Towards a Model for Social Media Usage in Disaster Management

7/31/2019 Towards a Model for Social Media Usage in Disaster Management

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KODJABM[ SJATLT LGFM[HOSLMG HOGO@AHAGS

SMPO[CT O HMCAB FM[ TMDLOBHACLO QTO@A LG CLTOTSA[HOGO@AHAGS

TAUSAHKA[ ;5?5

P[LSA[> H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT"SLBKQ[@ QGLVA[TLS\ TSQCAGS GM'> ?1:6 H'N'N'F'SJMHOTEQVS'GB M[ HO[SLNGEHSJMHOT'GB UJMGA> )4?*5,61565;435

TQUA[VLTM[ C['K'O'*KO[SAB, VOG CA POBBA"SLBKQ[@ QGLVA[TLS\ OTTMDLOSA U[MFATTM[ A(HOLB> KO[SABEQVS'GB

SMPO[CT O HMCAB FM[ TMDLOB HACLO QTO@A LG CLTOTSA[ HOGO@AHAGS

;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ?-43
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/34

OKTS[ODS

Sjlt sjatlt u{mumtat o hmcab fm{ sja ta mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags' Sja u{mumtac hmcab {atbst

f{mh o dmhklgoslmg mf *?, sja sjam{| mf ukbld agòàhags *[mpa" ;551," *;, sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg

f{ohapm{i *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj ;5?5, ogc *4, sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba *C|gat ? Tmdlob Haclo" Cltotsa{ Hogoàhags" Jhoglso{log Lgfm{hoslmg Hogoàhags


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ;-43


3/34

SOKBA MF DMGSAGST

?' Lgs{mcqdslmg 1;' Jqhoglso{log Lgfm{hoslmg Hogoàhags 0

;'?' [ablafPak 0;';' @CODT & Vl{sob MTMDD :

;';'?' @CODT :;';';' Vl{sob MTMDD :

;'4' Mga[atumgta :4' Tmdlob Haclo ?5

4'?' Caglslmg ?54';' Dmhhgls| & S{ts ?54'4' Fgdslmgobls| ??4'3' Ukbld Agòàhags ??4'1' Tmdlob Haclo Dbottldoslmg F{ohapm{i ?;

3' Aha{àgd| [atumgta & Dmhhqgls| Kajovlm{ ?33'?' Aha{àgd| [atumgta D|dba ?33';' Tmdlm(Sahum{ob Tsoàt mf Cltotsa{ ?13'4' Vl{sob Dmhhglslat ?13'3' Dmhklgac Cltotsa{ Hogoàhags D|dba ?6

1' O Hmcab fm{ Tmdlob Haclo Qtoà lg Cltotsa{ Hogoàhags ?01'?' Hmcab ?0

1'?'?' Sja dagsa{ ?:1'?';' Sja Msa{ D|dba ?:

1';' Lgsa {oslmg ?:1';'?' Lgsa {oslmg plsjlg sja Dagsa{ ?:1';';' Lgsa`{oslmg kaspaag sja Dagsa{ ogc sja msa{ D|dba ?:

1'4' Lhum{sogda mf sja U{mumtac Lgsa`{oslmg ? k|lg` |m{ bgdj lt kotac mg sja s{tsac faablg` sjos ls plbb ka mf sja toha qobls| ot

|atsa{co|' Lhum{sogs lgfm{hoslmg lt tjo{ac ohmg` sjmta |m s{ts *m{ tjmbc s{ts, *[jalg`mbc" ?


11/34

sjlg` ot {aob dmhhgls|' O vl{sob dmhhgls| doggms ka taag ot o {aob dmhhgls| lf ls mgb| dmgtltst

mf ubolg lgfm{hoslmg azdjog`a' O ts{mg` fm{h mf s{ts tjmbc ka u{atags sm hoia ls o {aob dmhhgls|'

Tlgda aha{`agd| {atumgta lt klbs mg o dmhhgls| mf s{ts" o u{mua{ gca{tsogclg` mf s{ts

plsjlg dmhhglslat lt gadatto{| *Ca @{mava as ob' ;55


12/34

;' Ukbld Dmgtbsoslmg ( Sjlt lt sja muumtlsa mf ukbld dmhhgldoslmg' Og afdlags s{ogtfa{ mf

lgfm{hoslmg f{mh sja hozlhh ghka{ mf sja {abavogs umuboslmgt sm sja tumgtm{ ogc sja

afdlags u{mdattlg` mf sjos lgfm{hoslmg k| sja {adalva{ *tumgtm{,'

Lg tjm{s> o mga(po| {abavogs" affadslva ogc afdlags lgfm{hoslmg mp f{mh sja uo{sldluogst sm sja

ubogga{t'

4' Ukbld Uo{sldluoslmg ( Hozlhl~lg` sja s{ogtfa{ mf lgfm{hoslmg kaspaag sja hozlhh ghka{ mf obb

{abavogs tm{dat ogc s{ogtfa{{lg` ls affadslvab| *plsj hlglhob lgfm{hoslmg bmtt, sm sja hozlhh mf

msja{ {abavogs uo{sga{t" fmbbmpac k| og afdlags u{mdattlg` mf sjos lgfm{hoslmg k| sja {adalva{t

*kmsj tumgtm{t ogc uo{sldluogst, ogc dmhklglg` ls lgsm og odd{osa dmhumtlsa'

Lg tjm{s> o spm(po| {abavogs" affadslva ogc afdlags lgfm{hoslmg azdjogà kaspaag uo{sldluogst ogc

ubogga{t'

4'1'TMDLOB HACLO DBOTTLFLDOSLMG F[OHAPM[I

@lcm Bog` ogc [oqab Kagkgog(Fldj f{mh sja Qglva{tls| mf Gap \m{i lgs{mcdac o f{ohapm{i

fm{ sja dbottldoslmg mf sja ta mf tmdlob haclo lg o tuadld cltotsa{ *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5,'

Sjal{ f{ohapm{i lt klbs mg sja sjam{| mf ukbld djmlda lg dmgtslsslmgob admgmhlat *Kdjogog &

Sbbmdi" ? Ukbld Agòàhags *[mpa" ;551,


13/34

;'Fodlblsoslmg ( Lt tmdlob haclo tac sm agt{a lgus f{mh obb uo{sldluogst m{ ta{t a' ' plsj sja jabu mf jhog hmca{osm{t m{ hogcosm{| lgus abct=

4'Cablka{oslmg ( Lt tmdlob haclo tac sm blgi" {afa{agda sm m{ occ sazs" oclm" vlcam m{ lhoà lgus plsjms o u{acasa{hlgac tas m{ fm{h mf tuadld {atumgta djmldat= Lt ls umttlkba fm{ sja ta{ sm occ dmgsags vlo sja tmdlob haclo=

3'O``{aòslmg ( Lt tmdlob haclo tac sm u{mcda o glac msus kotac mg u{acasa{hlgac {bat=Sja dmhklgoslmg mf sjata fm{ hmcbat catd{lkat sja ts{ds{a mf tmdlob haclo ta *Fl`{a ;,'

Og lhum{sogs {aho{i lt sjos Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj *;5?5, tac sja f{ohapm{i sm dbottlf| sja ta

mf Tmdlob Haclo lg o tuadld cltotsa{' Lg Djousa{ 1 o dmhklgoslmg mf Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj *;5?5,

ogc [mpa *;551, plbb ka tac sm u{mumta o hmcab fm{ sja ta mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags'

Tabadslmg Fodlblsoslmg

Cablka{oslmg O``{aòslmg

TmdlobHaclo

Fl`{a ;> Tmdlob Haclo Dbottldoslmg F{ohapm{i


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ?4-43


14/34

3' AHA[@AGD\ [ATUMGTA &DMHHQGLS\ KAJOVLM[

Cltotsa{ hogoàhags hmvat sj{m`j o ta{lat mf tsaut" tmhaslhat ls tso{st plsj sja avags lstabf" msja{

slhat ls tso{st plsj u{auo{oslmgt sjos pa{a soiag sm blhls sja affads mf o umsagslob cltotsa{ ogc plbb gava{

`m og| f{sja{ lg sja d|dba' Tava{ob d|dbat catd{lklg` aha{àgd| {atumgta ujotat o{a ovolbokba' Lg sjltsjatlt o vo{loslmg mg sja aha{àgd| {atumgta d|dba k| Obazogca{ *;55;, ogc ocousac k| Dssa{ *;554,

dmhklgac plsj C|gat *?


15/34

3';'TMDLM(SAHUM[OB TSO@AT MF CLTOTSA[

Lg ?


