Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report

Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report • Confidential and Proprietary • Copyright © 2008 The Nielsen Company. This document is intended for THE WORLD BANK WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM internal use only.

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Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report March 2009 Prepared for: The World Bank Water and Sanitation Program

Prepared by: Nielsen Indonesia This report was produced by Nielsen Indonesia. Funding for the study was made available by The World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). Any views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Nielsen, WSP, or The World Bank


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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Background ........................................................................................................................ 7

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Study Objectives. ....................................................................................................... 8

1.2.1 Detailed Study Objectives – Demand Side ........................................................ 8 1.2.2 Detailed Study Objectives – Supply Side ......................................................... 9

1.3 Approach. ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 Detailed Approach – Demand Side .................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Detailed Approach – Supply Side .................................................................... 14

1.4 Content of the remainder of the report. .................................................................... 16 2. Analysis and Result (Qualitative Demand-side) .............................................................. 17

2.1 Households Expenditure Management. ................................................................... 17 2.1.1 The decision making process on large expenditures in the family .................. 19 2.1.2 The decision making process with regards to sanitation facilities ................... 19

2.2 Common Practices of Open Defecation ................................................................... 20 2.3 Evaluation of Open Defecation ................................................................................ 21 2.4 Unimproved Sanitation. ........................................................................................... 23 2.5 Improved Sanitation. ................................................................................................ 27 2.6 Sanitation facility shopping process. ....................................................................... 30

2.6.1 Decision Making Process ................................................................................. 30 2.6.2 Shopping Process ............................................................................................. 30

2.7 Additional analysis: Evaluation of Health Sanitation concept. ............................... 31 2.7.1 Concept 1: “Is Your Prayer ‘Valid/ Correct’ with Given Procedures?” .......... 32 2.7.2 Concept 2: “Don’t Be The Subject of Gossip” ................................................ 33 2.7.3 Concept 3 “Cak Kemplung – Stop ‘Plung” ..................................................... 34 2.7.4 Concept 4 “Jamat” – Jamban Sehat ................................................................. 35

3. Analysis and results: (Quantitative demand-side) ........................................................... 37 3.1 Demographic Profile ................................................................................................ 37 3.2 General Findings ...................................................................................................... 39

3.2.1 Hygiene Practises. ............................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 Source of water for daily activities. ................................................................. 40 3.2.3 Diarrhea ............................................................................................................ 40

3.3 Sanitary Related Issue. ............................................................................................. 41 3.3.1 Open Defecation Habits ................................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Detailed Information Regarding Facility and their habit among Owner of Toilet facility .................................................................................................................... 42 3.3.3 Detailed Information Regarding Facility and their habit among sharers. ........ 44 3.3.4 Detailed Information Regarding Facility and their habit among Open Defecators. ....................................................................................................................... 45

3.4 Conjoint analysis on toilet facility options .............................................................. 46 3.4.1 Evaluation on 1st concept Combination .......................................................... 48 3.4.2 Evaluation on 2nd concept Combination ......................................................... 49

3.5 Segmentation Analysis............................................................................................. 50 3.5.1 Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Non Open Defecator 51 3.5.2 Characteristic Differences between Improved Toilet Owner vs Unimproved Toilet Owner .................................................................................................................... 52 3.5.3 Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Sharer ....................... 53


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3.5.4 Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Improved Toilet Owner 53 3.5.5 Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Improved Toilet Owner 54

4. Analysis and results: (Supply-side) ................................................................................. 56 4.1 Terms Used in this Report ....................................................................................... 56 4.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 57 4.3 Latrine Market Overview ......................................................................................... 58 4.4 Supply Chain Market Players .................................................................................. 59

4.4.1 Distributors ...................................................................................................... 59 4.4.2 Sub-Distributors ............................................................................................... 59 4.4.3 Retailers ........................................................................................................... 60 4.4.4 Home Industry ................................................................................................. 61 4.4.5 End-Consumers ................................................................................................ 61

4.5 Current Latrines Supply Chain Situation ................................................................. 62 4.5.1 Foreign Brands ................................................................................................. 62 4.5.2 Local Brands .................................................................................................... 63 4.5.3 T4 Products / Unbranded ................................................................................. 65 4.5.4 Baliwerti Phenomena ....................................................................................... 65 4.5.5 Information Flow and Promotional Activities ................................................. 66

4.6 Sales Activity between Players ................................................................................ 67 4.6.1 Distribution Area ............................................................................................. 67 4.6.2 Selling Price and Profit Margin ....................................................................... 67 4.6.3 Sales Figure ...................................................................................................... 69 4.6.4 Payment Term .................................................................................................. 69

4.7 Needs and Challenges .............................................................................................. 70 4.8 Masons: Roles and Involvement .............................................................................. 70

5. Conclusions and recommendations: demand-side ........................................................... 73 6. Conclusions and recommendations: supply-side. ............................................................ 78

6.1 Perceptions and Demand of Sanitation Facilities .................................................... 78 6.2 The “Real” Challenge .............................................................................................. 78

Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 80


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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Structure of The FGD ................................................................................................ 11Table 2: Quantitative Respondents Composition .................................................................... 13Table 3: Interview Structure of Phase 1 ................................................................................... 15Table 4: Interview Structure of Phase 2 ................................................................................... 15Table 5: Respondent classification in detail ............................................................................ 38Table 6: Washing hands habit .................................................................................................. 39Table 7: Cause of Diarrhea ...................................................................................................... 41Table 8: Pricing Options .......................................................................................................... 47Table 9: Summary table of ORs and UNIANOVA for OD VS Non OD ................................ 51Table 10: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Improved VS Unimproved ............ 52Table 11: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Sharer ............ 53Table 12: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Sharer VS Improved Toilet Owner 54Table 13: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Improved Toilet Owner ....................................................................................................................................... 54Table 6: Indication of Selling Price to End-Consumers (in ‘000 Rupiahs) ............................. 68


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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Area Classification (Courtesy of Kompas) .............................................................. 12Figure 2: Example of Kali/Kalen ............................................................................................. 20Figure 3: Example of Unimproved sanitation facility ............................................................. 23Figure 4: Toilet Facility of Unimproved sanitation users in Probolinggo ............................... 25Figure 5: Toilet Facility of Improved sanitation users ............................................................. 27Figure 6: Environment characteristic ....................................................................................... 29Figure 7: Concept Board 1 ....................................................................................................... 32Figure 8: Concept Board 2 ....................................................................................................... 33Figure 9: Concept Board 3 ....................................................................................................... 34Figure 10: Concept Board 3 ..................................................................................................... 35Figure 11: Demographic Profile of Respondents ..................................................................... 37Figure 12: Respondent Classification based on toilet ownership. ........................................... 38Figure 13: Washing hand habit ................................................................................................ 39Figure 14: Washing hand habit ................................................................................................ 40Figure 15: Washing hand habit ................................................................................................ 42Figure 16: Assessment toward building new toilet facility ..................................................... 43Figure 16: Type of renovation ................................................................................................. 43Figure 18: Type of renovation ................................................................................................. 44Figure 19: Incidence of trying toilet ........................................................................................ 45Figure 20: Latrine concepts ..................................................................................................... 46Figure 21: Faeces Disposal concepts ...................................................................................... 46Figure 22: Concepts Combination ........................................................................................... 48Figure 23: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 1st Combination) ............................................. 49Figure 24: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 2nd Combination) ............................................ 49Figure 25: Segment characteristic. ........................................................................................... 50Figure 11: Wet Latrine Types in East Java, Indonesia ............................................................ 56Figure 12: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Foreigns Brands inside East Java ........................... 62Figure 13: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands inside East Java ................................ 63Figure 14: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands outside East Java .............................. 64Figure 4: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products .............................................................. 65Figure 14: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products ............................................................ 65Figure 18: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Ceramic Stores (Baliwerti) ..................................... 66Figure 27: Summary of barriers for adoption .......................................................................... 74Figure 28: Summary of drivers of behavior change ................................................................ 77


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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: MAP OF INDONESIA ....................................................................................... 80Appendix 2: MAP OF SURVEY AREA IN EAST JAVA ...................................................... 80Appendix 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR STORES (Supply Side) ......................................... 82Appendix 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR MASONS (Supply Side) ....................................... 85Appendix 5: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE ......................... 87Appendix 6: DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR DEMAND SIDE .................................................. 88Appendix 7: IN DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE AMONG EXPERT. ..................................... 93Appendix 8: QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE – DEMAND SIDE .............................. 96Appendix 9: BEHAVIOUR STATEMENT .......................................................................... 166


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1. Background

1.1 Introduction Rural markets of sanitation are underdeveloped. Sanitation options that target the poor need to be priced low in order to sell. Most low-cost sanitation facilities are designed around generic components and parts. Most of the time, individuals practicing unsafe disposal of human excreta do not internalise the benefits of stopping open defecation. An external catalyst is therefore required to fill the initial investment gap to develop sanitation markets, provided on going profit margins are sufficient for local providers and retailers to operate in a sustainable way.

The Government of Indonesia is introducing a national operational strategy for rural sanitation and hygiene improvement. This strategy seeks to translate into practice national policy for community –led water supply and environmental sanitation established in 2003. The National Strategy is based on lessons learned from past sanitation and hygiene related programs in the country, and consensus from sector experience analysis with a wide range of sector stakeholders. Indonesia is a signatory country to the Millennium Development Goals for sanitation and the government has adopted Total Sanitation as the objective of its rural sanitation and hygiene strategy 1

. Reflecting on this commitment, the Indonesian Government has recently requested the World Bank loan assistance to a total of US$137.5 million to implement the third water supply and sanitation for low income communities.

The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is an international partnership to help the poor gain sustained access to water supply and sanitation services. Administered by the World Bank with financial support from several bi- and multi-lateral and private donors, WSP is a decentralized partnership and operates through offices in Africa, East Asia, Latin America and South Asia. A major thrust of the programs is to help its clients prepare for and implement actions towards meeting the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals. The results of the ‘Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Project’ form part of this program.

The strategy used in this program aims at generating consumer demand not just for sanitation facilities but also for a set of improved sanitation behaviours that comprise total sanitation. The aim of this strategy is to promote the development of a self-sustaining demand and supply mechanism. i.e. a sustainable local market for sanitation and services.

As a part of this strategy the WSP team are engaged with the Nielsen Indonesia team to conduct a series of marketing research studies in East Java. 1 Draft “National Operational Strategy for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Improvement in Indonesia”


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The marketing research study covers both the supply and demand side within the sanitation markets.

1.2 Study Objectives. The overall objectives of this study are to fully understand the household behaviour and attitudes, and to asses current products and service. The research findings for this project will feed in the strategic planning of marketing activities. Key outputs will include market diagnostics and assessment of constraining factors of sanitation markets, definition of marketing goals, formulation of marketing strategies, development of plans, implementation of program activities and monitoring and evaluation of program performance against the goals.

