Towards a Semantic Wiki for Science
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Towards a Semantic Wiki for ScienceResearch Proposal for a Ph.D. thesis
Christoph Lange
Jacobs University Bremen(formerly International University Bremen)
February 28, 2007
1 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Abstract
A semantic wiki for science — think “Wikipedia++”Represent scientific knowledge. . . which can be utilised by services. . . in a collaborative environment
How to motivate users to contribute?Work plan towards the creation of SWiM+, theSemantic Wiki for Mathematics and Other Sciences:
Give the user services that exploit the knowledgeAccess knowledge via “System Ontology” abstraction layer
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Wikis in Science and Education
Everything: e.g. WikipediaDomain-specific: e.g. PlanetMathAnyone can contribute ,
Quick and easyCreate new knowledge . . .. . . or learn by browsing or searching
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Wiki: Nice for Humans, but . . .
Imagine a scholar searching for:\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} = c, or: x^2 + y^2 = z^2all theorems about triangles for which a proof exists
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Markup
Explicit markup of structures helps machines. . . e.g. intelligent search engines
Tell the machine what you mean (= semantics). . . not what it looks like!
Markup languages available for:Mathematics: Content MathML, OpenMath, OMDoc, . . .Physics: PhysMLChemistry: CMLGeodata: GML, SensorML, MarineML, ESML, . . .From top to bottom (roughly): less structures, more dataTechnology transfer: mathematics −→ other sciences
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Markup Allows for Inference
Some dependencies among physical and mathematical theories(think “course modules”):
MP3audio
discretecosine
transform
depends on
(cf. ActiveMath [Melis et al., 2004])Inference gives you more output than input.
“I want to learn more about MP3 audio compression!”“Fine, but do you know what an orthogonal matrix is?”
Description logic (DL) reasoners to this efficiently.
6 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Markup Allows for Inference
Some dependencies among physical and mathematical theories(think “course modules”):
MP3audio
discretecosine
transform
depends on orthogonalmatrix
depends on
(cf. ActiveMath [Melis et al., 2004])Inference gives you more output than input.
“I want to learn more about MP3 audio compression!”“Fine, but do you know what an orthogonal matrix is?”
Description logic (DL) reasoners to this efficiently.
7 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Markup Allows for Inference
Some dependencies among physical and mathematical theories(think “course modules”):
MP3audio
discretecosine
transform
depends on orthogonalmatrix
depends on
depends on (transitive)
(cf. ActiveMath [Melis et al., 2004])Inference gives you more output than input.
“I want to learn more about MP3 audio compression!”“Fine, but do you know what an orthogonal matrix is?”
Description logic (DL) reasoners to this efficiently.
8 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Markup: Who Wants to Write it?
Pythagoras’ theorem again, in OMDoc/OpenMath:
<theorem id="pythagoras"><CMP>In a rectangled triangle, ...</CMP><FMP>
<OMOBJ><OMA>
<OMS cd="relation" name="eq"/><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="plus"/><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="power"/><OMV name="a"/><OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="power"/><OMV name="b"/><OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA></OMA><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="power"/><OMV name="c"/><OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA></OMA>
</OMOBJ></FMP>
</theorem>
Theorem (pythagoras)In a rectangled triangle, . . .a2 + b2 = c2
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Markup: Who Wants to Write it?
Pythagoras’ theorem again, in OMDoc/OpenMath:
<theorem id="pythagoras"><CMP>In a rectangled triangle, ...</CMP><FMP>
<OMOBJ><OMA>
<OMS cd="relation" name="eq"/><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="plus"/><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="power"/><OMV name="a"/><OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="power"/><OMV name="b"/><OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA></OMA><OMA>
<OMS cd="arith" name="power"/><OMV name="c"/><OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA></OMA>
</OMOBJ></FMP>
</theorem>
Theorem (pythagoras)In a rectangled triangle, . . .a2 + b2 = c2
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
The Semantic Author’s Dilemma
macro-perspective: “OK, if I make the effort, others can findmy formulæ using Google++”
micro-perspective: “. . . but what do I gain from it?”
Give the author added value in his particular situation![A. Kohlhase, Müller 2007]
11 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Semantic Social Software
[Spivack 2003, Schaffert 2006]Here: Semantic Wiki + OMDoc and relativesIntegrate services, share their added value with the user
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Applications of SWiM+: Stakeholder Analysis
SWiM+
• Semantic Markup• Services
Scientists• Research• Collaboration
Scholars• Learn• Search/Find
Semantic Web• Access• Reuse
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Applications of SWiM+: Science
Scientists want to formalise their ideas and develop theoriescollaboratively.
Example
E. In. Stein wants to elaborate on his hypotheses about“relativity”. . . and decides to build on the theory of “gravitation”. . . developed by his colleague N. Ew. Ton. . . which is still under development, though!If Ton changes some basic assumptions on gravitation,. . . Stein’s considerations might become invalid.