16/34

3'3'DMHKLGAC CLTOTSA[ HOGO@AHAGS D\DBA

Sja spm d|dbat catd{lkac lg tadslmgt 3'? ogc 3'; plbb ka dmhklgac sm cltslg`ltj sja dbao{ ogc

{abavogs um{slmgt mf aha{àgd| {atumgta ogc sja po| tmdlob haclo dog ubo| o {mba lg ls' Sjlt {atbst lg

sja d|dba tjmpg lg `{a 3'

Ca sm sjal{ lhum{sogs umtlslmgt t{{mgclg` sja u{auo{acgatt ujota" po{glgògc hlslòslmg o{a occac ot o

ujota sm sja u{mumtac d|dba lg `{a 3' U{auo{lg` fm{ o cltotsa{ hl`js u{avags o cltotsa{ f{mh jouuaglg`"

blhls sja cltdmhfm{s c{lg` o cltotsa{ m{ blhls sja lhuods mf sja cltotsa{' Hlslòslmg lt c{oplg` dmgdbtlmgt

ogc lf gadatto{| soilg` u{auo{oslmgt kotac mg sjata dmgdbtlmgt f{mh sja azua{lagda c{lg` o u{lm{ cltotsa{'

Sja po{glg` ujota lt dbmtab| blgiac sm sja u{auo{acgatt ogc lhuods ujota' Po{glg` fm{ o cltotsa{ *avag

tadmgct kafm{a lhuods, dog jabu sm {acda sja lhuods k| odslvoslg` sja u{auo{oslmgt sjos pa{a soiag c{lg`

sja u{auo{acgatt ujota'

LHUODS[atdqa

[admva{|

[ablaf

[admgts{dslmg

U{auo{acgatt

Fl`{a 3> U{mumtac Cltotsa{ Hogoàhags D|dba

Po{glg`

Hlslòslmg




17/34

1' OHMCAB FM[ TMDLOB HACLO QTO@A LG CLTOTSA[ HOGO@AHAGS

Sja `mob mf sjlt sjatlt lt sm u{mumta o hmcab fm{ sja ta mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags'

Sja u{mumtac hmcab lt kotac mg sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba ot u{mumtac lg tadslmg 3'3" sja tmdlob

haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5, ot catd{lkac lg tadslmg 4'1 ogc sja

sj{aa o{djas|uat mf ukbld agòàhags *[mpa & F{apa{" ;551, ot cltdttac lg tadslmg 4'3'

1'?'HMCAB

C{lg` aodj cltotsa{" sja ukbld *offadsac umuboslmg, ogc tumgtm{ *{ablaf oàgs, tjo{a lgfm{hoslmg

{as{lavac f{mh lgsa{gob ogc azsa{gob tm{dat' Sja po| lgfm{hoslmg lt azdjogàc cauagct mg sja ujota

mf sja aha{àgd| hogoàhags d|dba'

LHUODS

[atdqa

[adm

va{|

a

a

[admgts{dslmg

U{auo{acga

tt

Po{gl

g`

Hlslòslmg

Tmdlob Haclo

[ablafOàgs

Tm{dat

Uqkbld

Tabadslm

g

O``{aòslm

g

Fodlblsoslm

g

Cablka{oslm

g

Ukbld Dmgtbsoslmg

Ukbld Dmhhgldoslmg

Ukbld Uo{sldluoslmg

Fl`{a 1> Hmcab fm{ Tmdlob Haclo Qtoà lg Cltotsa{ Hogoàhags

Ot cltdttac lg tadslmg 4'3" lgfm{hoslmg azdjogà dog mdd{ mg sj{aa bavabt mfukbld agòàhags> ukbld

dmhhgldoslmg" ukbld dmgtbsoslmg ogc ukbld uo{sldluoslmg *[mpa & F{apa{ ;551,' Sjlt azdjogà lt

fodlblsosac k| o tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa sj{m`j lst hmcbat> tabadslmg" fodlblsoslmg" cablka{oslmg ogc




18/34

o``{aòslmg *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj ;5?5,' Sja umttlkba ta mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags

lt casa{hlgac plsj sja jabu mf sja u{mumtac hmcab *`{a 1,'

Sja u{mumtac hmcab u{mvlcat og lgcldoslmg mf sja umsagslob ta mf tmdlob haclo' Sjlt cmat gms

lhub| sjos d{{ags po|t mf dmhhgldoslmg lt p{mg` ogc tjmbc ka {aubodac k| tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat'

1'?'?' Sja dagsa{Sja dagsa{ mf sja hmcab lt dmhumtac mf sja sjam{| mf ukbld agòàhags *[mpa & F{apa{" ;551,

ogc sja dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i fm{ tmdlob haclo *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5," ogc fmdtat mg sja

oklblslat mf tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat sm tuum{s ukbld agòàhags' Aodj bavab mf ukbld agòàhags

{atahkbat o bavab mf dmhhgldoslmg *ukbld dmhhgldoslmg" ukbld dmgtbsoslmg ogc ukbld

uo{sldluoslmg, kaspaag sja {ablaf oàgs *tumgtm{, ogc sja offadsac uamuba *umuboslmg,' Sjata bavabt mf

agòàhagst dog ka tuum{sac k| tmdlob haclo" sja po| sjlt lt tuum{sac lt abokm{osac k| sja fm{

hmcbat ( tabadslmg" cablka{oslmg" fodlblsoslmg ogc o``{aòslmg ( mf sja dbottldoslmgt f{ohapm{i *Bog`

& Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5,'

1'?';' Sja Msa{ D|dbaSja msa{ d|dba mf sja hmcab lt sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba' Aodj ujota {au{atagst o clffa{ags

tsau lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags ogc lt tac sm msblga sja ta mf sja hmcab lg aodj mf sja ujotat' Aodj

ujota {au{atagst clffa{ags lgfm{hoslmg {aql{ahagst ks obtm jot tuadld {aql{ahagst fm{ sja po|

ukbld agòàhags lt tuum{sac' Jmp sja msa{ d|dba ogc sja dagsa{ mf sja hmcab o{a lgsa`{osac plbb

ka abokm{osac lg tadslmg 1'; ogc sja ta mf sja hmcab lg tadslmg 1'4

1';'LGSA@[OSLMG

1';'?' Lgsa`{oslmg plsjlg sja Dagsa{Sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i mf Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj *;5?5, lt tac lg sjal{ uoua{

ha{ab| sm ogob|~a sja {mba mf tmdlob haclo ofsa{ o cltotsa{ smmi uboda' Sja| azubolg ( kotac mg sjal{

f{ohapm{i ( pj| ogc jmp da{solg msdmhat pa{a àga{osac plsj sja jabu mf tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat" ogc

jmp sjata tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat fodlblsosa sjata affadst *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj ;5?5,'

Plsj sja azubldlslgsa`{oslmg mf obb sj{aa bavabt mf ukbld agòàhags ( pja{a Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj

*;5?5, mgb| fmdtac mg ukbld uo{sldluoslmg ( sja dagsa{ mf sja hmcab dog jabu caga pjos {mba o

tuadld tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa dog jova lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags' Tlgda lgfm{hoslmg mpt c{lg` o cltotsa{plbb gms obpo|t ka kl(cl{adslmgob" ukbld dmgtbsoslmg ogc ukbld dmhhgldoslmg o{a lgdm{um{osac lg

sja hmcab' [adalvlg` lgfm{hoslmg f{mh m{ clts{lkslg` lgfm{hoslmg sm sja ukbld *m{ msja{ {ablaf oàgst,

plsjms faackodi lt dmhhmg u{odslda lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags' Sjos lt pj| occ{attlg` sjata

lgfm{hoslmg mpt lt lhum{sogs'

1';';' Lgsa`{oslmg kaspaag sja Dagsa{ ogc sja msa{ D|dbaAodj ujota mf cltotsa{ hogoàhags jot clffa{ags lgfm{hoslmg ogc dmhhgldoslmg {aql{ahagst'

Sjata {aql{ahagst dog ka has k| haogt mf ukbld agòàhags' Sja po| ukbld agòàhags lt

tuum{sac k| tmdlob haclo lt abokm{osac k| sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i *Bog` &

Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5,'


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ?:-43


19/34

Tlgda sja sotit mf {ablaf oàgst clffa{" sjal{ lgfm{hoslmg ogc dmhhgldoslmg {aql{ahagst clffa{ ot

pabb' Sjlt {atbst lg sja fods sjos gms mgb| sja ujota mf cltotsa{ hogoàhags cagat pjos ilgc mf

{aql{ahagst gaac sm ka tas" ks obtm sja sotit mf sja {ablaf oàgs jot lgagda mg sjlt' O {atda pm{ia{