1.2.1 Detailed Study Objectives – Demand Side

The consumer research among the end consumers (demand side) will help WSP and The World Bank to understand the existing level of demand for sanitation in the project areas and identify the major demand drivers that influence adoption of improved sanitation, and to assess which demand creation strategies will best influence decisions to adopt improved sanitation by the target group. The ultimate goal of the marketing program is to drive segments of the population from no or unimproved to improved adoption of sanitation. The collected data will allow for a diagnosing constraining factors undermining demand for improved sanitation and whether these constraints are addressable through targeted communication and promotion (i.e. demand creation program). The consumer surveys will then be used to identify which potential strategies can be used to reverse the existing situation. The information collected will measure existing demand patterns and map population segments into behavioural categories which then can be used to formulate and deliver marketing strategies more effectively to the target group. Findings can be used as a baseline to evaluate the potential effect of communication and promotion programs based in changes in demand for sanitation improvements.

• Existing sanitation practices (and some key hygiene practices) e.g. Type of sanitation facility, Current sanitation practices, consumer confidence in the quality of their sanitation facility etc.

• Cognitive Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What illnesses are respondents most concerned about? Do household members make an association between these illnesses and their sanitation practices or other relevant hygiene behaviours? etc.

• Emotional Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What are the emotional responses (desires and inspirational influences) of household members? What are the preferred attributes of sanitation? Do these attributes belong to the improved category? etc.

• Social and Cultural Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What is the role of gender related to household behaviours and decisions? What are community norms


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regarding sanitation? Who are the social influencers (i.e. peers, family members, etc.) that impact sanitation decisions? etc.

• Environmental Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What access do households have to sanitation providers? What is the general state of community sanitation? etc.

• Behavioural determinants of Improved Sanitation e.g. Adoption stage 2

• Characteristics of household interviewed, including Socio-economics, demographic, education parameters, media preferences

of sanitation (preference, intention and choice framework), motivating reasons for sanitation (i.e. reasons for building a household toilet, constraining factors blocking installation, attitude determinants towards improved sanitation and improved hygiene, awareness and perceived benefits of benefits of sanitation upgrade, and availability of options and masonry, installing and related services, awareness of the four key features of improved sanitation, availability of Internal finance and willingness to invest in sanitation.

1.2.2 Detailed Study Objectives – Supply Side The main objective of this study is to develop a model of the current supply chain for latrine components and construction services in semi-urban and rural areas in East Java, with regards to:

• Market players and relationships between them (up and down the chain); • Market players' business situation (profits, costs, and payment terms); • Range of latrine components currently available; • Promotional strategies of sanitation products by market players; and • Scale of market activity

This study also investigates opportunities and constraints related to the sanitation business as well as exploring potential access within the supply chain to improve distribution of products for the people.

1.3 Approach. To answer the objectives of this research program, Nielsen conducted a combination of qualitative and quantitative surveys for this study. The Quantitative study is originally designed as a verification tool for the previous questionnaires, research instruments, and other references, which were planned to be used in this specific study. But after some intensive discussions between Nielsen and the WSP team, the Qualitative study results will also be used as initial feedback for WSP to design the communication program.

2 Using Jenkins and Scott behavioral framework (2006)


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1.3.1 Detailed Approach – Demand Side For the demand side, Nielsen combined the qualitative and quantitative studies to answer the study objectives, A. Qualitative Phase Focus Group Discussions were conducted February 20 to 22, 2008 in Pacitan at Desa Jatimalang, Kec. Arjosari, Kab. Pacitan (covering 3 villages in 2 sub-

districts), and in Probolinggo at Desa Curah Sawo, Kec. Gending, Kab. Probolinggo (covering 4

villages in 2 sub-districts).

The two districts were selected representing different ‘land types’ : Pacitan for the hill area, as much of Pacitan consists of chalk hills, part of the Kidul

Mountain range. This makes the land unsuitable for paddy fields. As an alternative, people in this area plant cassava, cloves, coconut or cocoa.

Probolinggo for the coastal area, as the larger part of Probolinggo is coastal, with many small and big rivers running through the area. The majority of people in Probolinggo are either Javanese or come from Madura.

The general criteria for respondents in the Focus Groups were : Married men and women Aged between 25 and 45 years With or without children Split into: open defecators, owners of unimproved (defecation) facilities, and owners

of improved (defecation) facilities. Those who own improved facilities should understand the decision making process on current improved sanitation.

Detailed explanation the different ‘ownership’ segments are: Owners of Unimproved Facilities are people who own sanitation facilities which are:

o Above the surface where the smell contaminates the air, the facility is not properly closed

o Below the surface where the waste is below the surface but still contaminates the environment (water, ground) or is not properly stored

Owners of Improved Facilities are people who own sanitation facilities that do not contaminate the environment (air, water) or where the waste is properly stored.

Open Defecators are people who defecate in the open, such as the riverside, paddy field, forest, etc.


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The limitation within this study is that people who share sanitation facilities (sharers) are excluded from the study based on the consideration that they do not have their own sanitation yet (have not made any decision regarding sanitation). In addition, these people might still practice open defecation when their access to the shared sanitation facility is denied – whose habits can still be learned from the open defecators segment. The FGD discussion guide used in this phase can be found in Appendix A.

FGDs (n = 6 groups per city, total 12 groups) Probolinggo & Pacitan

Male heads of households

Female heads of households

Open Defecators 1 group 1 group

Owners of Unimproved Facilities 1 group 1 group

Owners of Improved Facilities 1 group 1 group

Table 1: Structure of The FGD To confirm FGD findings and to give insights regarding people’s values and where sanitation fits in people’s life (to gain a full idea regarding sanitation behavior in East Java), 2 (two) In-Depth Interviews among experts (anthropologist / public health educator) were conducted after the FGDs. Two experts were recruited for the In-Depth Interviews:

• The 2 (two) experts are from Airlangga University : – Professor Lorens Dyson P: senior lecturer at the Anthropology Department,

Faculty of Social and Political Studies, Airlangga University – Dra. Shrimarti R. Devy, M.Kes: senior lecturer at the Behavior Science and

Health Promotion Department, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University.

– Both In-Depth Interviews were conducted on March 17 in Surabaya


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B. Quantitative Phase The study was conducted in 29 Kabupaten/Kotamadyas in Rural East Java, for analysis purposes the Region is divided into 6 Areas using Cultural Classification Mataraman: Magetan, Kediri, Tulungagung, Trenggalek, Ponorogo, Blitar, Nganjuk,

Madiun, Pacitan, Ngawi Mataraman Pesisir: Lamongan, Tuban, Bojonegoro Arek: Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Gresik, Jombang, Malang, Pandalungan: Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, Jember, Situbondo, Bondowoso Banyuwangi Madura: Bangkalan, Pamekasan, Sumenep, Sampang

The target population for the study is the Head of Household. These respondents act as the breadwinners and come from the CD SEC. Interviews were conducted face-to-face at respondents’ homes. The fieldwork period was in July – August 2008. Respondents were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire that was used in the quantitative phase is attached in appendix B, which can be found in the later part of this document.

Figure 1: Area Classification (Courtesy of Kompas)

The stratified random sampling method used in this research used a two stage process, where the kelurahan/desa is the primary sampling unit (PSU) and the RT is the secondary sampling unit (SSU). The respondents were randomly selected by stratifying the population in East Java, calculating the probability Proportional to Population, with approximately ten (10) interviews per PSU.

In total 2,008 respondents were interviewed. The detailed respondent distribution is shown in the following table.


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No. Kabupaten Household Population Size

Targeted Respondents

Actual Achieved

Number of Village selected (SSU)

1 PACITAN 136,546 40 40 4 2 PONOROGO 208,214 60 60 6 3 TRENGGALEK 170,097 50 50 5 4 TULUNGAGUNG 200,347 60 60 6 5 KAB. BLITAR 284,982 80 80 8 6 KAB. KEDIRI 303,620 90 90 9 7 KAB. MALANG 475,856 140 140 14 8 LUMAJANG 224,725 60 60 6 9 JEMBER 525,166 150 150 15 10 BANYUWANGI 351,274 100 100 10 11 BONDOWOSO 210,469 60 60 6 12 SITUBONDO 160,690 50 50 5 13 KAB. PROBOLINGGO 249,026 70 70 7 14 KAB. PASURUAN 282,144 80 84 8 15 SIDOARJO 128,123 40 40 4 16 KAB. MOJOKERTO 205,133 60 61 6 17 JOMBANG 209,513 60 60 6 18 NGANJUK 222,252 60 60 6 19 KAB. MADIUN 168,323 50 50 5 20 MAGETAN 141,370 40 40 4 21 NGAWI 227,735 70 70 7 22 BOJONEGORO 290,379 80 80 8 23 TUBAN 251,985 70 70 7 24 LAMONGAN 269,990 80 82 8 25 GRESIK 186,721 50 50 5 26 BANGKALAN 187,873 50 51 5 27 SAMPANG 195,724 60 60 6 28 PAMEKASAN 166,158 50 50 5 29 SUMENEP 296,167 90 90 9 Total 6,930,602 2,000 2,008 200

Table 2: Quantitative Respondents Composition


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1.3.2 Detailed Approach – Supply Side The sanitation habits exploratory study among consumers indicates that the main player in the sanitation supply chain is the construction material store; which often acts as sole provider of latrine pans/ bowls and other materials needed to build a sanitation facility. As consumers buy sanitation supplies along with other building materials – such as cement, sand, and bricks, they thus prefer to buy everything in a material store as it is more practical. However, since latrines are also sold in ceramic stores, Nielsen decided to take such stores as information samples. While masons are unlikely to have any role within the supply chain, they sometimes function as source of information for brands of latrine pans/ bowls to use and referrers of specific stores. In addition, masons are responsible for installing the latrine pans/ bowls as well as building the disposal system beneath the surface Based on this premise, interviews regarding latrine pans/ bowls were conducted among owners of construction material stores and among masons. Nielsen limits the topic to latrine pans/ bowls because the product is considered as the main component of sanitation. As discovered in the consumers’ study, most consumers do not care about what happens with the disposal system underneath. It is not part of their main considerations when building a sanitation facility. Sometimes, they are satisfied with a simple PVC pipe to dispose of the waste. Responses from stores are used to track down information of their suppliers and buyers, up and down the supply chain. Responses from masons are used to identify perceptions of latrine pans/ bowls quality and the costs of building a sanitation facility. Collected information is expected to draw preliminary diagram that is closest to describe current product distribution process and to give broader understanding on sanitary latrines business. Nielsen developed an interview guideline based on discussions with the WSP team, to facilitate interviews of supply chain players. The interviews were conducted by Nielsen executives from the Qualitative Research division. Field work for the survey took a two -week period, from April 7 to 19, 2008. There were two executives involved – each one executive handling one designated area. All interviews were digitally recorded. The interview guideline used for this stage can be found in appendix C (stores) and D (masons)


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The study was conducted in three main locations: Surabaya as urban center (East Java capital), Gresik and Mojokerto to represent the upper part of East Java (closer access to Surabaya) and Ponorogo and Pacitan to represent the lower part of East Java. These areas closely matched the two areas selected for the other phases of the sanitation habits among consumers, which were Probolinggo and Pacitan. They encompassed a range of socio-economic, geographical, and environmental conditions that are broadly representative of semi-urban and rural areas of East Java. Within each study area, three store locations were targeted:\

• Urban center (stores located in center of Surabaya) • Semi-urban (stores located at district or sub-district capital) • Rural (stores located at village or village cluster).

