficient job opportunities, community services such as schools,

medical and recreational facilities, the formulation of aesthetics and urban design

guidelines, providing for a diversity of housing typologies and land-uses, the provision of

sustainable economic opportunities within these areas, the Environmental considerations,

the proximity to other supporting social facilities, economic opportunities and retail. (CTMM

RSDF)

The City of Tshwane City Development Strategy (CDS) aims to provide a process of

sustainable growth, offer new opportunities in terms of development and city wide growth

by infrastructure led expansion of development potential to the North in an attempt to

tackle poverty, the continued management and development of established urban areas,

the strengthening of key economic clusters, celebrating the national capital, building high



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levels of social cohesion and civic responsibility, modernizing and developing service

delivery mechanics and ensuring solid financial fundamentals. (CTMM CDS 2004)

Also the CDS has identified important policy shifts, including: focused high impact public

investment, public benefit infrastructure, strategic intervention packaging, integrating the

apartheid city, having an approach that balances growth and maintenance, investing with a

multiplier effect. The strategy identifies that 29% of the north western region of Tshwane’s

population live in informal settlements. (CTMM CDS 2004)

“A resilient city and its citizens can benefit greatly from the opportunities presented by

urban risk reduction actions.” (Valdés, H.M. 2010)

Picture 9: Infrastructure Upgraades in Hammanskraal

The Winterveld area has been identified and approved as one of the special intervention

areas, realising the creation of The Winterveld Spatial Development Framework and the

Winterveld Reconstruction and Redevelopment Programme Business Plan. The aim of the

municipality is that Winterveld must be transformed into an efficient and equitable

environment, which will enable proper administration, management and clear direction of

urban growth, whilst also minimising risks and keeping its residents safe. (CTMM ITP 2005)



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Another risk that the people in the area are exposed to is that offered by the unsanitary

living conditions, with rubbish thrown all over the place, even in drainage pipes. These may

easily spread diseases, and lead to poor drainage of run-off. This issue is not really

addressed in the RSDF. The Hammanskraal area on the other hand is much cleaner; due to

the fact the community is very involved in community issues. If the municipality adopted

this concept of community involvement and entered it into its RSDF’s, it could achieve a lot

towards cleaner environments. (CTMM RSDF)

All issues, noted above, identified during the visit to the northern Tshwane regions show

that a majority of the people living there are exposed to risks of a wide variety. In the City of

Tshwane Integrated Transport plan (ITP 2006-11) some note is made to road infrastructure

upgrades which would counter-act many of the most predominant risks. “Backlogs in regard

to unpaved roads are significant, especially in the northern parts of Tshwane, such as Ga-

Rankuwa, Mabopane, Soshanguve, Winterveld, Temba and Hammanskraal.” (CTMM ITP

2005:Ch.4-13) These are however again just positive effects generated by plans focused on

other problems.

The fact that the frameworks and development documents do not have direct plans of

Disaster Risk Reduction is a call for the municipality with all its consortiums to embark on

strengthening this area through management as it will prove to be a growing problem if not

appropriately planned for, causing those already disadvantaged to suffer as the poorer

people cities are often those worst affected by devastation and are often the most

vulnerable. (Yodmani, S. 2001: 7) Although there are considerations of appropriate

infrastructure and housing, they do not plan explicitly for risk as intended, creating an area

of downfall in planning for safe, resilient cities.



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7. Conclusion

In conclusion, the report addressed the issues of risk and vulnerability identified in the

northern regions of Tshwane by assessing the level/extent of risk, the possible causes of

these risks, potential proposed mitigation/intervention practices/measures and the

implications thereof for the Regional Spatial Development Framework. This report should

inform and educate the reader as to the risks and counter-measures available in order to

create a system of planning that better addresses the issues of these lower-income,

informal settlements, as well as others in a similar state, by drawing conclusions from

articles and legislation.

Word Count: 4332



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8. References

All Photographs taken by Darren Nel and Tobela Twala

ALNAP & ProVention. 2009. Responding to Urban Disasters: Learning from Previous

Relief and Recovery Operations. London: ALNAP

City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality – City Development Strategy (CDS) 2004

City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality – Regional Spatial Development

Frameworks (RSDF). Available online at http://www.tshwane.gov.za/sdfs.cfm

(Accessed on 20/09/2010)

City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality - Spatial Development Strategy (SDS)

2007

Munich RE. 2005. “Megacities-Megarisks: Trends and Challenges for Insurance and

Risk management.’’ Berlin: Munich RE.

Napier, M & Rubin, M. 2002. Managing environmental and disaster risk affecting

informal settlement: lessons in innovative practice from South Africa local

authorities. South Africa

Oelofse, C. 2003. ‘A critical realist perspective on urban environmental risk: A case

study of an informal settlement in South Africa’, in Local Environment, Vol. 8, No. 3,

pp. 261–275.

Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009. ‘African cities of hope and risk’, in M. Pelling & B.

Wisner (eds.), Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases from Urban Africa. pp. 17-40. London:

Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009. ‘Reducing urban disaster risk in Africa’, in M. Pelling &

B. Wisner (eds.), Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases from Urban Africa. pp. 43-59.

London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Pelling, M. & Wisner, B. 2009. ‘Urbanization and disaster risk reduction in Africa’, in

M. Pelling & B. Wisner (eds.), Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases from Urban Africa. pp.

3-10. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Pelling, M. 2003. ‘Cities as sites for disasters’, in The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural

Disasters and Social Resilience. pp. 19-45. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

RSA. 2005. “National Disaster Management Framework,” Notice no. 654 of 2005.



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SACN. 2004. State of Our Cities Report: 2004. Johannesburg: South African Cities

Network

Valdés, H.M. 2010. ‘Making Cities Resilient’, Presentation made at the “Planning

Africa Conference - Beyond Crisis: Opportunities & Actions” held at the ICC Durban,

South Africa, 13-25 September 2010.

Yodmani, S. 2001. ‘Disaster Risk Management and Vulnerability Reduction:

Protecting the Poor’, Paper delivered at the “Social Protection Workshop 6:

Protecting Communities—Social Funds and Disaster Management” held at the Asian

Development Bank, Manila, 5-9 February 2001. Available online at:

http://www.adb.org/poverty/forum/pdf/Yodmani.pdf (Accessed 21/09/2010)

9. Work Allocation Breakdown

Question:

a – Mbali Mkhombo & Niclesse Mariette (Section 3)

b – Sino Jali & Niclesse Mariette (Section 4)

c – Darren Nel & Niclesse Mariette (Section 5)

d – Tobela Twala, Bongi Mabuza & Niclesse Mariette (Section 6)

http://www.adb.org/poverty/forum/pdf/Yodmani.pdf

TPS320 - Assignment 3 Final

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