*Tao{dj ogc [atda, jot dmhubasab| clffa{ags lgsa{atst lg lgfm{hoslmg ogc dmhhgldoslmg sjog o

cmdsm{' Fm{ aodj ujota mf sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba ( ogc lf gaacac tuadlac fm{ sja uo{sldbo{

soti mf sja {ablaf oàgs ( o tas mf lgfm{hoslmg ogc dmhhgldoslmg {aql{ahagst dog ka cagac fm{ sjata mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags'

1'4'LHUM[SOGDA MF SJA U[MUMTAC LGSA@[OSLMG

Lgsa`{oslg` sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba plsj ukbld agòàhags ogc sja tmdlob haclo hmcbat

occt o slha dmhumgags sm sja hmcab ot aodj ujota {au{atags o clffa{ags otuads mf cltotsa{

hogoàhags' K| ag{ldjlg` sja dagsa{ mf sja hmcab plsj sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba o slha

dmhumgags lt occac' Sjlt agokbat sja hmcab sm ogob|~a sja umsagslob ta mf o tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa ogc

sm casa{hlga lst oklbls| fm{ sja ta mf o tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat lg sja clffa{ags ujotat mf cltotsa{hogoàhags'

1'3'HMCAB QTO@A

Sja hmcab dog ka ouu{modjac kmsj sjam{asldobb| ot pabb ot u{odsldobb|' Kmsj ouu{modjat o{a

cltdttac ogc u{atagsac plsj o ghka{ mf kotld tsaut sm ta sja hmcab' Sja sjam{asldob ouu{modj plbb

ka cahmgts{osac lg Djousa{ 6'

1'3'?' Sjam{asldob ouu{modj

Lg sjlt ouu{modj sja umsagslob toklbls| fm{ tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat lg sja clffa{ags ujotat mf sja cltotsa{

hogoàhags d|dba o{a cagac tlg` sja gazs tsaut'

?, Dmgcds o sjam{asldob ogob|tlt fm{ sja umsagslob ta mf o tuadld tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa lg cltotsa{

hogoàhags'

o, Casa{hlga pjldj s|uat mf ukbld agòàhags ( ukbld dmhhgldoslmg" ukbld dmgtbsoslmg

ogc ukbld uo{sldluoslmg ( o{a tuum{sac k| sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa9

k, Casa{hlga jmp sjata s|uat mf ukbld agòàhags o{a tuum{sac k| sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa

kotac mg sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{it hmcbat9 tabadslmg" fodlblsoslmg"

cablka{oslmg ogc o``{aòslmg9


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ? YTmdlob Gasp {i TlsaX Tmdlob Haclo Qtoà

Tabadslmg Fodlblsoslmg Cablka{oslmg O``{aòslmg

Ukbld Dmhhgldoslmg f-u-g f-u-g f-u-g f-u-g

Ukbld Dmgtbsoslmg f-u-g f-u-g f-u-g f-u-g

Ukbld Uo{sldluoslmg f-u-g f-u-g f-u-g f-u-g


20/34

d, Dmhklga sja {atbst mf sjlt ogob|tlt lg o sokba ( blia sokba ; ( sm {au{atags sja tmdlob haclo ta

*THQ, mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa' Fm{ aodj mf sja o{djas|uat mf ukbld agòàhags lt

casa{hlgac jmp sja| o{a tuum{sac k| sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa kotac mg sja hmcbat mf sja

dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i' Fbb| tuum{sac lt lgcldosac plsj o f " uo{slobb| tuum{sac plsj o

u ogc gms tuum{sac plsj o g'

;, Dmgcds o sjam{asldob ogob|tlt sm tuadlf| sja dmhhgldoslmg {aql{ahagst fm{ aodj ujota mf sja

cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba' Tsaut o" k ogc d gaac sm ka dmgcdsac fm{ aodj ujota mf sja cltotsa{

hogoàhags d|dba'

o, Casa{hlga pjldj s|uat mf ukbld agòàhags ( ukbld dmhhgldoslmg" ukbld dmgtbsoslmg

ogc ukbld uo{sldluoslmg ( gaac sm ka tuum{sac lg sja tuadlac ujota mf sja cltotsa{

hogoàhags d|dba9 sm msblga sja cl{adslmg mf sja agòàhags9

k, Casa{hlga jmp sjata s|uat mf ukbld agòàhags gaac sm ka tuum{sac k| o tmdlob gaspm{i

tlsa kotac mg sja fm{ hmcbat ( tabadslmg" fodlblsoslmg" cablka{oslmg ogc o``{aòslmg ( mf sjatmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i" msblglg` jmp sja agòàhags lt tuum{sac9

d, Dmhklga sja {atbst mf tsaut o ogc k lg o sokba ( blia sokba 4 ( sm {au{atags sja tmdlob haclo

dmhhgldoslmg {aql{ahagst fm{ sja ogob|~ac cltotsa{ hogoàhags ujota *pja{a sja {

lgcldosat sjos sjlt lt {aql{ac" sja lgcldosat sjos ls tafb" ogc sja g lgcldosat sjos lt gms

{aql{ac,9

4, Dmhklga sja sokbat dmgts{dsac lg tsaut ? ogc ;" d{aoslg` o tmdlob haclo toà hos{lz'

Mg sja jm{l~mgsob ozat sja hos{ldat {au{atags sja umsagslobt mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat o{a

ubodac *{atbst f{mh tsau ?,9

Mg sja va{sldob ozat sja dmhhgldoslmg {aql{ahagst fm{ tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat fm{ aodj mf sja

ujotat mf cltotsa{ hogoàhags o{a ubodac *{atbst mf tsau ;,9

Casa{hlga fm{ aodj mf sja dabbt lf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa lgvmbvac tuum{st dmhhgldoslmg

ogc agòàhags s|ua gaacac lg sja ujota mf sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba'

Sja hos{lz {atbslg` ms mf tsaut ?" ; ogc 4 plbb tjmp pjldj tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa dog ka tac lg aodj

ujota mf sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba'


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ;5-43

Sokba 4> Tmdlob Haclo [aql{ahagst YCltotsa Hogoàhags U otaX

Tabadslmg Fodlblsoslmg Cablka{oslmg O``{aòslmg

Ukbld Dmhhgldoslmg {--g {--g {--g {--g

Ukbld Dmgtbsoslmg {--g {--g {--g {--g

Ukbld Uo{sldluoslmg {--g {--g {--g {--g


21/34

1'3';' Mstlca lgSja tsaut u{mumtac ja{a o{a og lgcldoslmg mf sja tsaut o {ablaf oàgs soiat sm casa{hlga pjldj

tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa sm ta lg dmgcdslg` jlt-ja{ sotit lg sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba'

?, Casa{hlga sja tuadld dmhhgldoslmg ogc lgfm{hoslmg {aql{ahagst fm{ sja sotit sjos gaac sm ka

dmgcdsac lg sja ujotat mf cltotsa{ hogoàhags sja {ablaf oàgs lt odslva lg'

o, Fl{ts" k| casa{hlglg` sja ukbld agòàhags s|uat sjos o{a gaacac sm tuum{s sjata

dmhhgldoslmg ogc lgfm{hoslmg {aql{ahagst9

k, Tadmgc" k| casa{hlglg` jmp sjata ukbld agòàhags s|uat o{a tuum{sac k| tmdlob haclo *k|

ouub|lg` sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i *Bog` & Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5,9

d, Dmhklga sja {atbst mf o ogc k lg o sokba blia sokba 4'

;, Dmhklga sja {atbst mf tsau ? plsj sja sjam{asldob ogob|tlt mf sja umsagslob ta mf tmdlob haclo lg

cltotsa{ hogoàhags *tadslmg 1'3'? tsau ?, sm dmgts{ds o hos{lz plsj sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat mg sja

jm{l~mgsob ozat ogc sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba ujotat mg sja va{sldob ozat'

4, Casa{hlga fm{ aodj mf sja dabbt lf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa tuum{st dmhhgldoslmg lg sja ujota mf

sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba'

Sja {atbslg` hos{lz dog ka tac sm casa{hlga pjldj mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat sm ta lg m{ca{ sm

tuum{s sja sotit mf sja {ablaf oàgs'


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ;?-43


22/34

6' OUUB\LG@ SJA HMCAB

Ot lgcldosac kafm{a" sj{aa mf sja hmts umubo{ tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat> Fodakmmi" Splssa{ ogc Fbldi{

*Pliluaclo" Obazo, plbb ka f{sja{ avobosac kotac mg sja hmcab u{mumtac lg djousa{ 1' Lg tadslmg 6'?