Recruitments were conducted in 2 (two) phases. In the first phase, a total of 21 construction material stores and 4 (four) masons were randomly selected, using a recruitment questionnaire. The following table shows the interview structure for the first phase: Surabaya Gresik Mojokerto Pacitan Ponorogo Store 6 3 3 4 5 Mason 1 1 1 1

Table 3: Interview Structure of Phase 1 In the first phase, stores were hypothetically assumed to function as retailers. They were asked to identify their suppliers up the chain. This process provided information needed for phase two: interviews among identified suppliers of the stores. Phase two was expected to give broader insight of the supply chain relationship by tracking down distributors and manufacturers, including T4 producers. Based on given information in the first phase, additional interviews were conducted among 3 (three) distributors and 2 (two) T4 producers. The following table shows the interview structure for the second phase:

Surabaya Ponorogo Pasuruan Distributor 2 1 T4 Producers 1 1

Table 4: Interview Structure of Phase 2

Thus, the total respondents recruited for this phase of the study was 30 people.


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The methodology used for this study phase was designed for swift assessment of the condition of the sanitation supply chain at one point in time. The emphasis of this study phase was on developing a broad qualitative understanding of existing systems in the market. Small sample sizes, limited geographic coverage, and total reliance on respondent information, naturally lead to sacrificing accuracy. This study phase specifically focused on latrine pans/ bowls distribution. It did not cover the production and distribution of concrete rings/ slabs to dislodge the waste. There are also potential biases in the collected information, especially regarding percentages such as profit margins. Although executives explained the purpose of the study and assured respondents that all data will be treated anonymously, some respondents might still have withheld or distorted their responses, for fear that the information will be used to their disadvantage. Therefore, all percentages in this report should be considered as indicative.

1.4 Content of the remainder of the report. The remainder of the report is structured as follows: Section 2: Analysis and results: (Qualitative demand-side)

Section 3: Analysis and results: (Quantitative demand-side)

Section 4: Analysis and results: supply-side;

Section 5: Analysis and results: comparison of the supply and demand-sides;

Section 6: Conclusions and recommendations: demand-side;

Section 7: Conclusions and recommendations: supply-side.

Annexes are provided as a separate document.


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2. Analysis and Result (Qualitative Demand-side)

2.1 Household Expenditure Management. The main income is with the husband as breadwinner earning a daily or monthly salary or income. Occupations of main income earners include: farmers (own farming land); farm laborers (do not own farming land); traders at traditional markets; carpenters; hawkers; drivers of public transportation (including becak/ rickshaw); teachers; workers (in a factory or others’ companies) - either in Pacitan, other island (Kalimantan) or overseas i.e. Malaysia, Hong Kong, etc (especially in Pacitan). Beside the main income, some respondents have additional income which is obtained during harvest time (depending on type of crops and planting time) or when the husband ‘finishes’ his work in another island or overseas or when the wife earns a daily or monthly salary or income (in few families only). Additional income is earned by those working as: farm laborers (do not own farming land); traders at a traditional market; domestic workers (i.e. servant, laundry woman, masseuse); part-time teachers (at a Kindergarten or Islamic Informal School).

In terms of managing their expenditure most households tend to focus on short-term expenses. They do not have long term savings for future expenses. Whether income is received daily (for farmers and the self-employed) or monthly (for employees), this tends to be dispensed immediately or used to pay debt. Therefore any big expenditure is regarded as a burden, as most of the time they do not have money. While reserved money is not common among them, respondents seem to be flexible for any social/ community related expenditure (i.e. a relative’s/ neighbor’s marriage), for which, if this kind of expenditure being considered is big, they do not mind to even sell their cattle or borrow some money from their neighborhood. When there is a need for a big expenditure (planned) such as buying durables or renovation of the house, this is postponed until they receive a ‘big income’, such as at harvest time. “It is very difficult to eat everyday, so it will be very difficult to have extra money for anything else…” (Pacitan, male, unimproved sanitation owner) “It will be embarrassing if I do not help my family. If others can help our family, why can’t I?” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner) “Well, if the expense turns out to be bigger than we planned, usually my husband will be the one who tries to find a solution. Maybe look for someone to lend us money.” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation owner) “I cannot think of any extra expenses to spend because we just don’t have the money for it. Maybe if we have additional income, we can think of other things besides the important ones like food or education…” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator).


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Loan or credit during financial troubles usually come from the following sources: relatives / neighbors (depends on the closeness of relationship, usually for farm laborers, or traders), company (through corporation plan), usually for employees. Expenses can generally be grouped into: Routine expenditure i.e. monthly shopping, electricity, tuition fee, house rent, etc. Both routine and accidental expenditures are money that they will spend, whether money is available or not - dispensing available money or, when not available, borrowing money. Accidental expenditure i.e. gift or donation for others (marriage, sickness,

bereavement). The accidental expenditure that is most prioritized is a gift or donation for others (for sickness, marriage, bereavement), as it is an ‘unwritten social obligation’ to give a donation or gift to others on ‘special’ occasions. Absence or insufficient value of the expected donation will create a feeling of embarrassment or guilt. The need fulfilled in this case is a social need. Accidental expenditure also include school needs (building fee, picnic fee, etc) - for their children’s education gets the next priority among other expenditures, as most regard education as a ‘key’ to success. This fulfils a safety & security need for them. Accidental expenditure on children or family needs (circumcision, wedding, toys, etc), is treated as urgent and would be next in priority to be fulfilled, because the size or quality of the event or toy would reflect family status. Here another social need would be fulfilled. The least, but still another prioritized expenditure is the budget for Lebaran (= Muslim’s Holyday after the fasting month of Ramadhan) i.e. children clothing, food, home decoration. This occasion is regarded very special, and as such special preparations are made for it. They do not mind to sacrifice other needs for this occasion, even if they have limited money. This also fulfils a social need. Expenditures that wait for extra money Expenditures that wait for extra money to be available include buying livestock (goat, cow), paying debt, and house renovationThey will only spend when money is available (having extra money), i.e.:

(which includes a latrine).

at harvest time, or from husbands working on another island/ overseas, or donations from family members. Payment of debt has the highest priority when extra money is available as this is considered as an obligation and fulfils a security need. While extra money is treated as savings, most do not have the habit of saving money at a bank. They tend to buy things that can be sold later when money is needed i.e. livestock (goats, cows), gold, ‘gerobak’ (horse or ox-drawn cart), etc. This fulfils their safety & security need.


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Extra money would also be spent on luxurious durables (in Pacitan: TV, cellular phone; in Probolinggo: cellular phone, refrigerator). Ownership of electronics will ease and entertain their lives because these also somehow reflect status of the family, and is part of their social needs. The least prioritized is Home Renovation (including latrine)

This means that having a latrine (included in house renovation) is only considered when they have extra money, and is thus not prioritized.

. For most, home renovation / refurbishment is usually done in stages due to economical conditions. Having a latrine however, is not considered ‘a must have’. The needs may arise later after other needs above are fulfilled. This is part of their social needs and ego needs.

2.1.1 The decision making process on large expenditures in the family

Husband and wife usually discuss and decide which large expenditures need to be prioritized. On matters of food, children’s needs, and some home renovations the discussion is usually initiated by the wife, while on matters of electronics, durables, certain home renovations the discussion is initiated by the husband. When an agreement can not be reached, the final decision is based on the husband’s decision as the husband is regarded as head of the family. In some cases however, the opinion of elders (parents, parents in law, older brother/sister) may be asked.

2.1.2 The decision making process with regards to sanitation facilities

There is an indication that it is usually the wife who initiates the idea of having a sanitation facility. The final decision however must be made after discussing it with the husband, since the husband is considered to be the breadwinner. This observation however needs to be confirmed in the quantitative phase. On the issue of having a sanitation facility, the wife initiates when …

⇨ She feels insecure to open defecate, because she might encounter difficulties or physical / natural harm.

⇨ She feels embarrassed with neighbours when having to borrow their sanitation facilities (for example during the dry season or when suffering diarrhea).

⇨ She feels uncomfortable to open defecate / has previously used improved sanitation facilities (before getting married).


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It may also be the husband who initiates when he – wants to protect the family’s honor from physical / natural harm – feels uncomfortable to open defecate / has previously used improved sanitation

facilities (before getting married).

2.2 Common Practices of Open Defecation From the focus groups we found out that open defecation is usually done in several locations A. By the riverside (Kali / Kalen), a practice common both in Pacitan and Probolinggo by those who live near the riverside and/ or do not have sufficient land to build sanitation facilities (“jumbleng” in Pacitan).

These people tend to go in the morning (when it is still dark) or at night, but it can be more frequent if suffering from diarrhea. The place is about 10 m to 300 m from their homes. Housewives would either go alone or with children, while husbands usually go alone, except when asked by their wives to accompany them at night. Some do it squatting on the river side so that their buttocks do not touch the water, while some squat in the river with part of their buttocks touching the water. Anal cleaning is done in the river, with water. While some clean again with water later on, some do not. Waste is disposed of automatically in the water flow or eaten by fish.

Figure 2: Example of Kali/Kalen B. In the bush/ forest - open defecation in the bush/ forest is a more common practice in Pacitan, usually by males in emergency cases when they have to defecate when working in the forest, or during the dry season when there is limited water in the river.

They tend to do this during daylight and it can be more frequent if suffering from diarrhea. The location is quite far from home and from the river. The ones practicing open defecation is usually the husbands, going alone. Anal cleaning is done with stones or leaves, and cleaned with water later when they arrive at home. The waste is buried in the ground.


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2.3 Evaluation of Open Defecation

Following is some thought about the open defecation habit: Positive Some sees who do open defecation as an independent persons in a sense that they do

not have to use a neighbour’s toilet which might be annoying to the neighbour. “Well, we don’t have to feel ashamed because we don’t use the toilet of others. It is ok to use it once in a while but to do so every day will be improper… because we throw our waste at their place” (Pacitan, male, open defecator)

Some believe that the human waste will be naturally processed, as in the case of those who defecate in the river:

− food for fish “I don’t think it is a mistake as I often see that my waste is beneficial to feed the fish in the river. They eat it directly while it is there” (Pacitan, male, open defecator)

− fertilizer to help growth in the paddy field. “If the water goes to the paddy field, (my waste) can act as fertilizer, it will help the paddy to grow, using organic fertilizer” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator).

Some believe that Open Defecation will reduce the possibility of facing own bad smell (few open defecators at riverside).