SWiM+ must be able to manage dependencies!(cf. [Müller 2006])
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Applications of SWiM+: Education
Adapt to the previous knowledge of a learnerNeeds to find what he wants by browsing or searchingAn example from algebra (each theory on one wiki page):
ring group
monoid
semigroup
I already know theconcepts dependedupon
Show me the di-rect dependencies!(group and monoid)
Show me all depen-dencies! (semigroup,too)
I want to know, butremind me later
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Applications of SWiM+: Semantic Web
Weave the Semantic Web with SWiM+ — make scientificknowledge reusable on the web
Export knowledge extracted from markup to standardformats (RDF)
. . . which can be imported into other Semantic Webapplications
Integrate external servicese.g. MathWebSearch, our formula search engine[M. Kohlhase, Șucan 2006]
16 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
SWiM (SWaM?) Prototype = IkeWiki + OMDoc
First experiment (my diploma thesis)editing, presentation, navigation; partial system ontology
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Scientific Knowledge Representation
I assume three levels of scientific knowledge [M. Kohlhase,2006]:
Objects symbols, numbers, equations, molecules, . . .Statements axioms, hypotheses, measurement results,
examples; relationships: “proves”, “defines”,“exemplifies”, . . .
Theories collections of interrelated statements, determinecontext: “What does the symbol h mean?”
Successfully applied to mathematicsOMDoc (M. Kohlhase)Transferred to physics with small additionsPhysML (Stamerjohanns et al.)Anticipation: also valid for chemistry (Murray-Rust),geosciences (Baumann, Unnithan), . . .
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
System Ontology
Ontology: formal, explicit specification of aconceptualisation (of a specific domain)System ontology (here): ontology of the systems builtaround a markup language (meta level!)
DefinesModels
}how to represent knowledge in
{OMDocMaths
Theory
Statement
Symbol
Definition
Example
Assertion
Proof
importslives in
is a
is a is a
is a
is a provesdefined by
exemplifies
exemplifies exemplifies
OWL-DLimplementation,with generic relationtypes dependencyand containment(both transitive)
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Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Where is the Knowledge?
Semantic wiki: One page = one conceptSWiM+: One page = one statement or theory(small, reusable pages, but not too small)Semantic Web tools need more explicit representation ofthe knowledge (extract from markup!)
Example
A wiki page:
<omdoc><proof id="pyth-proof"for="pythagoras">...
</proof></omdoc>
Extracted RDF triples (=̂ graph):
pyth-proof pythagoras
Proof Theorem
type typeproves
proves
<pyth-proof, rdf:type, omdoc:Proof><pyth-proof, omdoc:proves, pythagoras>
(omdoc:* → OMDoc system ontology)20 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Service Programming Interface: Access theKnowledge
Make generic services work for all markup languages(= all scientific domains)
“SciML” researchers will identify common traits of thesystem ontologies (expected: theory/statement/object,containment, dependency)Formalise that upper system ontology for SWiM+!
Analyse services to design programming interface:What knowledge do they need? Inference required?
Also model a system ontology of the wiki;inference over both
Many user questions to a proof page ⇒ must be hard tounderstand ⇒ auto-create examples for special cases
21 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Which Services? Added Value?
Plan services using added-value analysis[A. Kohlhase/Müller 2007]:
1 Core problem2 Core solution3 Benefits/sacrifices4 . . . may trigger new core problems
Their objective: Motivate user to take action!Provide benefits while the user contributes
In semantic wikis also: instant gratification“Thanks for your contribution, and look . . . ”
22 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Example: Auto-Completion Service
Support easy linking (wiki ,)facilitate editing text (markup /)Suggest links to appropriate targets
<proof for="p_
Find all known instances of the range of the relationProof–proves–? starting with “p”First service to be implemented, because:
does not require DL reasoning (no transitivity)easy to evaluate productivity of volunteers
23 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Example: Auto-Completion Service
Support easy linking (wiki ,)facilitate editing text (markup /)Suggest links to appropriate targets
<proof for="p_
partial-diff-eqnprotonpythagoras
Find all known instances of the range of the relationProof–proves–? starting with “p”First service to be implemented, because:
does not require DL reasoning (no transitivity)easy to evaluate productivity of volunteers
24 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Example: Auto-Completion Service
Support easy linking (wiki ,)facilitate editing text (markup /)Suggest links to appropriate targets
<proof for="p_
partial-diff-eqnprotonpythagoras
Find all known instances of the range of the relationProof–proves–? starting with “p”First service to be implemented, because:
does not require DL reasoning (no transitivity)easy to evaluate productivity of volunteers
25 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
More Ideas for Services
Already specified:Dependency Management: simple assistance(later: locutor [Müller 2006])Dependency Graph Navigation (see above)“Edit-in-place” (section-wise editing of long documents)
Planned:QMath, an easy syntax for formulaeMathWebSearch interface
Added-value analysis will give more ideas.
26 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Case Studies
Science Our group is working on the cross-domainintegration of scientific markup languagestest SWiM+ in a heterogeneous environment
Education M. Kohlhase’s slides for “General ComputerScience” available as sTEX (OMDoc-likeLATEX)convert, import, evaluate learning andinteraction services
27 / 28
Towards aSemantic Wiki
for Science
Ch. Lange
Abstract
Wikis
Semantics
SemanticSocialSoftware
SWiM+
Prototype
KnowledgeRepresentation
Services
Case Studies
Conclusion
Better Wikipedia, Better Semantic Web
break
-even
sacrifice
benefit
WWW(Web 1.0)
Wikipedia
Formal MethodsSWiM+
(2009)
Semantic Web(today)
my challenge
28 / 28