sja {ts tsau mf tadslmg 1'3'? plbb ka ouublac' Tadslmg 6'; lt fmdtlg` mg sja ouubldoslmg mf tsau ; mf sjau{mumtac tsaut lg tadslmg 1'3'?' Lg tadslmg 6'4 sja mva{obb hos{lz ot catd{lkac lg tsau 4 *tadslmg 1'3'?,

plbb ka u{atagsac'

6'?'OUUBLDOSLMG MF SJA HMCAB SM TMDLOB GASPM[I TLSAT

6'?'?' FodakmmiFodakmmi lt pm{bcplca sja hmts umubo{ tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa' Ls jot sja jl`jats {osa mf odslva

hmgsjb| ta{t *Io~agold" ;55


23/34

cmga plsj sja jabu mf Fodakmmit tasslg`t' Fm{ azohuba" mgb| hahka{t dog uo{sldluosa m{ {aoc ogc mgb|

ta{t dog kadmha hahka{ ofsa{ sjal{ {aqats lt ouu{mvac k| sja hmca{osm{ mf sja `{mu uoà' Tm sja

ghka{ mf ta{t o{a dmgs{mbbac tlg` Fodakmmi Ytabadslmg fX'

Sja lgus mf ta{t mg `{mu uoàt lt agt{ac plsj sja jabu mf o

jhog hmca{osm{" m{ k| tlg` umbbt' Sja mpga{ mf sja `{mu ogc

hmca{osm{t o{a okba sm hmca{osa ogc dmgs{mb sja dmgsags mg sja `{mu

uoà Yfodlblsoslmg fX'

Sja cablka{oslmg hmcba lt jl`jb| tuum{sac k| Fodakmmi" tlgda ls lt

va{| tlhuba sm tjo{a dmgsags mstlca Fodakmmi plsj hahka{t mf sja

`{mu uoà' O bms mf paktlsat jova faos{at agokbac sm tjo{a dmgsags

f{mh sjal{ paktlsat cl{adsb| lgsm o Fodakmmi uoà' Lg Fodakmmi lstabf ls

lt obtm va{| aot| sm occ ulds{at" hmvlat m{ blgit sm dmgsags Ycablka{oslmg fX'

O``{aòslmg lt tuum{sac k| Fodakmmi' Sja{a lt gm lgsa{gob hadjoglth sm àga{osa o glacmsus' Ls lt umttlkba sm dmgtbs ta{t sm {aodj o gob va{clds mg jmp sm u{atags sja gob msus *sjlt pot

cmga c{lg` sja d{aoslmg mf sja vldslht blts mf sja Vl{`lglo Sadj Tjmmslg`, Yo``{aòslmg fX'

6'?';' Splssa{Splssa{ lt o tm dobbac hld{m kbm``lg` ta{vlda sjos agokbat ta{t sm tagc ogc {aoc tjm{s hattoàt sm m{

f{mh aodj msja{' Sjata hattoàt o{a dobbac spaast' Spaast o{a sazs(kotac hattoàt u sm ?35

djo{odsa{t pjldj o{a vlapac mg sja osjm{t u{mba uoà" mg bltst d{aosac k| msja{ ta{t ogc mg o

fmbbmpa{t slhablga' Pja{a slhablgat o{a uoàt plsj spaast mf sja uamuba bltsac m{ fmbbmpac k| sja ta{'

Sja osjm{t u{mba uoà dmgtlts mf jlt spaast ogc o blssba lgfm{hoslmg okms sja osjm{ tdj ot jltgoha" lgsa{atst" blgi sm o u{lvosa azsa{gob paktlsa ogc bmdoslmg mf sja ta{' Sja ta{ dog u{msads jlt

spaast" tm mgb| jlt fmbbmpa{t4 dog vlap sjah m{ hoia sjah ukbldb| ovolbokba'

Uldsq{at ogc Q[B(Tjm{saglg`

Tlgda spaast o{a sazs(kotac mgb| ogc {ats{ldsac sm ?35 djo{odsa{t" ulds{at m{ msja{ bat doggms ka

lgdbcac cl{adsb| lgsm sja spaas' Sm mva{dmha sjlt u{mkbah" ta{t tso{sac tlg` sjl{c uo{s| ta{vldat blia

splsuld'dmh' Ot sja goha ob{aoc| lhublat sjlt ta{vlda u{mvlcat ta{t plsj sja douoklblslat sm tjo{a

ulds{at' Jmp= Sja ta{ tlg`t lg plsj jlt splssa{'dmh d{acagslobt ogc ubmoct sja ulds{a sm

splsuld'dmh" occt o dmhhags sm sja ulds{a ogc spaast ls' Gmp o tjm{s blgi sm sja ulds{a ouuao{t lg

sja spaas' Tmha ta{t obtm ta Q[B(tjm{sa{t sm lgdbca o Q[B lg sjal{ hattoà' Mg tausahka{ sja

?3sj Splssa{ oggmgdac gap faos{at fm{ sjal{ ta{vlda lgdbclg` o klbc lg Q[B(tjm{sa{ ogc sja oklbls|

sm occ ulds{at ogc vlcamt sm spaast' Sjata gap faos{at plbb ka {mbbac ms lg sja udmhlg` hmgsjt

*Splssa{" Kassa{ Splssa{9 ;5?5,'

HagslmglgÒ holg faos{a mf splssa{lg` lt sja hagslmglg` mf msja{ ta{t' Lf tmhamga hagslmgt ogmsja{ ta{ m{

f{lagc lg jlt spaas ja plbb uboda og E lg f{mgs mf sja ta{goha *a' ' EHo{slngSjmhot,' Sja ta{ sjos lt

hagslmgac plbb ka gmslac mf sjlt' Qta{t dog dmhhgldosa cl{adsb| *obsjm`j ukbldb|, tlg` sjlt

faos{a'



4 Fmbbmpa{t o{a sja po| splssa{ {afa{t sm F{lagct

Sokba 3> Fod kmm THQ

T F C O

U' Dmh' f f f f

U' Dmg' f f f f

U' Uo{s' f f f f


24/34

[aSpaastPjag tmhasjlg` lhum{sogs" lgsa{atslg` m{ nts fgg| mdd{t ls lt spaasac k| o ta{' Jlt fmbbmpa{t

plbb mfsag [aSpaas sjlt" k| dmu|lg` sja spaas lgta{slg` [S lg f{mgs mf ls ogc occlg` og occlslmgob

dmhhags lf catl{ac'

Jotjso`t

Jotjso`t o{a so`t sjos o{a occac sm sja spaas *a'`' $sjatlt,' Sjata jotjso`t o{a holgb| tac k| sja

paktlsa jotjso`t'm{ lg ogob|~lg` sja s{agct mf sjata so`t' Mfsag obtm tac k| msja{ uo{slat lg

lcagslf|lg` spaast' A' ' obb spaast {afa{{lg` sm sja LTD[OH dmhhgls| dmgsolg $ltd{oh' Og lhum{sogs

{aho{i lt sjos sjata jotjso`t o{a occac k| sja ta{ *osjm{ mf sja spaas, ogc gms occac osmhosldobb|'

Bltst

Sjlt lt o {aboslvab| gap faos{a mf splssa{' Qta{t d{aosa bltst mf uamuba sja| fmbbmp' Sjata blts dog obtm

ka fmbbmpac k| msja{ ta{t' DGG clc d{aosa tava{ob bltst dmgsolglg` sjal{ {aum{sa{t' Lf |m o{a lgsa{atsac

lg sja DGG {aum{sa{t |m nts tktd{lka sm sja DGG[aum{sa{t blts os sja DGG splssa{ u{mba uoà'

Ouub|lg` sja hmcabTsau o> Casa{hlga sja tuum{sac s|ua*t, mf lgfm{hoslmg azdjogà *ukbld agòàhags, k| Splssa{

Splssa{ tuum{st ukbld dmhhgldoslmg k| spaaslg` tsost ucosat k| lst mpg slhablga" ogc hoilg` sjlt

slhablga ukbld ogc d{aoslg` sja umttlklbls| sm fmbbmp ls k| msja{ splssa{ ta{t Yukbld dmhhgldoslmg fX'

Ukbld dmgtbsoslmg lt hoca umttlkba k| tao{djlg` sja ukbld slhablgat mf ta{t *fm{ azohuba tao{djlg`

fm{ tuadld jotjso`t, m{ fmbbmplg` msja{ ta{t Yukbld dmgtbsoslmg fX'

Ukbld uo{sldluoslmg lt hm{a clfdbs" ls lt umttlkba sm {aub| mg o spaas m{ hagslmglg` ogmsja{ ta{'