“If I defecate in the river, I feel more comfortable. I don’t have to smell my own waste – unlike when I’m doing it in a (closed) toilet” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator).

Negative Open Defecation will cause a difficulty in term of access from their home especially

on these occasion” − When they are in a hurry to defecate.

“I have to run from home if I am really in a hurry to defecate…” (Pacitan, female, open defecator) “We have to control our defecation, so we do not easily defecate (as we wish), for example defecating every morning…” (Pacitan, female, open defecator).

− When they have need to defecate at night, in rainy season or when they are sick (i.e. suffer from diarrhea).

“It is very disturbing when we need to defecate at night or in the rainy season, as we have to ask our husbands to accompany us” (Pacitan, female, open defecator) “I have to cross a big street to reach the river, sometimes it is scary” (Probolinggo, female, open defecator).


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Open Defecation considered as an activity with lack of safety, i.e.: − When the river is flooded or the current is strong, especially for children (below 7

years old) “Usually children like to play with water without knowing the danger. So we have to pay attention especially when the river is quite flooded and the current is strong” (Pacitan, female, open defecator)

− Possibility of meeting thugs or people who mean harm (especially among women)

− Possible attack of animals: fish, eel, or even snakes “Oh, yes, I encountered an alligator once, sometimes snakes. Since I’m scared, I just defecate in a paddy field …” (Probolinggo, female, open defecator)

Open Defecation is also seen as a source of embarrassment especially when other people pass by and see. However, as this is common in their neighbourhood, this is considered acceptable

“If anybody passes by, we have to manage so they won’t see our waste being released. It is like cutting it… (Pacitan, male, open defecator) “Yeah, I am embarrassed if people pass by, but I think everybody is used to it, everybody also does that … (Pacitan, female, open defecator).

Open Defecation is also seen as a difficult task especially when: − Limited water in the river (during the dry season) ◊ must go to another place

(neighbors, relatives) “In the dry season it is a bit complicated, we cannot defecate in the river as the waste will not drift away. So we are forced to defecate in my parents’ house, Their house is not far from mine” (Pacitan, female, open defecator)

− Long queuing; there are several occasion where they have to wait for their turn because others were using the usual place by then (in Probolinggo, people have specific place where they usually defecate, not move around from one place to another).

“If there is someone else doing it at my usual place, I have to wait for my turn” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator).

Interestingly, at the moment only a few that raised the concern on this habit which related to the health issues, and it the relation is not the possibility of neighbourhood’s health condition that might impacted by the open defecation habit but more toward the current environmental condition which might impacted toward them. − Water that is polluted from other waste (industrial, household) can result in

itchiness or other skin diseases. “The river near my house carries disposal from kitchens as well, so sometimes the water is sticky, not good for the skin” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator)


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− Cold water can cause rash on feet “The water is cold so sometimes I get rash on my feet” (Probolinggo, female, open defecator.

2.4 Unimproved Sanitation. The unimproved sanitation premises that usually found in Pacitan usually in the form of: A hole, dug 2 meters deep, used to keep the waste A piece of wood, cement or something more permanent as a place to step on. The hole can be open/ uncovered or half covered. No water needed to throw the waste away / dispose of the waste.

Most of the users of this facility are coming from the lower economic family, who cannot afford to build/have proper sanitation facility but do not comfortable in doing Open Defecation habit. The advantage of using the unimproved sanitation in their perspective is they can do this anytime, and do not have to go too far from their home – only about 10 to 30 meters from the house, still within their own land, most of the time they go there alone, except children below 7 years old who are usually still accompanied / helped by their parents, once finished, they clean their body with water brought from the bathroom. Some however, already have a source of water near the hole. They do not feel the need to clean up the waste because it is will be thrown (fall) into the hole.

Figure 3: Example of Unimproved sanitation facility The rationale for using the unimproved sanitation facility are vary, and below are listed some of the most mentioned reasons: Geographical situation

o Not in close proximity with the river, they usually live on hills or slopes where clean water is difficult to find, especially during the dry season, thus digging holes as a way of having (unimproved) sanitation.


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Social ego

o To present themselves as independent, Using other people’s toilet can create embarrassment and considered bothering and impolite (because they “give” waste to others).

The unimproved sanitation users are mainly happy with their current behaviour since they do not have to use a neighbor’s sanitation, thus do not bother the neighbor – to look independent

“Well, at least we have our own defecation place, although it is still improper but it is already accepted” (Pacitan, male, unimproved sanitation owner)

Beside that they feel good because the waste is kept in one place, does not pollute the environment

“Well…. At least the waste does not get in direct contact with air…it is kept in the hole, so does not easily pollute the air” (Pacitan, male, open defecator)

The users feel good because they will not affected by bad smell - i.e. while defecating- as the hole is opened, the user will easily breathe in the bad smell but in the same time while not defecating – if the users leave the hole open or not completely closed, the unpleasant odor can still be smelled at home (reaches the house)

“What I don’t like is the bad odor… my husband smokes while defecating but as I don’t smoke, I just close my nose like this…” (Pacitan, female, unimproved sanitation owner)

The unpleasant odor is not the only disadvantage of this kind of facility, this facility is actually is a burden to them since the hole will be full after 2 years and then they have to dig another holes. Beside that some still have a non-permanent place to stand on (made from wood), which will easily rot

“The wood rots easily because of rain, because mine does not have a permanent roof, hence I once fell into the hole….hahaha” (Pacitan, male, unimproved sanitation owner)

The fact that the facility is not located within their house is another disadvantage of this facility since it is quite difficult to get there at night or when it rains. While in Probolinggo the users of unimproved sanitation facility are usually have a toilet construction including the latrine (The upper and middle structure) but do not have the faeces disposal facility (or they called it “septic tank”). Human waste is disposed of in the river, through a certain length of PVC pipe, without the use of a septic tank. Septic tank is a common terminology that they used, but they perceived septic tank as a closed hole underneath the surface for waste storage. It can be built-in product or build by masons, using cement and bricks. In Probolinggo, many houses are close to a river. It is common to find people who own latrines (including modern sitting toilets) but do not have a septic tank

Thus, these people may not consider themselves as owners of “unimproved” sanitation. Instead the definition comes from World Bank.

to dispose the waste. Instead, they dispose of human waste in the river using a PVC pipe.


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Figure 4: Toilet Facility of Unimproved sanitation users in Probolinggo The septic tank is considered as the advanced (improved) type of sanitation facility in Probolinggo. There are no other improved types that they know of. The soil condition in the area is the main reason for these people for not having improved sanitation (with a septic tank). According to them, water will easily seeps out from the soil, thus, one must build a strong and thick septic tank to avoid the possibility of human waste seeping through and polluting the source of clean water in the neighborhood. Land space in their house is also a major concern for building a septic tank within their house. Some also mentioned about the ground water surface which is not deep enough therefore it is become their concern should they build a septic tank, it will pollute the water source. The (perceived) environmental condition is not the only factors that affect their decision to use the unimproved sanitation facility; the financial consequences of building an improved sanitation facility are playing a key role for their decision, once they build it, they need to pay for maintaining purposes of the faeces disposal facility Considering the above mentioned factors, they felt that their decision in utilize the unimproved sanitation facility is the best decision since their house is near the river stream, therefore it is very practical because they just need a PVC pipe and dispose of the waste in the river”. It is cheaper and at the same time it protects the clean water source in the area.

Among the current users, they mainly Triggered by the following factors:

1. o To protect family well-being

Personal Ego

– Mostly from a husband’s point of view, having a toilet means protecting the family from harm (especially wives who are afraid of the dark, floods, snakes or even criminals)

– Experience of discomfort when family members suffered from diarrhea (especially among children) – and must frequently go to the river

– Experience of parents being old and sick; and cannot go to the river anymore (few). “My wife never goes to the river; she is not used to it. She feels embarrassed and uncomfortable. So I thought I’d better build my own toilet …” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner)


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“The river near my house sometimes floods, so I am afraid that when I go there I might be carried by the water.. So I told my husband and we agreed that it would be better if we have our own toilet …” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation owner).

2. o Present themselves as modern and advanced

Social Ego

– Usually, visitors from out of town do not have the habit to defecate in a river. To avoid feeling embarrassed, they prefer to build a toilet to address this matter

– A feeling that having a toilet is one step ahead in climbing the social ladder. These consumers feel that they have moved one step away from the open defecating practice. They have a similar assessment of their toilet as those who have a septic tank. Their current facility were the answer of following factors:

1. Social advancement: – Not to feel embarrassed when having visitors from out of town (especially from big

cities); if the visitors need to use a toilet. The visitors do not have to go to the river “We get visitors from out of town sometimes, and they are not used to defecate in the river” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation user).

2. Comfort: – To be able to use the toilet anytime they want (day or night); do not have to wait

for their turn – Easy access, especially for children or older people (their parents)

“If, for instance, in the middle of the night, we get a stomachache and need to go, we can just go. We don’t have to be afraid of going to the river anymore” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation owner).

3. Privacy – Not to have to worry about, or be embarrassed by people seeing parts of their body

(especially for some husbands, who feel that they have to protect their wife’s honor)

– Giving them a chance to be alone with their thoughts. “We have to protect our body. If we have our own toilet, we can protect our body parts, so nobody else can see them” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner) “I can use it as long as I want to, be alone with my thoughts” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner).

4. Safety – Reduces the possibility of being harmed, either by animals or other people.

Those who do not have their own septic tank see themselves as:

− Socially advanced, compared to open defecators − Aware of the environment, because a septic tank is considered ‘dangerous’ as it

can pollute the source of (drinking) water if not carefully planned (only few)


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“If I build a septic tank, the cost will be very big. Plus I’m worried that it will pollute the water source. If I dispose of it in the river, my environment will be free from pollution” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner)

The disadvantages are not due to the fact that they do not have a septic tank. Instead, these consumers look at it from the angle of “sharing the toilet” – as their toilet is sometimes used by other people (family members or neighbors), and other might not have the same level of hygiene à do not flush or clean the toilet after use.

2.5 Improved Sanitation. Improved sanitation users are defined as a person who own a toilet facility which has a “A permanent pit-toilet with goose neck”; “A sitting or squatting pit-toilet” “With a faeces disposal facility or septic tank in their own word.”

Figure 5: Toilet Facility of Improved sanitation users Owner of such facility sees themselves as a modern and advance people, It is considered as another step up on the social ladder where a perception in the society is that households in the higher economic class should have advanced housing, which includes toilets (meaning that economically, they are more advanced). Some of the owner of this proper facility are coming from a bigger city than Pacitan and Probolinggo they are accustomed to having improved sanitation and thus are unwilling to ‘down grade’ their lifestyle and having their own toilet improves their feeling of comfort while defecating. From the breadwinner point of view, the facility will ensure the safety of their family. They also have a positive evaluations on Improved Sanitation since the facility will ensure the level of comfort and privacy since the facility is Easily access, therefore they can go anytime they want. It also provide a sense of privacy (closed and private).

