Toxicology Perspectives on Aviation Turbine Fuel from

Alternative Feedstocks

November 3, 2011

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Scope

• Aviation Turbine Fuel – D1655• Conventional Hydrocarbons• Up to 50:50 Blend with Synthesized Hydrocar bons

• Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons - D7566

• Synthesized Hydrocarbons• Fischer-Tropsch SPK• HEFA

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Definitions From D7566

• Conventional hydrocarbons - derived from crude oil, condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, or oil sands

• Synthesized hydrocarbons – derived from coal, natural gas, biomass, or hydrogenated fats and oils by processes such as gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and hydroprocessing

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Chemical Substances

Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light

A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 150°C to 290°C (302°F to 554°F).

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CAS # NAME

8008-20-6 Kerosene (petroleum)

64742-14-9 Distillates(petroleum), acid-treated light

64742-31-0 Distillates (petroleum), chemically neutralized light

64742-81-0 Kerosene (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized

64742-47-8 Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light

64742-96-7 Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aliph.

EPA’s High Production Volume Challenge Category – Kerosene/Jet Fuel

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Product Standard Designation

Kerosene No. 1-K or No. 2-K ASTM D 3699

Jet A or Jet A-1 ASTM D 1655

JP-8 and JP-8+100 DOD MIL-DTL-83133F

JP-5 DOD MIL-DTL-5624 U

Diesel Fuel No. 1-D ASTM D 975

Gas Turbine Fuel Oil No. 1-GT ASTM D 2880

Fuel Oil No. 1 ASTM D 396

Kerosene Product Specifications

Goals for Workshop

1. Do the fuel specification put boundaries on the hydrocarbons constituents of jet fuel?

2. Does the manufacturing method/feedstock put boundaries on the hydrocarbon constituents of jet fuel?

3. What data is available to read-across to untested fuels?

4. What data do we still need?

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Aromatics, D 5769, WT%   Ave n=14 Min Max

Total 10.46 7.55 16.49

BENZENE 0.01 0.00 0.02

TOLUENE 0.14 0.06 0.50

ETHYLBENZENE 0.15 0.08 0.26

M,P-XYLENE 0.54 0.24 1.25

BTEX Content of Jet A

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Componenta Weight percent

Nonaromatics 80.27

Saturates 78.61

Olefins 1.66

Aromatics 19.72

Less than three-ring PACb ≈19.72

Three- to seven-ring PACb <0.01

aAnalyzed by ASTM Method D1319-1, Fluorescent indicator Adsorption.

bPolycyclic aromatic compounds.

(Schreiner et al., 1997)

Test Article for Dermal 90-day Subchronic and Repro/Developmental Screening Studies

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Substance

DMSO Extractable

wt.%%

ARC 1%

ARC 2%

ARC 3%

ARC 4%

ARC 5%

ARC 6%

ARC 7

Jet A 2.6 0.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

JP-8 (unadditized) 2.9 0.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

No. 1-K Kerosene 1.9 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kerosene hydrodesulfurized 1.9 0.4 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Analysis of Kerosene/Jet Fuels for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by ASTM E 1687

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PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Melting Point (°C) not relevant

Pour Point (°C) -55 to -47

Freezing Point (°C) -47 to -40

Boiling Point (°C) 150 - 290

Vapor Pressure (hPa) 3 to 35

Partition Coefficient1 3.3 to >6

Water Solubility1 (mg/L) 4.8 - 12.4

Screening Information Data Set (SIDS)For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

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Screening Information Data Set (SIDS)For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

ENVIRONMENTAL FATEPhotodegradation, OH¯ reaction T1/2

1 (h or d) 0.2 to 1.5Stability in Water stable

Environmental Distribution

distribution depends on HC class and compound MW.Air <1% - 99%Water <0.1% - 8%Soil <1% - 97%

Biodegradation classification inherently

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Screening Information Data Set (SIDS)For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Acute Fish LL50(mg/L WAF loading rate)

18 to 25 

Acute Daphnia EL50(mg/L WAF loading rate)

1.4 to 21 

Algae EL50(mg/L WAF loading rate)

  

ELr50 5.0 to 6.2ELb50 5.9 to 11

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Screening Information Data Set (SIDS)For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

HEALTH EFFECTSRat Acute Inhalation (mg/m3) LC50 >5,000Rat Acute Oral (mg/kg) LD50 >5,000

Rat Acute Dermal (mg/kg) LD50 >2,000Inhalation Rat Repeated-Dose (mg/m3) NOAEL >24Dermal Rat Repeated-Dose (mg/kg/d) NOAEL 495Genotoxicity, in vitro negativeGenotoxicity, in vivo negativeDermal Reproductive toxicity (mg/kg/d) NOAEL 495Inhalation Developmental toxicity (PPM) NOAEL >364 PPMDermal Developmental toxicity (mg/kg/d) NOAEL 495

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Other Data For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

OTHER HEALTH EFFECTSMouse Skin Cancer Negative

Immunotoxicity (Rat Dermal) Negative

Immunotoxicity (Rat Inhalation) Negative

Immunotoxicity (Mouse lnhalation) Negative

Immunotoxicity (Mouse Dermal) Positive

Ototoxicity ?

?