Jmpava{ {aob cltdttlmgt o{a gms tuum{sac tlgda sjata {aublat plbb gms ouuao{ lg o dmgva{toslmg ts|ba' O

{aub| m{ hagslmg plbb nts ouuao{ mg sja ukbld slhablga mf sja mga pjm lt {aub|lg`" m{ mg sjaEta{goha tadslmg mg splssa{'dmh' Tm ukbld uo{sldluoslmg lt mgb| uo{sb| tuum{sac Yukbld uo{sldluoslmg

uX'

Tsau k> Casa{hlga jmp sja ukbld agòàhags s|uat o{a tuum{sac k| Splssa{9

Tabadslmg mf ta{t lt umttlkba' Cauagclg` mg sja tasslg`t mf Splssa{" fmbbmplg` o ta{ lt mgb| umttlkba

ofsa{ ouu{mvob mf sja ta{' Qta{t dog ka occac sm bltst" ogc sjata blts

dmbc ka hmglsm{ac ot o tauo{osa slhablga Ytabadslmg fX'

Ls lt gms umttlkba sm agt{a lgus vlo hogcosm{| abct m{ o jhog

hmca{osm{' Mgb| pjag o {ablaf oàgs lt hagslmgac m{ lf ja lt

tao{djlg` fm{ da{solg pm{ct lg sja ta{t spaas" sja spaas plbb ka taag

k| sja {ablaf oàgs pjag ja lt gms fmbbmplg` sja ta{ ogc o ilgc mf

agt{lg` lt odjlavac' Cl{ads fodlblsoslmg lt va{| jo{c" plsj jhog

lgsa{odslmg ls lt o umpa{fb smmb Yfodlblsoslmg fX'

Cablka{oslmg lt uo{sb| tuum{sac k| Splssa{ lstabf" ks lt jl`jb| tuum{sac k| lgsa`{osac sjl{c uo{s|

ouubldoslmgt' Tlgda spaast jova o blhls mf ?35 djo{odsa{t" bmg` blgit sm azsa{gob dmgsags doggms ka

lgdbcac lg o tlhuba po|' Sjlt lt umttlkba pjag sja Q[B lt tjm{sagac' Ta{vldat blia splsuld'dmh hoia ls

umttlkba sm tjo{a ulds{at sj{m`j splssa{' Tm k| tlg` sjl{c uo{s| ouubldoslmgt sjlt lt tuum{sac

Ycablka{oslmg fX'



Sokba > Splssa{ THQ

T F C O

U' Dmh' f f f u

U' Dmg' f f f u

U' Uo{s' u u u u


25/34

O``{aòslmg lstabf lt gms tuum{sac k| Splssa{' Ouo{s f{mh sjos" splssa{ jot o umpa{fb {aob(slha

tao{dj muslmg> |m o{a lgfm{hac pjag gap spaast o{a umtsac plsj sja ia|pm{ct |m pa{a tao{djlg` fm{'

Obsjm`j sja{a lt gm lgsa{gob ts{ds{a m{ faos{a sm dmgtbs msja{ ta{t *a'`' o umbb, lg caglg` jmp sja

msus tjmbc ka" tlg` ts{ds{ac msus f{mh msja{ lgfm{hoslmg t|tsaht blia @CODT" d{aosat

umsagslob fm{ o``{aòslmg Yo``{aòslmg uX'

6'?'4' Fbldi{Fbldi{ dmgdags{osat lst ta{vldat sm sja tjo{lg` ogc jmtslg` mf ulds{at ogc vlcamt hoca k| lst ta{t'

Mfsag sjata ulds{at o{a soiag k| ohosa{ ujmsm`{ouja{t" obtm u{mfattlmgobt o{a odslva' Ls lt

qatslmgokba lf Fbldi{ lt o fbb tdoba tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa' Lst holg fmdt lt mg ujmsm jmtslg` ogc tjo{lg`

ta{vldat' Qta{t o{a okba sm a' ' atsokbltj dmgsodst kaspaag aodj msja{ ogc d{aosa `{mu obkht ogc

uoàt' O dbao{ tmdlob gaspm{i dmhumgags lt u{atags'

Qta{t ubmoc ogc m{ògl~a ulds{at k| ubodlg` sjah lg obkht" dosa`m{lat m{ so``lg` sjah plsj

ia|pm{ct' Katlcat sjos ta{t kadmha Dmgsodst' Kadmhlg` o Dmgsods mffa{t |m sja umttlklbls| sm iaau

lgfm{hac {aò{clg` gap ulds{at occac k| sja ta{'

O {adags faos{a occac k| Fbldi{ lt @amSo``lg ' C{lg` umtslg` o ujmsm ta{t o{a okba sm occ sja

bmdoslmg sja ulds{a pot soiag' Sjlt mffa{t sja umttlklbls| sm tjmp obb ulds{a soiag plsjlg o da{solg

slhaf{oha ogc mg o da{solg bmdoslmg m{ {a`lmg'

Fbldi{ obtm agokbat {mut mf ta{t sm osja{ mg dmhhgls| uoàt dobbac @{mut' Qta{t occ ulds{at

sm sjata `{mu uoàt ogc jova cltdttlmgt lg sja cltdttlmg kmo{c' Tmha mf sjata `{mut o{a u{lvosa" lst

dmgsags lt mgb| vltlkba fm{ sjal{ hahka{t' Msja{t tjo{a sjal{ ulds{at plsj sja pjmba pm{bc'

Ouub|lg` sja hmcabTsau o> Casa{hlga sja tuum{sac s|ua*t, mf lgfm{hoslmg azdjogà *ukbld agòàhags, k| Fbldi{

Fbldi{ tuum{st ukbld dmhhgldoslmg k| tjo{lg` ulds{at soiag mg |m{ ukbld u{mba' Msja{ ta{t dog

tktd{lka sm |m{ u{mba sm às gmslac lf sja{a o{a ucosat Yukbld dmhhgldoslmg fX' Ukbld

dmgtbsoslmg lt hoca umttlkba kotac mg sja tktd{lka faos{a *tumgtm{ tktd{lkat sm oddmgst mf sja

ukbld, ogc k| ubodlg` {aodslmgt mg ukbltjac ulds{at Yukbld dmgtbsoslmg fX' Ukbld uo{sldluoslmg lt

tuum{sac tlgda sja{a lt o thobb cltdttlmg kmo{c faos{a fm{ `{mu uoàt *kotac mg lgsa{atst," plsj sja

umttlklbls| sm umts o dmhhags sm o ulds{a ogc {aods sm o dmhhags Yukbld uo{sldluoslmg uX'

Tsau k> Casa{hlga jmp sja ukbld agòàhags s|uat o{a tuum{sac k| Fbldi{9Tabadslmg mf ta{t lt umttlkba k| tktd{lklg` sm da{solg ukbld u{mbat m{ d{aoslg` `{mu lgsa{ats uoàt"

pja{a hahka{tjlut gaac sm ka ouu{mvac Ytabadslmg fX' Ava{|mga pjm jot o Fbldi{ oddmgs m{ lt o

hahka{ mf o `{mu uoà lt okba sm umts' @{mut dog ka hmca{osac k|

o jhog hmca{osm{" ogc tsogco{cl~ac abct o{a ovolbokba" ks gms

hogcosm{| Yfodlblsoslmg uX' Cablka{oslmg lt mgb| tuum{sac fm{ lhoàt"

ogc sazs ot o dmhhags sm sja ulds{a' Tlgda Fbldi{ lt catl`gac sm tjo{a

ulds{at sjlt faos{a lt tuum{sac Ycablka{oslmg fX'

O``{aòslmg lt gms fbb| tuum{sac' O ulds{a lt o ulds{a" tm sja{a ltgms hdj o``{aòslmg umttlkba kotac mg sja ulds{at' Sja haso

lgfm{hoslmg mf sja ulds{a dog ka o``{aòsac'



Sokba 6> Fbldi{ HQ

T F C O

U' Dmh' f u f u

U' Dmg' f u f u

U' Uo{s' f u f u


26/34

[adagsb| *Nb| ;5?5, Fbldi{ jot tso{sac azua{lhagst plsj @amSo``lg` pja{ak| sja bmdoslmg mf sja

ulds{a osmhosldobb| occac sm sja ulds{a' O``{aòslmg lt gms fbb| tuum{sac" jmpava{ sja{a o{a

umttlklblslat sm o``{aòsa coso mg splssa{ blia tlg` sja @amSo` fgdslmgobls| Yo``{aòslmg uX'