“It is close to my house and I don’t have to wait for my turn” (Probolinggo, female, improved sanitation owner) “If we suddenly get stomach ache, where can we run to if we do not have our own toilet?” (Probolinggo, male, improved sanitation owner).


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In terms of social appearance, the facility conveys an independent, modern, and upscale image.

“For arisan (social gathering of housewives in the same neighborhood which is conducted routinely), people will choose a home with an integrated toilet. So it’s like… upgrading the status” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner).

And lastly the facility is seen as an environmental friendly things since waste is processed properly; does not pollute the environment. Aside the positive evaluation, users also share negative opinion toward the facility especially on the supporting factors such as the water availability (in Pacitan), especially during the dry season, and also the attitude of person who use the facility altogether with the owner. Those who own (improved) sanitation see themselves as quite wealthy and well educated, and are in a higher social status compared to those don’t have one. Others have a quite similar view, perceiving those with healthy sanitation as quite wealthy, well educated, and of a higher social status compared to those who don’t have. A few perceive them as those who received a donation from the government to build improved sanitation. There is a high satisfaction level with the current sanitation, which is already regarded as the best that they can have. The use of Improved Sanitation is looked at from different aspects. ⇨ The Physiological Aspect sees using improved sanitation as being more comfortable,

like having easy access, being clean and with no smell.

⇨ From the Psychological Aspect, using improved sanitation makes them more independent because they have own sanitation at home. It also makes them more modern and upscale and, consequently, more confident of themselves

⇨ From the Social Aspect a home with improved sanitation is regarded as an ideal home, and is also more preferred as a place for gatherings.

Currently, triggers for having unimproved and improved sanitation are similar. The difference of having unimproved and improved sanitation facilities mainly depend on geographical area (near the water or not, have sufficient land size or not) and clean water availability. There is a feeling that clean water for anal cleansing is very important in a sanitation facility and that water-flushed system is the only one they know of to get rid of the smell. Thus, education regarding other type of sanitation system will be important to increase their awareness, though may not enough to change their current behavior. In short, environment characteristic of the three different segment can be summarized in the following figure.We can conclude that ater availability and the condition of the soil impact the sanitation ownership in an area, and improved sanitation must be supported with availability of clean water so that the option will be relevant to be applied.


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Figure 6: Environment characteristic

Having a sanitation facility (of any kind) is related to ego and social needs fulfillment, thus these will be drivers to change.

“WC” is a more common term used for toilet (only few familiar with term ‘jamban’), and perceptions are that a toilet is:

• a room complete with “pit-toilet” and water to flush the waste • a “Pit-toilet” can be one used while squatting or sitting • a sitting model is considered as the “modern” type of pit-toilet (“just like in the big

cities”) while • a squatting toilet can be cheap or expensive, depending on the materials (porcelain or

cement)

It is clear that there is a GAP in the understanding of the physical structure of a toilet and its function. These people do not see the actual function of a toilet (of what is below the surface). In their eyes, a toilet would consist of several elements (including the actual room with cement, pit-toilet, and the water to flush).

Based on this perception of the physical set up, a reason for not having a toilet is the ‘price barrier’.


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2.6 Sanitation facility shopping process.

2.6.1 Decision Making Process The decision making process may be initiated by either the husband or the wife.

⇨ Some husbands initiateo are not used to defecate in the open,

having sanitation facilities, because they:

o are worried about the safety of their family members, o feel that they are already able to step up the “social class ladder” and have enough

money to own a sanitation facility, o feel embarrassed of using someone else’s facility.

⇨ Wives initiate

o are worried with their safety if have to go to the river,

having sanitation facilities, for similar reasons, among others because they:

o feel embarrassed or uncomfortable for having their body part shown, o are not used to defecate in the open, o feel embarrassed of using someone else’s facility.

When they start feeling that “maybe we need to have our own sanitation facility”, they start the discussion about

⇨ How their financial condition is? Whether they have enough money? (most important) ⇨ Where they will build the facility? Inside the house, outside the house? ⇨ What kind of facility they will have? Squatting or sitting toilet? How the waste will be

disposed?

2.6.2 Shopping Process Consensus between husband and wife is the key important factors when a household about to build a toilet facility, then it is husband’s role to find the mason. Mason and the husband will have a consultation regarding the material that needed to build the toilet and the mason fee. Sometimes they also get information about price estimation from neighbors who have built a toilet facility. In most occasion, it is not the mason who conduct the actual material shopping, it is the head of households who did it. And the mason will finish the facility in 1.5 week time.

During the process, the home owners faces several issues, such as:

A. In Pacitan:

⇨ Since Pacitan is a hilly area, materials such as coarse-sand (pasir), stones, even wood can easily be obtained. Thus, materials bought are mainly cement and pit-toilet unit.

Materials

⇨ In Pacitan, building-material stores can be found in the sub-district (kecamatan) but usually limited to 1 – 2 stores only. Thus, most would buy everything needed in one place (one stop shopping).

Stores


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B. In Probolinggo :

⇨ The area in Probolinggo included in this study is mainly coastal or near a river, thus most materials are bought from stores.

Materials

⇨ In Probolinggo, there are sometimes more than two stores building-material stores at the sub-district (kecamatan). Thus, some consumers prefer to buy materials from different stores to get the cheapest prices.

Stores

Consumers do not feel that shopping for sanitation materials is a complex or complicated process. Both materials and masons needed to build the toilet are available in their area.

Thus, the barrier to having a personal toilet is not due to lack of outlets or human resources to build it. The main drawback is the funds to buy the materials or pay the masons.

The key learning from the above is that :

⇨ Since consumers do not have many ideas of toilet types (their knowledge of toilet type is what they are aware of so far, i.e. : sitting or squatting pit toilet, with clean water to flush) – discussions for decision making is not complicated. Sanitation facility is not something that they pay big attention to – unlike durables, for instance, where their level of involvement to such will be higher.

⇨ Thus, the discussion will mainly be about funds. They are not aware of, or do not care about, for example, things like:

o What happens below the surface of a sanitation facility. o Available features of sanitation facilities.

2.7 Additional analysis: Evaluation of Health Sanitation concept.

In this study, we also evaluated some preliminary concepts of health sanitation which were prepared for the actual implementation stage in the field. In total there were 4 concepts that were being evaluated. Three are communication concepts while the other one is a concept of the brand of a sanitation facility.

On communication concept all three concepts do not seem to be highly effective in making people think twice about the consequences of open defecating. Most respondents from Pacitan and Probolinggo did not quickly draw/ get the intended key messages in the concepts.

Only the concept of “possibility of having wife’s buttocks displayed” seems to be closer to current reality – and may generate second thoughts among husbands.


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However, this also does not have an extremely strong pull. This situation is considered an everyday fact among open defecators. They tackle this issue simply by observing surroundings when defecating (avoid when there are many people around), building “semi-permanent” toilet above the river to hide themselves from public eyes (as with several cases in Probolinggo) or by going to the riverside early in the morning, when it is still dark (several cases found in Pacitan). Thus motivating people to change their open defecating habit may need to come from a different angle.

2.7.1 Concept 1: “Is Your Prayer ‘Valid/ Correct’ with Given Procedures?”

Figure 7: Concept Board 1 Verbatims: “As long as the river flows, it is still correct according to given rituals. Even if the water is contaminated …” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation owner) “The river here is big and the water flows. So it is okay …” (Probolinggo, male, improved sanitation owner) “But here, people usually take water for wudhu’ at a well, not at the river. Even when we take a bath, we take water from a well …” (Pacitan, female, open defecators)

“I think it is still correct because the water flows …” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner)


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Overall respondents found concept 1 is not appealing, and not too relevant to them. Respondents cannot easily take out the key message of this concept as they somehow feel that the situation is irrelevant to the actual procedure of praying because:

o Water that continuously flows is okay to use for wudhu’ even though it is contaminated.

o In addition, most masjids (mosques) as shown in the concept will already provide clean water for wudhu’; so people will not use water from the river

2.7.2 Concept 2: “Don’t Be The Subject of Gossip”

Figure 8: Concept Board 2 Verbatims: “Exactly, the reason why we have a toilet is to cover our ‘aurat’ (Islam term: body parts that must be hidden from non-member of family) …” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner) “Yes, that happens a lot, sometimes when we are defecating, there are men who are fishing near us, we feel embarrassed…” (Probolinggo, female, open defecators) “I think here, it is common. I mean, it is not a strange thing anymore …” (Pacitan, male, unimproved sanitation owner)

“I don’t think there are people here who own DVD but do not have toilet …” (Pacitan, male, open defecators).


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The part of “his wife’s buttocks” is considered funny and easily generates laughter. It is relevant to the current situation – since it has a high possibility to occur among open defecators. The second part of “own DVD but do not yet have toilet” is not considered highly relevant. A DVD is considered a luxury item in both areas. It will be more relevant if the concept talked about is a more common household item, i.e.: TV.

Concept 2 generates some appeal, especially the part with “wife’s buttocks”. Some respondents feel that this can make husbands consider having their own toilet to avoid embarrassment of “displaying” his wife’s body.

However, among some open defecators, this situation is not considered unusual – they accept it as it is.

2.7.3 Concept 3 “Cak Kemplung – Stop ‘Plung”

Figure 9: Concept Board 3

Verbatims: “Well, it is true, usually Maduranese defecate at the river …” (Probolinggo, male, open defecators). “Even if we do not defecate in the river, it will not make any difference because of industrial waste that is being thrown into the river …” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner). “I think here, this portrayal is not relevant. When we defecate, it will immediately be eaten by fish (so it will not result in a pile of waste)…” (Pacitan, male, open defecators)

“I don’t think it is relevant because here only one or two people go to the river. It will not create pollution …” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner).


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This concept is relatively easier to comprehend. In terms of relevance however, some noted that there are other factors that make rivers dirty or polluted aside from human waste, i.e.: industrial waste from various factories in the area. Thus, cleaning the river cannot be done only by making people stop defecating there.

In addition, in reality, they feel that human waste can easily be processed naturally (i.e. eaten by fish) thus will not create ‘heavy pollution’ as portrayed by the concept. There is no strong rejection of the “Cak Kemplung” portrayal because respondents only see him as a spokesperson. Concept 3 is moderately appealing – although it does not carry new information, but only the idea of “cleaning the river”.

2.7.4 Concept 4 “Jamat” – Jamban Sehat

Figure 10: Concept Board 3 Respondent view the term Jamat as an uncommon. “Jamat” sounds like “Camat” (head of sub-district) or even “Jumat” (Friday). Few in Probolinggo even think that “Jamat” is a brand name for a pit-toilet product.

For some respondents in Probolinggo, “Jamban” is not associated with WC, but as “pit-toilets” or public toilets provided by government. “Jambanku sehat!” to them means:

⇨ A toilet that is clean. ⇨ A toilet that does not produce a bad smell (inviting flies). ⇨ A toilet that does not pollute the environment. ⇨ A toilet with a septic tank (among improved sanitation owners). ⇨ A “Modern” toilet - sitting toilet, complete with toilet-cover (few, Pacitan).


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“Beli Jamat enggak mahal-mahal amat” - This line means that one is expected to buy the product ⇨ thus, “Jamat” is a built-in product (most likely the pit-toilet)

“PAJAMAT” to them means:

⇨ An officer from the Health Department or District government that gives counsel or information regarding health and sanitation (Most).

⇨ People who know how to build a healthy toilet (few, Probolinggo)

“Kios Jamat Dapatkan Jamban Sehat di sini” - This line is linked to a place that sells pit-toilet products. Some see that it only sells the pit-toilets without other needed materials.

This report documents the objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions from assessment study of sanitary latrines supply chains in semi-urban and rural areas of East Java, Indonesia. The study was commissioned by The World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) in Indonesia, and was conducted by Nielsen Indonesia in April 2008.

Consumers only see the “Jamat” concept as an advice or suggestion to purchase a pit-toilet. It does not generate high appeal or a high level of comprehension. The majority only guess what “Jamat” is all about – without actually understanding the idea of “Healthy (Improved) Toilet”.

To some, the introduction of “PAJAMAT” is translated that this suggestion is coming from the government or its agency. Thus, it opens possibility of getting financial aid to buy a “Jamat” product.

Care must be exercised in introducing the “Jamat” concept as it may mislead people into thinking that it is a campaign of “getting a free or cheap” pit-toilet product from the government..


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3. Analysis and results: (Quantitative demand-side)

3.1 Demographic Profile Most of the respondents come from the D Socio Economic Status (households with a monthly routine expenditure of IDR 600,000 – IDR 900,000), with very small variations across the different regions. In terms of age, only 10% is younger than 30 years.

Figure 11: Demographic Profile of Respondents Overall, about one fifth of respondents are considered illiterate (?), and about half either finished Junior (?) or (?) High school, a common picture of villages are in Java. They mostly live in a house that belong to themselves (59%) or is owned under their parents name (23%); and less than 15% live in a rented house. Using the World Bank definition for sanitation facility, half of the respondents actually fall into the “owner of improved sanitation facility” segment, while about a quarter (27%) are still considered as open defecator. Please note that this classification was based on the respondents’ claim and not on observation. We also can see that there are little variations across the areas surveyed, with the “arek” area, which represents the big cities of East Java (Surabaya and Malang), having more improved facilities compared to the other areas, especially the remote ones.


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Figure 12: Respondent Classification based on toilet ownership.

Table 5: Respondent classification in detail


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3.2 General Findings

3.2.1 Hygiene Practises.

Washing hands is quite a common practice among the respondents, especially before and after meals, although the main reason for doing so is to get the rid out, and is not related to hygiene factors. Washing hands after defecating is quite low with only 66% of them doing this activity, a figure which correlates to toilet facility ownership, with owners of toilet facilities (both unimproved and improved) being the group that more regularly doing this. On the other hand, washing hands after urination is still uncommon for respondents with only one fifth of respondents regularly washing their hands after urination. Bar soap is the most common product used for washing hands, and only small proportion do not use any product washing their hands.

Figure 13: Washing hand habit

Table 6: Washing hands habit When probed further, 79% of respondents claim that they are aware that there could actually be an effect by improper hand washing habit, and the effect related most to this is diarrhea.


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3.2.2 Source of water for daily activities. The majority (65%) of households surveyed in this study rely on a well to get the water for drinking and cooking, while only about 7% depend on tap water provided by the local Drinking water company (PDAM). Most water sources are located within their home premises. The sources used are the main water sources for both the dry and rainy seasons. Only a small proportion of respondents claimed find difficulties to obtain water during the dry season. Going to another well is one option to get water then, aside from going to the river to get it


3.2.3 Diarrhea From the total respondents interviewed, one in five (21%) have a 5-year old or younger child. And most of these children (41%) are already defecating in a toilet. A quarter (25%) still do not defecate in a toilet, but their parents dispose the feces into the toilet. As for the remaining group, most dispose the feces in various places such as the river, ground or a gutter. The absence of a toilet facility within their house is the major reason for disposing of it in these places. Only a small proportion (2%) of these children defecate in the river. Diarrhea is not a very common symptom in their area, with only 10% of respondents experienced their child or other children within their neighborhood experiencing it. And most related this symptom with the children’s eating habit and not the environmental condition or the open defecation habit that might still occur within their neighborhood.


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Diarrhea is seen as dangerous, especially to an infant. As many as 85% of respondents claimed that diarrhea could cause death to the infant. Since most of the respondents think that diarrhea is caused by food, the majority (64% ) think that diarrhea could be prevented if one would cook their water before drinking and prepare well cooked food. Some respondents however also do relate diarrhea with sanitation habits and conditions in their neighborhood, and to prevent it one should wash their hands with soap (53%) and must clean their neighborhood (46%).

Table 7: Causes of Diarrhea

3.3 Sanitary Related Issue.

3.3.1 Open Defecation Habits Open Defecation is a habit that is hard to be changed among the majority of the respondents, and even among those who own a toilet facility in their house, about 18% claimed that they have defecated in the open air. Inability to hold the defecation any longer is the main reasons for defecating in the open air for them, followed by the absence of a toilet facility within their working place, and most claim that a river is the most convenient place to do so. Most respondents (67%) think that defecating in the open will have an impact on the surrounding environment, and clearly this understanding will vary across different types of respondents with the “open defecators” segment having the lowest understanding toward it. Nevertheless, the impact that these respondents thought of is not related to sanitation and health issues, but more to the immediate impact that might be caused by feces such as an unpleasant smell/ odor


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3.3.2 Detailed Information Regarding Facilities And Habits Among Owners Of Toilet Facilities

Among owners, the motivation to build/ have a toilet facility is mainly driven by their desire to make it easy for their family with relation to defecation, so it is more convenient for their family and it will ensure their family’s privacy. Having a toilet also will increase their credibility (?) within their neighborhood since they do not disturb their neighbors anymore. Most of the current owners have built/ owned the facility for more than 1 year, while only less than one in ten (7%) of the respondents built their facility just recently. Among the latter group, the average spent for building the toilet is IDR 1.2 million, and they relied on local masons both for the installation and the gathering of information about the toilet and its facility. Being the owners of a toilet facility in their households, the majority (63%) of this group say that it was not difficult for them to build the toilet, having had most of the factors in their favor. Interestingly though some (19%), even though they own a toilet facility, claimed that it was actually not too easy for them to build one, which was due to their financial condition and condition of the environment around their house (e.g. availability of water during the dry season).


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Figure 16: Assessment toward building a new toilet facility Under the current situation, toilet renovation is not among the respondents’ list of priorities. Only 15% of respondents plan to renovate their toilet. Among this group, some plan to upgrade the subsurface facility, i.e. close the hole and dig a new one; or install a new feces disposal storage. Most however are planning to renovate or to upgrade the physical condition of their toilet housing facility. When probed further and asked to imagine whether money would not be a problem for them, among those who currently do not plan to renovate their toilet, only about a quarter (27%) are actually thinking about renovating their toilet. And the type of renovation they think about is more towards upgrading the physical condition of their toilet housing facility such as install a new latrine (they used the “closet” terminology to describe latrine) or put new tiles for their toilet.

Figure 17: Type of renovation


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For those who planned to close the hole and dig a new one, this is a urgent condition since most of the holes that they own are currently already full and it is cheaper for them to build a new one instead emptying these holes. Please note that this is valid among those who belong to the “improved sanitation facility” segment; but they do not necessary have a proper toilet housing facility and only have fully closed holes which ensure no contact between air and the feces.

3.3.3 Detailed Information Regarding Facility And Their Habit Among Sharers.

The majority (77%) in this segment use the facility together with 1-5 other families. Some 9% of this segment share with more than 10 families. On average, families in the Banyuwangi area share with more families compared to those in other areas. In this area, this group share the toilet with 14 other families. Toilet sharers in the Madura area share least, with only 4 families sharing one facility. Most of the respondents within this segment are quite satisfied with their current habit in toilet usage (34% satisfied, 36% neutral 36%), which is reflected in their plans to have their own improved toilet facility where around one in ten (12%) are planning to build their own toilet. The main reasons for this reluctances are caused by their financial condition.

Figure 18: Type of renovation

The remaining 88% claimed that they do plan to own a toilet in the future, and the major driver for this aim is to make the defecation activity more convenient/ easier for their family. Among those who have a plan to own a toilet, the majority could not give a definite time for the actual development of the toilet. (7% plan to build a new toilet facility within the next one year).


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3.3.4 Detailed Information Regarding Facilities And The Habit Among Open Defecators.

Among the open defecators, about two out of three (60%) have never actually tried using a toilet or latrine. Among those who have tried using a toilet or latrine, it was mostly in a public toilet.

Rhe absence of a toilet facility in their households and the old habit are the most mentioned reasons for still practicing open defecation. Like the sharing facility users; most of the open defecators claim that they have an intention to build a toilet facility. The reasons for their reluctance is, again, related to their financial condition.

Figure 19: Incidence of trying a toilet


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3.4 Conjoint Analysis On Toilet Facility Options In this survey, several concepts on latrine types, feces disposals, and total costs for the installation of a latrine and a feces disposal were tested. In total there are 5 concepts of latrine types and 5 concepts of feces disposal facilities with 7 price options.

Figure 20: Latrine concepts

Figure 21: Faeces Disposal concepts


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Cost

Level 1 IDR 177,500.00 Level 2 IDR 234,000.00 Level 3 IDR 291,000.00 Level 4 IDR 347,000.00 Level 5 IDR 825,000.00 Level 6 IDR 1,045,000.00 Level 7 IDR 1,270,000.00

Table 8: Pricing Options

In the study implementation, these option were grouped into two categories as follows :


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Figure 22: Concepts Combination

3.4.1 Evaluation Of The 1st Concept Combination

Conjoint analysis was used to find the consumers’ most favored combination. Not surprisingly in terms of price, consumers prefer the least expensive option while on the latrine facility consumer demand is higher for the squad latrine which is made of concrete. This confirms findings in the qualitative phase where consumers still consider a latrine from its look rather than its function. There are therefore two options for the WSP team:

to provide a nice looking latrine with very low price or try to shift the mindset that a proper/ improved sanitation facility is not defined by its

look but more by its function: “to ensure that the feces will not have direct contact with the air”.

In a spirit of self empowerment, the 2nd option seems more sensible. These findings are consistent across the different groups/ segments and geographic locations.


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Figure 23: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 1st Combination)

3.4.2 Evaluation on 2nd concept Combination

Figure 24: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 2nd Combination) Like in the 1st combination; consumers prefer an advanced facility both for latrine and feces disposal, while the acceptable price is around IDR 1 million (US$ 100.00). Again the findings are consistent across different segments and geographic locations.