6';'OUUBLDOSLMG MF SJA HMCAB SM SJA CLTOTSA[ HOGO@AHAGS D\DBA

Lg sjlt tadslmg sja kotld ta mf tmdlob haclo lg aodj ujota mf sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba lt

cltdttac' Sjlt plbb gms ka og azjotslva blts" jmpava{ ls plbb u{atags sja {aoca{ ( kotac mg sja

u{mumtac hmcab ( o kotld lcao mf sja {mba mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags'

6';'?' Po{glg`Sja fmdt c{lg` sja po{glg` ujota plbb ka mg dmhhgldoslmg smpo{ct sja ukbld *Ukbld

dmhhgldoslmg, jmpava{ sja{a o{a umttlklblslat sm dmgtbs m{ bas sja ukbld uo{sldluosa'

Uqkbld dmhhqgldoslmg

Sja `mva{ghags m{ {ablaf oàgs lt po{glg` sja ukbld fm{ da{solg udmhlg` avagst' Sm ta tmdlobhaclo lg sja po{glg` ujota sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa gaact sm jova sja oklbls| sm tabads sja {adlulagst

kotac mg sjal{ bmdoslmg Ytabadslmg {X' Sja lgfm{hoslmg dmhhgldosac sm sja ukbld cmat gms gaac sm

ka hmca{osac sj{m`j sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa tlgda sja lgfm{hoslmg tjmbc ka djadiac kafm{a ls lt

ukbltjac Yfodlblsoslmg gX'

Gms mgb| sazsob lgfm{hoslmg dog ka gadatto{| sm dmhhgldosa

affadslvab| smpo{ct sja ukbld" og lhoà mf sja offadsac {a`lmg dog

u{mvlca sja ukbld plsj hm{a tuadld casolbt Ycablka{oslmg X' Tlgda

sja{a lt mgb| dmhhgldoslmg f{mh sja tumgtm{ smpo{ct sja ukbld

sja{a lt gm o``{aòslmg mf lgfm{hoslmg gaacac" sja lgfm{hoslmg ltob{aoc| {au{atagsac lg o glac po| k| sja tumgtm{ *{ablaf oàgs m{

`mva{ghags, Yo``{aòslmg gX'

Uqkbld dmgtqbsoslmg ogc uo{sldluoslmgPjag sja ukbld lt tac sm òlg lgfm{hoslmg mg o da{solg sj{aos u{lm{ sm m{ c{lg` o umsagslob

cltotsa{ *a' ' o dmua csos," fodlblsoslmg lt gaacac sm iaau lg dmgs{mb mf sja lgfm{hoslmg mp ogc sm

o``{aòsa sja lgfm{hoslmg lg o bosa{ tsoà Yfodlblsoslmg X ogc Yo``{aòslmg X' Sja o{`hagst fm{

tabadslmg ogc cablka{oslmg o{a lcagsldob sm ukbld dmhhgldoslmg'

6';';' LhuodsGos{ob cltotsa{t jova o fol{b| tjm{s lhuods ujota *ao{sjqoia m{ stgohl, lg dmgs{ots sm dmhubaz

cltotsa{t pja{a sja lhuods ujota dog ka qlsa bmg`" ogc `{ocobb| djog`lg` lgsm *m{ avag azltst

smàsja{ plsj, sja {atda" {ablaf ogc {admva{| ujotat' Tlsoslmg ucosat ogc lgfm{hoslmg mg sja auld

dagsa{ asd' dog ka dmhhgldosac Yukbld dmhhgldoslmg {X sm sja offadsac uamuba ogc sja pm{bc' Sja

ukbld dog lgfm{h sja {ablaf oàgst mg bmdob tlsoslmgt Yukbld dmgtbsoslmg {X ogc

Yukbld uo{sldluoslmg {X'

Fm{ gos{ob cltotsa{ sja {mba mf tmdlob haclo lt hlgm{' Sja lhuods ujota lt smm tjm{s sm ta tmdlob

haclo sm lgfm{h sja ukbld affadslvab|' Tm sjlt plbb gms ka f{sja{ abokm{osac'



Sokba 0> H [o{g

aqllg`

ahagst

T F C O

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27/34

C{lg` sja lhuods mf dmhubaz cltotsa{t sja {mba mf tmdlob haclo dog ka hdj `{aosa{ ogc baoglg`

smpo{ct sja ta mf tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat lg sja {atda" {ablaf ogc {atumgta ujotat'

Uqkbld dmhhqgldoslmgLgfm{hlg` sja ukbld sj{m`j tlsoslmg ucosat jot o jl`j u{lm{ls| fm{ {ablaf oàgst' Tm sja {l`js

{adlulagst tjmbc ka tabadsac vlo sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa Ytabadslmg {X' Pjag sja lgfm{hoslmg lt

dmhhgldosac sm sja ukbld" gm hmca{oslmg lt gaacac sj{m`j sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa *otthac sjos

sja lgfm{hoslmg sjos lt dmhhgldosac lt djadiac k| sja oàgd| kafm{a ls lt {abaotac, Yfodlblsoslmg gX'

Sm u{mvlca tafb lgfm{hoslmg sja lgfm{hoslmg tjmbc dmgtlts mf hm{a sjog sazsob hattoàt mgb|" ks ls

lt gms gadatto{| Ycablka{oslmg X' O``{aòslmg mf sja lgfm{hoslmg lt gms gaacac" sja lgfm{hoslmg lt

dmhumtac k| sja {ablaf oàgs sm u{atags sja ukbld plsj lgfm{hoslmg lg sja hmts affadslva po|

Yo``{aòslmg gX'

Uqkbld dmgtqbsoslmg

Tabadslmg mf sja {adlulagst lt cmga k| tabadslmg mf sja {l`js {ablaf oàgs' Sjlt dog ka cmga plsj sja

jabu mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa Ytabadslmg {X' Fm{ affadslva ogcafdlags ta ogc bsa{lg` mf sja lgfm{hoslmg u{mvlcac k| sja ukbld

hmca{oslmg sj{m`j sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa lt tafb' Sjlt dog kmsj

ka oddmhubltjac k| tlg` hogcosm{| abct m{ sj{m`j jhog

hmca{oslmg Yfodlblsoslmg {X' Holgb| sazsob hattoàt plbb ka tagc k|

sja ukbld sm sja {ablaf oàgst" ks ulds{at m{ thobb hmvlat o{a

jabufb lg ottattlg` sja tlsoslmg Ycablka{oslmgX' Sm ta sja dmgsags

u{mvlcac k| sja ukbld affadslva ogc afdlagsb|" sja dmgsags gaact sm

ka o``{aòsac' Sjlt dog kassa{ ka cmga plsj sja jabu mf o sjl{c(uo{s|

ouubldoslmg Yo``{aòslmg X'

Uqkbld uo{sldluoslmgSja {ablaf oàgs plbb {atumgc sm hattoàt f{mh sja ukbld ogc tabads sja {adlulagst sj{m`j sja

tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa kotac mg sjal{ dmgsags Ytabadslmg {X' Sja o{`hagst fm{ fodlblsoslmg ogc

cablka{oslmg plbb ka lcagsldob ot fm{ ukbld dmgtbsoslmg' Sja dmgsags f{mh sja {ablaf oàgs sm sja ukbld

cmat gms gaac sm ka o``{aòsac" tlgda sjlt plbb ka tagc cl{adsb| sm sja ta{ *m{ sm o tuadld `{mu,

Yo``{aòslmg gX'

6';'4' [atda" {ablaf ogc {admva{|Sja po| tmdlob haclo dog dmgs{lksa c{lg` sja {atda" {ablaf ogc {admva{| lt gao{b| lcagsldob ot ls lt

lg sja lhuods ujota mf o dmhubaz cltotsa{' Lgfm{hoslmg lt dmhhgldosac sm sja ukbld' [ablaf oàgst

dmgtbs sja ukbld ogc kmsj sja {ablaf oàgst ogc ukbld uo{sldluosa lg sja {ablaf mua{oslmg vlo tmdlob

gaspm{i tlsat' C{lg` sjata ujotat sja{a lt o va{| sjlg blga kaspaag ukbld dmhhgldoslmg"

dmgtbsoslmg ogc uo{sldluoslmg' Uamuba lgfm{h {ablaf oàgst {aò{clg` cavabmulg` tlsoslmgt mg sja

`{mgc" sja ghka{ mf dotobslat asd' [ablaf oàgst dog {atumgc sm tmha mf sja hattoàt lgclvlcobb|

*a' ' o {atda {aqats f{mh o vldslh, ks dog obtm tagc àga{ob lgfm{hoslmg {aò{clg` {atda" {ablaf ogc