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3.5 Segmentation Analysis Nielsen and the World Bank initially tried to segment the respondents based on the behavior that they have. (The behavior statements used in this study can be found in appendix 9). Based on factorial and cluster analysis, three (3) different segments were found existing in the field, which are:

Segment 1: People who tend to agree to have a toilet because of social purposes Segment 2. People who tend to agree to have a toilet because of functional purposes and

they state to have access to make a new toilet or to empty their feces disposals Segment 3: People who tend to agree with the defecating activity in the open.

The characteristic of these three segments are relatively the same as shown below:

Figure 25: Segment characteristics.

The result of this segmentation analysis has led to a decision to segment the respondents based on ownership of toilet facility only and try to find a distinct characteristic within each segment especially in their behavior, age and socio economic status. The segmentation analysis developed by PSI3

3 PSI Research Toolkit: Dashboard Analysis Series Three: Segmentation analysis.

was applied, which helps us understand more the differences between groups that are being compared. The steps of this segmentation analysis: identifying highly correlated independent variables (multicollinearity) – logistic regression analysis – UNIANOVA for adjusted proportions and means, led us to the following results:


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3.5.1 Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Non-Open Defecator

From the Summary Table, we could take some conclusions, based on the value for each respondent type (Non-OD and OD) or based on the ORs value. Next are the detailed information:

a.) The value in the age and SES rows shows the average number for each respondent type (e.g. in the table below: the average age of a Non-OD is 46 years; the average household expense for an OD is Rp. 810.752,51).

b.) The value in the factor row shows the factorial number for each respondent type. The more positive the number means that the more the factor is describing the behavior of the respondents. (e.g. for (B)F2 – Open Defecating Consent, as the OD has a more positive number, it means that the OD people are more likely to agree with the “Open Defecating Consent” statement)

c.) One could also take a conclusion from the Odd Ratio value,. If the ORs value is greater than 1 (>1) than the factor is more descriptive of the behavior of the group (1) or the OD people; and if the ORs value is smaller than 1 (<1) than the factor is more describing the behavior of the group (0) or the Non-OD people. (e.g. for (S)F1 - It is not acceptable for the person who defecates in the open, as the ORs value is 0.30 < 1 than the Non-OD people who are more likely to agree to this factor)

Based on the demographics of age and SEC, the results are: - Non-Open Defecator people are more likely to be older than Open Defecator people, - Non-Open Defecator people are more likely have a higher SEC than Open Defecator

people.

Non OD (0) OD (1) ORs Sig.

27.10% 72.90%

AGE 45.67 43.10 0.99 0.00

SES 886912.49 810752.51 1.00 0.00

(B) F2 -0.05 0.16 1.44 0.00

Open Defecating Consent

(S) F1 0.28 -0.84 0.30 0.00

It is not acceptable for person who defecates in the open

(S) F2 -0.15 0.44 2.52 0.00

It is a common thing to defecate in the open

(S) F3 -0.06 0.18 1.28 0.00

Under some circumstances, defecating in the open is acceptable

Table 9: Summary table of ORs and UNIANOVA for OD VS Non OD There are 4 factors that are significantly different between OD people and Non-OD people:

1. “Open Defecating Consent” – (B)F2

Naturally the OD people are more likely to agree to the factor than the Non-OD people.

2. “It is not acceptable for a person who defecates in the open”

This factor show a significant difference for OD and Non-OD: Non-OD people are more likely to agree than the OD people.


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3. “It is a common thing to defecate in the open” OD people are more likely to agree to the factor than the Non-OD people.

4. “Under some circumstances, defecating in the open is acceptable” Although this factor shows some condition that describes exception excuses to defecate in the open (limitation to toilet access and open defecation for young children), it has a significant result showing that OD people are more likely to agree than the Non-OD people.

3.5.2 Characteristic Differences Between Improved Toilet Owner Vs Unimproved Toilet Owner

The results of the segmentation for Improved and Unimproved Toilet Owners are as follows:

Unimproved

(0) Improved

(1) ORs Sig.

80.90% 19.10%

SES 798320.31 926983.89 1.00 0.00

(E) F2 0.26 0.08 0.80 0.01 Having toilet would raise the family’s status between the communities

(S) F3 0.06 -0.12 0.85 0.02


(SC) F1 0.00 0.15 1.22 0.01

Self Confidence Factors

Table 10: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Improved VS Unimproved

The SEC standing between Improved and Unimproved Toilet Owners is significantly different. People who own an improved toilet are more likely have a higher SEC than people who have an unimproved toilet.

Among the behavior attributes, there are 3 factors that are significantly different between the two types of respondents:

1. “Having a toilet would raise the family’s status between the communities” People who have an improved toilet for their household are more likely to agree with this particular factor than the unimproved toilet owner.

2. “Under some circumstances, defecating in the open is acceptable”

The results show that unimproved toilet owners are more likely to agree with this factor than the improved toilet owners.

3. “I have access to build latrine/ emptying the septic tank”

It is with a significant difference that the improved toilet owners are more likely to agree with this factor than the unimproved toilet owners.


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3.5.3 Characteristic Differences Between Open Defecator Vs Sharer

Based on SEC, sharers are more likely to have a higher SEC than people who practice open defecation.

Sharer (0) OD (1) ORs Sig.

71.40% 28.60%

(B) F2 0.23 0.52 1.50 0.00

Open defecating consent

(S) F1 0.09 -0.76 0.35 0.00


(S) F2 0.08 0.55 1.93 0.00


(SC) F1 -0.38 -0.15 1.24 0.02

Self Confidence Factors

Age 42.78 43.40 1.01 0.00

Table 11: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Sharer

Within these two types of respondents, the behavior attributes that show significant differences are as follows:

1. “Open defecating consent” It is clear that open defecators are more likely to agree with this factor than those who share the use of a toilet.

2. “It is not acceptable for a person who defecates in the open” The sharers are more likely to agree with this factor than the open defecators.

3. “It is a common thing to defecate in the open” As it is their habit to defecate in the open, the open defecator group of people are more likely to agree with the factor than the sharers.

4. “I have access to build a latrine/ emptying the septic tank” Surprisingly, open defecators are more likely to agree with this factor than sharers.

3.5.4 Characteristic Differences Between Open Defecator Vs Improved Toilet Owner

The summary table gives the following conclusions:

People who have an improved toilet are more likely to be older than sharers. Improved toilet owners are around 46 years old, while sharers are about 43 years old.

The monthly household expenditure of an improved toilet owner is more likely to be higher than that of a sharer. The monthly household expense of an improved toilet owner is about Rp 900.000,- while the SEC level of a sharer is at about Rp 800.000,-


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Sharer (0) Improved

(1) ORs Sig.

17.78% 82.22%

AGE 42.72 46.14 1.02 0.00

SES 799128.53 929404.74 1.00 0.00

(S) F1 0.09 0.29 1.31 0.00


(S) F2 -0.03 -0.24 0.78 0.00


Table 12: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Sharer VS Improved Toilet Owner

1. “It is not acceptable for a person who defecates in the open” The improved toilet owners are likely to agree more to this statement than the sharers.

2. “It is a common thing to defecate in the open” The sharers are more likely to be more agreeable this statement than the improved toilet owner.

3.5.5 Characteristic Differences Between Open Defecator Vs Improved Toilet Owner

Improved toilet owners are more likely to have a higher SEC than open defecators. The average household expense of an improved toilet owner is about Rp 900.000,- whilst that of an open defecator is about Rp 800.000,-

OD (0) Improved

(1) ORs Sig.

35.09% 64.91%

SES 818267.74 924299.68 1.00 0.00

(B) F2 0.21 -0.03 0.66 0.00

Open Defecating Consent

(S) F1 -0.85 0.32 3.68 0.00


(S) F2 0.47 -0.16 0.39 0.00


(S) F3 0.15 -0.09 0.76 0.00


Table 13: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Improved Toilet

Owner 1. “Open Defecating Consent” This being a habit of the open defecators, they would agree more to the statement than the improved toilet owners.

2. “It is not acceptable for a person who defecates in the open” The improved toilet owners are more likely to agree with the statement than the open defecators.


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3. “It is a common thing to defecate in the open” Open defecators who usually defecate in the open are indeed more likely to be more agreeable toward this statement.

4. “Under some circumstances, defecating in the open is acceptable” Improved toilet owners are still not quite agreeable towards this statement compared to the open defecator people.


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4. Analysis And Results: (Supply-Side)

4.1 Terms Used in this Report To be consistent with the similar study in Cambodia (WSP Cambodia Sanitation Supply Study, International Development Enterprises/IDE, 2007), terms used throughout this report use the exact explanation described in the Cambodia report. Sanitation is defined narrowly as the disposal of human fecal waste, especially through the use of latrines. Broader sanitation issues related to water supply, hygiene, and solid waste disposal are not specifically addressed. “Improved sanitation” is defined as sanitation with following technologies: "connection to a public sewer, connection to a septic system, pour-flush latrine, simple pit latrine, and ventilated improved pit latrine" (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, http://www.wssinfo.org/en/122_definitions.html) Latrine components refer to hardware and materials typically associated with construction of a sanitation structure (either part of bathroom or separated) for defecation. Moreover, it focus mainly on latrine pans/bowls since other general building materials, such as cement, PVC pipe, ceramic tiles, etc., are commonly used for other type of constructions, not solely on sanitation. Latrine types in this study are categorized based on the type of pan/bowl used (ceramic squat pan, ceramic pour flush sitting bowl, ceramic sitting bowl with cistern/automatic flushing system, and non-ceramic squat pan). Visual description is in the following table: Type 1 (T1) Type 2 (T2) Type 3 (T3) Type 4 (T4)

Ceramic pour flush squat pan

Ceramic pour flush sitting bowl

Ceramic automatic flush sitting bowl

Non-ceramic squat pan PICTURE NOT AVAILABLE

In all areas surveyed (semi-urban and rural)

Availability: Availability:Mainly semi-urban markets and few rural stores

Availability:Limited; mainly semi-urban

Availability:Mainly rural markets and few semi-urban stores

Figure 26: Wet Latrine Types in East Java, Indonesia


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Supply chain is a combination of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources required to create a product or service and move it from supplier to customer. Supply chain players typically include input suppliers, producers, transporters, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. At a minimum, commercial supply chains require a flow of revenues up the chain which allows each player to make enough profit to justify their participation.

• Urban center refers to a provincial capital (Surabaya), administrative city (kota), or district capital (ibukota kabupaten).

Additional Terms (not used in the Cambodia Report)

• Semi-urban area refers to a sub-district capital (ibukota kecamatan) and the area in the near vicinity

• Rural area refers to a village (desa, kelurahan) or village cluster (dusun)

• Store (or stores) refers to a construction material store. While store provides latrine pans, the main products they carry are mostly generic construction materials, such as cement, sand, tile and brick, stones, steels, and paint.