{admva{|'

Uqkbld dmhhqgldoslmg[adalva{t mf sja lgfm{hoslmg o{a tabadsac sj{m`j sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat kotac mg *u{lm{,

hahka{tjlut sm `{mut Ytabadslmg {X' Lgfm{hoslmg f{mh sja {ablaf oàgst cm gms gaac og| hmca{oslmg"



Sokba :> H [Lhu

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{ahagst

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28/34

oòlg kotac mg sja otthuslmg sjos sja lgfm{hoslmg dmhhgldosac f{mh sja {ablaf oàgs sm sja ukbld

lt djadiac *asd, kafm{a ls lt tagc Yfodlblsoslmg gX' Sja lgfm{hoslmg tjmbc ka aotlb| oddattlkba ogc

gca{tsogcokba' Qtlg` ulds{at ot pabb ot ubolg sazs tjmbc lhu{mva sja dmhhgldoslmg" jmpava{ sjlt lt

gms gadatto{| Ycablka{oslmg X' Sja lgfm{hoslmg f{mh sja {ablaf oàgs

jot gms sm ka o``{aòsac fm{ sja ta{t sj{m`j sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa"

sjlt gaact sm ka cmga kafm{a sja lgfm{hoslmg lt clttahlgosac sm sjaukbld Yo``{aòslmg gX'

Uqkbld dmgtqbsoslmg

Sja tabadslmg mf sja {adalva{ mf sja lgfm{hoslmg lt cmga k| sja

ukbld kotac mg sja lgfm{hoslmg sja| pogs sm u{mvlca sm sja tabadsac

{ablaf oàgs Ytabadslmg {X' Sja {ablaf oàgs tjmbc hmca{osa sja

lgdmhlg` hattoàt f{mh sja ukbld plsj sja jabu mf o jhog

hmca{osm{ m{ sj{m`j hogcosm{| m{ u{acasa{hlgac abct *pja{a hogcosm{| u{acasa{hlgac abct o{a

gms tuum{sac mg tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat" ks jhog hmca{oslmg lt, Yfodlblsoslmg {X' Hm{a sjog mgb| ubolg

sazs tjmbc ka oddausac' Ulds{at jabu ottattlg` sja tlsoslmg tmhaslhat kassa{ sjog sazsob {aum{st" sjlt

lt jmpava{ gms gadatto{| Ycablka{oslmg X' O``{aòslg` sja tkhlssac lgfm{hoslmg k| sja {ablaf oàgs

dog ka cmga sj{m`j sja hmca{osm{t m{ o sjl{c(uo{s| t|tsah Yo``{aòslmg X'

Uqkbld uo{sldluoslmgSja o{`hagst fm{ ukbld uo{sldluoslmg o{a o dmhklgoslmg mf sja o{`hagst fm{ ukbld

dmhhgldoslmg ogc ukbld dmgtbsoslmg ot o {atbs mf sja sjlg blga kaspaag sja sj{aa agòàhags

s|uat'

6';'3' [admgts{dslmgC{lg` sja {admgts{dslmg {ablaf oàgst ogc `mva{ghagst o{a azuadsac sm lgfm{h sja ukbld mg sja

u{m`{att hoca ogc sja sotit sjos bo| ojaoc' U{mkokb| sja {ablaf oàgst pmbc blia sm igmp pjos gaact

sm ka cmga" lg sjos dota sja ukbld dmbc ka dmgtbsac'

Uqkbld dmhhqgldoslmg

Sja {l`js {adlulagst o{a tabadsac plsj sja jabu tmdlob haclo Ytabadslmg {X' Tlgda sja lgfm{hoslmg lt

u{mvlcac k| sja {ablaf oàgs" sja otthuslmg lt hoca sjos sja lgfm{hoslmg lt djadiac kafm{a ogc cmat

gms gaac og| hmca{oslmg Yfodlblsoslmg gX' Sm hoia sja lgfm{hoslmg oddattlkba ls jot sm ka hm{a

clva{ta> f{mh ubolg sazs sm ulds{at m{ hmvlat Ycablka{oslmg {X' Sja

lgfm{hoslmg cmat gms gaac sm ka o``{aòsac fm{ sja ukbld" sja

lgfm{hoslmg plbb ka u{atagsac sm sja ukbld ofsa{ ls lt u{mdattac k|

sja {ablaf oàgs m{ `mva{ghags lg djo{à Yo``{aòslmg gX'

Uqkbld dmgtqbsoslmg

Sja ukbld lgfm{ht sja {ablaf oàgst okms pm{i sjos gaact sm ka

cmga m{ u{mvlca sjah plsj tlsoslmg ucosat mg {admgts{dslmg pm{i

cmga k| sja dmhhgls| lstabf' Sja tabadslmg mf sja {adlulags lt cmga

plsj sja jabu mf tmdlob haclo Ytabadslmg {X' Lgfm{hoslmg u{mvlcac k|

sja ukbld gaact sm ka ottattac ogc o``{aòsac k| sja {ablaf oàgs sm àga{osa tafb lgus fm{ sja{admgts{dslmg pm{it Yfodlblsoslmg {X ogc Yo``{aòslmg {X' Fm{ sja afdlags o``{aòslmg mf lgfm{hoslmg"

sja s|uat mf dmgsags tjmbc ka tsogco{cl~ac ogc kmgc sm {aql{ahagst Ycablka{oslmg {X'


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ;:-43

Sokba

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ablaf

aql

& [

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29/34

Uqkbld uo{sldluoslmgSja{a plbb gms ka {aob ukbld uo{sldluoslmg lg sjlt ujota" ot hagslmgac gca{ ukbld dmgtbsoslmg sja

ukbld dmbc lgfm{h sja {ablaf oàgs mg {admgts{dslmg pm{i' Sja {ablaf oàgs dog {atumgc cl{adsb| sm

sjata hattoàt jmpava{ lg hmts dotat" ls lt occac sm sja pm{i blts mf sja {ablaf oàgs' Lf tac" ukbld

uo{sldluoslmg jot sja toha {aql{ahagst ot ukbld dmgtbsoslmg'

6';'1' HlslòslmgC{lg` sja hlslòslmg ujota dmgdbtlmgt o{a c{opg f{mh pjos lt bao{gac c{lg` u{lm{ cltotsa{t' Sja

lgfm{hoslmg gaacac fm{ sjata dmgdbtlmgt dog ka {as{lavac f{mh sja ukbld k| dmgtbslg` sjah'

C{oplg` sja dmgdbtlmgt tjmbc ka cmga k| azua{st" gms plsj sja jabu

mf sja ukbld' Tm sja ukbld lt mgb| dmgtbsac fm{ lgus'

Sja{a lt gm gaac fm{ ukbld dmhhgldoslmg" sja dmgdbtlmgt cmat

gms gaac sm ka dmhhgldosac sm sja ukbld" sja| cm gms gaac sjah'

Sja ukbld jmpava{ lt lgsa{atsac lg sja gap u{auo{oslmgt sm ka soiag

kotac mg sja dmgdbtlmgt hoca' Sjlt plbb ka occ{attac lg sja

u{auo{oslmg ujota'

Uqkbld dmgtqbsoslmgTabadslmg mf ta{t lgus lt cmga vlo sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa' Sjlgi mf tlg` `{mu uoàt m{ umbbt mg o

hgldluoblslat Fodakmmi u{mba Ytabadslmg {X' Obb ilgct mf coso s|uat tjmbc ka fodlblsosac f{mh ubolg

sazs u sm vlcamt Ycablka{oslmg {X' Sja u{mvlcac dmgsags gaact hmca{oslmg kotac mg tsogco{c lgus

abct m{ jhog lgsa{vagslmg sm affadslvab| u{atags sja cadltlmg hoia{t plsj o tafb tas mf

{admhhagcoslmgt Yfodlblsoslmg {X ogc Yo``{aòslmg {X'

6';'6' U{auo{acgattC{lg` sja u{auo{acgatt ujota sja ukbld lt lgfm{hac ogc odslmgt o{a soiag pja{a gaacac ( kotac

mg sja dmgdbtlmgt f{mh sja hlslòslmg ujota ( sm blhls m{ u{avags sja lhuods mf sja cltotsa{' Sja{a lt

gms og| fm{h mf ukbld dmgtbsoslmg m{ uo{sldluoslmg gaacac lg sjata ujotat" sja uo{sldluoslg` {mba mf

sja ukbld jot tjlfsac lg sja dmgtbsoslmg mf sjah lg sja hlslòslmg ujota'

Uqkbld dmhhqgldoslmgLg sjlt ujota sja lgfm{hoslmg mp plbb ka holgb| f{mh sja lgtslsslmgt sm sja ukbld *ukbld

dmhhgldoslmg,' Mf dm{ta ls dmbc ka tafb sm bas sja ukblduo{sldluosa'

Sjlt lt jmpava{ gms o {aql{ac fgdslmgobls| fm{ sjlt ujota" ot ls ltua{fm{hac k| azua{st'

Tabadslmg mf {adlulagst plsj sja jabu mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa lt

tafb" ks gms gadatto{|' Pjag tabadslmg lt cmga sj{m`j tmdlob

gaspm{i tlsat" ls plbb {atbs lg o hm{a affadslva po| mf dmhhgldoslmg"

tlgda sja {l`js uamuba *lf odslva mg sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa, plbb ka

{aodjac cl{adsb| Ytabadslmg {X' Sja lgfm{hoslmg dmhhgldosac sm sja

ukbld lt sja {atbs mf lgsa{gob cltdttlmgt ogc gap umbldlat' Ls cmat gms

gaac og| ilgc mf hmca{oslmg mg sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa Yfodlblsoslmg

gX' Obb ilgct mf lgfm{hoslmg ogccoso s|uat dmbc ka tjo{ac plsj sja agc ta{t Ycablka{oslmg {X' Sja lgfm{hoslmg cmat gms gaac sm ka

o``{aòsac tlgda ls {atbst f{mh azsagtlva lgsa{gob {atao{dj ogc gap umbld| Yo``{aòslmg gX'


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT ; THlslò

aqlslmg

{aha st

T F C O

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U' Dmg' { { { {

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30/34

6'4'MVA[OBB [ATQBS MF SJA OGOB\TLT

Ot catd{lkac lg tadslmg 3'1'? tsau 4" sja {atbst mf sja ogob|tlt mf sja umsagslob ta mf sja tmdlob

gaspm{i tlsat avobosac *tsau ?, gaact sm ka dmhklgac plsj sja {atbst mf sja {aql{ahags ogob|tlt fm{

tmdlob haclo ta lg sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags ujotat *tsau 4,' Sjlt {atbst lg sokba ?4 mg uoà 44'

Fm{ aodj lgsa{tadslmg kaspaag sja ujotat mf sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba ogc sja tmdlob gaspm{i

tlsat lg dmhklgoslmg plsj sja sj{aa bavabt mf ukbld agòàhags *ukbld dmhhgldoslmg" ukbld

dmgtbsoslmg ogc ukbld uo{sldluoslmg, lt casa{hlgac sm pjos azsags sja| hosdj'

Hosdj> Sja {aql{ahagst mf sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags ujota cm haas sja hlglhob fgdslmgoblslat mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa9Uo{slob Hosdj> Sja fgdslmgoblslat mf sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa o{a ho{iac ot YuX uo{slob tuum{sac ogc sja {aql{ahagst cahogc sjlt ot o {aql{ac fgdslmgobls|9Gm Hosdj> Sja fgdslmgobls| lt {aql{ac k| sja cltotsa{ hogoàhags d|dba ujota ks lt YgX gms tuum{sac k| sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa'

Pjag obb mf sja hmcbat mf sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i o{a ho{iac ot gms {aql{ac"

sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa ls gms tafb lg sjos uo{sldbo{ lgtsogda' Sjlt lt ouubldokba lg fm{ dotat mf

Sokba ?4" sjata o{a lgcldosac otGms [abavogs'

O bots gmsa fm{ Fbldi{" sja hosdjat o{a mgb| {abavogs pjag sja tmdlob gaspm{i tlsa lt tac sm tjo{a

ulds{at" lg obb sja msja{ dotat ls plbb tjlfs sm oGm Hosdj' Pjag ouublac lg u{odslda sjlt tjmbc ka iaus

lg hlgc'


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT 45-43


31/34

Sokba ?4> Mva{obb {atbs ( umttlkba ta mf tmdlob haclo lg cltotsa{ hogo`ahags

Fodakmmi Splssa{ Fbldi{

Po{glg` Hosdj Hosdj Hosdj

Hosdj Hosdj Hosdj

Hosdj Uo{slob Hosdj Hosdj

LhuodsHosdj Hosdj Hosdj

Hosdj Hosdj Uo{slob Hosdj

Hosdj Uo{slob Hosdj Uo{slob Hosdj

[atda" [ablaf" [admva{| Hosdj Hosdj Hosdj

Hosdj Hosdj Uo{slob Hosdj


[admgts{dslmg Hosdj Hosdj Hosdj


Hosdj Uo{slob Hosdj Hosdj

Hlsl`oslmg Gms [abavogs


Gms [abavogs

U{auo{acgatt Hosdj Hosdj Hosdj

Gms [abavogs

Gms [abavogs


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT 4?-43


32/34

0' DMGDBQTLMG

Sja u{mumtac hmcab lg sjlt sjatlt *Djousa{ 1, `lvat hm{a lgtl`js lg sja umsagslob ta mf tmdlob

gaspm{i tlsat lg cltotsa{ hogoàhags' K| dmhklglg` sja tmdlob haclo dbottldoslmg f{ohapm{i *Bog` &

Kagkgog(Fldj" ;5?5, sja lgsa{gob fgdslmgoblslat mf sja vo{lmt tmdlob gaspm{i tlsat o{a lgdm{um{osac'Dmhklglg` sja s|uat mf ukbld agòàhags *[mpa & F{apa{" ;5?5," sja dmhhgldoslmg bavabt

kaspaag sja ukbld *offadsac uamuba, ogc sja tumgtm{t *a' ' {ablaf oàgst, o{a abokm{osac' Kmsj sjata

hmcabt o{a tjouac tuadldobb| smpo{ct cltotsa{ hogoàhags k| lgdm{um{oslg` s{ts *C|gat" ?


33/34

:' KLKBLM@[OUJ\

?' Okcb([ojhog" O' & Jolbat T' *;555," Tuum{slg` S{ts lg Vl{sob Dmhhglslat" jldtt" vmb' 6" 44{c Jopoll

Lgsa{goslmgob Dmgfa{agda mg T|tsah Tdlagdat(Vmbha 6"

;' Obazogca{" C' *;55;,' U{lgdlubat mf Aha{àgd| ubogglg` ogc Hogoàhags' Jo{uagcag> Sa{{o Ukbltjlg`' LTKG ? Caglslmg" jltsm{| ogc tdjmbo{tjlu' Nm{gob mf Dmhusa{(

Haclosac Dmhhgldoslmg " ?4 *?,'

3' Kdjogog" N'" & Sbbmdi" @' *?

Qglva{tls| mf Hldjlòg U{att '

1' Dssa{" B *;554,' @L Tdlagda" Cltotsa{t" ogc Aha{àgd| Hogoàhags" S{ogtodslmgt lg @LT" 0*3,

6' Cgg' N'" *? jssu>--ppp'g|slhat'dmh-;5?5-5;-;?-pm{bc-oha{ldot-;?sazs'jshb

?5' Ca @{mava" S'" Uasa{" S'" Oggg~losm" O'" & Va{goddlgl" B' *;55 jssu>--ppp'pjlsajmta'`mv-sja]u{att]mfda-PAAIB\(OCC[ATT(U{atlcags(Mkoho(

Azu{attat(Tuum{s(fm{(Uamuba(Offadsac(k|(Fbmmclg`(lg(Quua{(Hlcpats-

?0' MDJO" Okms MDJO ( [as{lavac Ho| ;?" ;5?5" f{mh MDJO Mgblga> jssu>--mdjomgblga'g'm{`-

MDJOJmha-OkmsQt-soklc-1:4:-bogò a-ag(QT-Cafobs'otuz


;5?5(H'N'N'F'*HO[SLNG,SJMHOT 44-43
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/americas/21text.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/americas/21text.htmlhttp://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statisticshttp://ochaonline.un.org/OCHAHome/AboutUs/tabid/5838/language/en-US/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/OCHAHome/AboutUs/tabid/5838/language/en-US/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/OCHAHome/AboutUs/tabid/5838/language/en-US/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/OCHAHome/AboutUs/tabid/5838/language/en-US/Default.aspxhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Expresses-Support-for-People-Affected-by-Flooding-in-Upper-Midwest/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/americas/21text.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/americas/21text.htmlhttp://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statisticshttp://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics


34/34

?:' MDJO" Dmm{clgoslmg mf Jhoglso{log [atumgta' [as{lavac Ho| ;?" ;5?5" f{mh MDJO Mgblga> jssu>--

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Towards a Model for Social Media Usage in Disaster Management

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