• Septic tank system: The general term used by consumers and market players to explain the waste storage system beneath the surface. The perception of septic tank in this study is different with the actual definition. Here, septic tank is perceived as any concrete hole underneath, which can be a built-in concrete slabs or manually build using bricks and cement. It does not matter whether the septic tank is dry or wet as long as it function is to store the waste. If the system underneath does not store the waste, and instead immediately disposes it into the open, it is not considered as having a septic tank.

4.2 Introduction This section elaborates findings obtained from interviews with stores (may act as distributors or retailers), producers of latrines, and masons. The results mainly focus on providing an overview of the sanitation supply chain in East Java, particularly the distribution flow of latrine pans/ bowls. Latrine pans/ bowls are considered as the main component that is unique for a sanitation facility construction. Other components, such as cement, sand, brick, ceramic, PVC pipe, etc., although also used, are not exclusive to sanitation facilities construction. In addition, the system underneath (concrete rings, slabs) is not part of the main concern among consumers.


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4.3 Latrine Market Overview

In East Java, T1 latrine pans (ceramic pour flush squat pan) dominate market demand – especially in rural areas. Strong preference over this type is mostly driven by the affordable price. Depending on brands, the selling price of a T2 (ceramic pour flush sitting bowl) ranges between 2.5 to 4 times higher, while a T3 (ceramic automatic flush sitting bowl) is sold at a 5 to 10 times higher price than a T1.

Consumers perceive brands available in the market to be in two categories: foreign and local. Foreign brands are seen as the ceramic latrine brands that first entered the market (due to the “more advanced” technology compared to local ones) or those that currently have a relatively higher price. Interestingly, although considering those brands as foreign, consumers or stores do not seem to have an exact idea of where the products are being manufactured. It may also be due to the fact that most brands do not mention it on the product. Local brands are seen as the ceramic latrine brands in the more affordable pricing range.

In East Java, Ina is the most popular brand – long established in the East Java market, thus seen as a foreign brand. It is considered a good quality brand that is most affordable and is often regarded as the benchmark of standard quality for T1 latrine pans. According to store owners, the manufacturers of Ina also provide a second-line brand, Lolo, which is lower both in price and quality compared to Ina.

Another foreign brand that has visible demand in the market is Toto. However, as the selling price is usually more expensive than that of Ina (ranges between 5% – 50% higher, depending on pricing policy of individual stores), it is not as popular.

The high demand for T1 latrine pans generated the establishment of local T1 brands. These brands are produced by local factories, mostly located in Java and sold at a competitive price (lower than Ina/ at par with Lolo). These local brands are targeted to consumers that are not brand-minded or those with slightly tighter budgets.

Local brands commonly found in this survey are Duty (high presence in the Surabaya/ Gresik/ Mojokerto/Ponorogo area) and Tata (moderate presence in the Ponorogo/ Pacitan area). Duty also manufactures T2 latrines as well.

Some stores also provide T4 latrine pans (non-ceramic squat pans) which are mostly found in rural areas. T4 latrines are manufactured locally by home industries in rural areas. It is the lowest quality of latrine pans and is sold at half the price of a local T1 brand. While most T4 latrines are unbranded, some manufacturers are willing to put specific brand names upon request of the users.

However, requests for T4 latrine pans are decreasing over the past few years. This is due to perceptions of consumers that ceramic pans have better quality: easier to clean, look more elegant, and are longer-lasting. Since latrine pans are considered a “one-time” purchase – consumers rarely replace their latrine pans except if they have problems with it – consumers prefer to buy latrine pans that last longer. Especially since currently, there are ceramic latrine pans from local brands that offer relatively cheap prices.

Current T4 buyers come from a lower socio economic class or contractors for government’s low-cost housing projects.


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4.4 Supply Chain Market Players

Physically, most market players in this study are (construction material) stores, unless stated otherwise. Based on the store’s business scope, including type of consumers and selling coverage area, stores may have different roles inside the supply chain. The following are definitions of each market player and their roles, as observed:

4.4.1 Distributors

Definition: Distributors are large stores or office representatives that sell latrine products mainly to retailers. Only a small proportion is sold to end-consumers.

Distributors usually are based in an urban center, such as Surabaya:

a. With regards to foreign brands, stores can send a formal request to the office representative in the area to become a distributor. For this purpose, there are pre-conditions that must be fulfilled, such as minimum capital and a wide store network. Once a store is accepted as distributor, there is a sales target that must be achieved to be able to continue the role/ keep the position.

b. For local brands, distributors usually exist within the supply chain if the factory is located outside East Java. In this case, distributors refer to the office representative.

Due to the very limited sample of distributors in this study, this information should be considered as indicative only and may not cover the exact situation in the market.

4.4.2 Sub-Distributors

Definition: Sub-Distributors are stores, usually in an urban center or in semi-urban areas, which sell latrine components to retailers and end-consumers. The business scope covers across provinces (or sometimes across islands)

Sub-distributors exist inside the foreign and the local brand supply chain system.

Depending on their location, sub-distributors usually stock latrine pans based on popular demand, which is dominated by T1 units. Sub-distributors in the urban center usually have T2 and T3 units on ready-stock (either on store display or at storage). Sub-distributors in semi-urban areas usually only have T2 units on ready-stock and provide T3 units based on request only (due to rare demand for this type).


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4.4.3 Retailers Retailers can be categorized into two types, based on the type of consumers that they serve: Retailers Level 1 (R1) and Retailers Level 2 (R2).

Definition: Retailers Level 1 (R1) are stores, that sell latrine components to smaller retailers and end-consumers.

Definition: Retailers Level 2 (R2) are stores that sell latrine components solely to end-consumers. It spreads out in all areas, including urban centers.

The R2 do not necessarily get their supplies from an R1. It is possible for an R2 to get the supplies straight from sub-distributors or even manufacturers (usually for local brands), especially since manufacturers/ distributors/ sub-distributors continue to widen their market and establish relationships with retailers in remote rural areas. Thus, as stores are more likely to sell latrines solely to end-consumers, this naturally makes the R2 greater in numbers compared to the R1.

Based on observation, R1s are commonly found in semi-urban areas and are located in the middle between urban centers and relatively remote rural areas (in this study, i.e. Mojokerto and Ponorogo). These shops will become suppliers for R2 stores in rural areas that haven’t been reached by sales teams, where going straight to the urban center will be more costly for the R2 stores.

T1 units, especially those of Ina, are must-have ready-stock products for all retailers. In general, retailers provide at the minimum 2 – 3 T1 units on-stock before making another purchase from suppliers. In some cases, some small R2s in rural areas provide T1 units upon request only, due to limited display space in the store.

T2 units are also common among R1s as ready-stock products. While at the R2, availability of T2 units depends on the R2 location. R2s within urban centers or semi-urban areas may provide T2 units as ready-stock but those in rural areas generally provide T2 upon request only, as a result of very low market demand.

T3 units, are normally provided upon request.


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4.4.4 Home Industry Definition: Home Industry manufactures and sells T4 latrine pans (non-ceramic squat pans)

T4 latrine pans that are produced by home industries use materials such as cement or (black) stone. Unlike ceramic latrines that undergo an extreme heating process to make the latrines scratch resistant, T4 latrines are only covered with ceramic paint. As a result, T4 latrines may look like T1 products but are more fragile.

The quality of T4 products is highly variable, depending on the quality of the materials (cement, terrazzo, stone, sand, gravel, paint) which differ between manufacturers. The price of each component also varies across different (geographical) areas in which the manufacturer is located. For example, some manufacturers may have direct access to natural resources of stones and sand which can reduce purchase and transportation cost compared to those who must buy the materials from specific suppliers.

4.4.5 End-Consumers End-consumers are categorized into individual and collective buyers

Definition: Individual buyers are household owners who buy latrine pans in small numbers (usually one) for personal use.

Definition: Collective buyers are contractors who buy latrine pans in larger amounts for specific construction projects, i.e. schools, hospitals/ clinics, office buildings, housings/ residences, or government public sanitation projects.

Most individual buyers prefer the T1 or the T2 type, since these are more affordable. Those who are observed buying a T3 type usually come from a higher socio economic class.


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Individual buyers from lower economy class might welcome alternatives in brand, as long as they can find more affordable products. While those from middle-upper economy class, usually already have one specific brand in mind. Collective buyers usually have a specific brand that they request from Retailers.

4.5 Current Latrines Supply Chain Situation The presence of foreign, local and unbranded latrines in the East Java market creates a different supply chain diagram for each. This section summarizes the flow of latrine pans/ bowls from manufacturer to end-users.

4.5.1 Foreign Brands

Manufacturers usually have distributors (other term, “agent”) as their right hand channel, which will circulate the products in the market. In addition, franchised material supermarkets such as “Depo Bangunan” and “Mitra10” also function as distributors and provide the products for stores or end-consumers.

Figure 27: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Foreigns Brands inside East Java


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Distributors and sub-distributors generally have sales teams that will act as a bridge between them. The sales teams are responsible for handling orders, deliveries, as well as payment collections. The sales teams also actively approach retailers and build working relationships.

4.5.2 Local Brands There are two types of chain maps for local brands:

Manufacturers of local brands located in East Java usually do not have specific distributors. Instead, manufacturers, through their sales person will directly approach stores and build a working relationship. These stores will then function as sub-distributors or retailers according to their business scope and consumer base.

Figure 28: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands inside East Java


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Figure 29: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands outside East Java

Manufacturers of local brands located outside East Java commonly have office representatives who will act as distributors. These distributors are each responsible for product distribution in the respective area as well as achieving targets set by their head office.


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4.5.3 T4 Products / Unbranded

Home industries that manufacture T4 latrine pans have limited or no sales team resources. Their products are usually delivered directly to stores by their employees or freelance sales persons. Figure 30: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products

Figure 31: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products

4.5.4 The Baliwerti Phenomena In Surabaya, “Baliwerti” is the market center for ceramic and sanitary products with tens of ceramic stores available. Sales activities in “Baliwerti” are very high and often ceramic stores in this area act as sub-distributors for ceramic latrine pans as well.

The supply chain for ceramic stores might slightly be different from construction material stores. Focusing mainly on ceramic and sanitary products as the backbone of their business, these stores have a relatively wider network than construction material stores. As a result, suppliers for these stores may not be limited to manufacturers (or their representatives) in Indonesia. Some manufacturers or importers from outside Indonesia use a “backstreet” procedure to offer their products by directly visiting the ceramic stores.


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The following figure illustrates the complexity of the latrine supply chain system of a ceramic store in Baliwerti:

Figure 32: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Ceramic Stores (Baliwerti)

4.5.5 Information Flow and Promotional Activities

Throughout the supply chain, information passed between players related to latrine products is limited. Although stores sometimes will inform end-consumers about product quality, it tends to be provided only when questions arise. However, this information is not based on formal descriptions from manufacturers but rather on the stores’ own perceptions of product quality.

Promotional activities – either by market players or manufacturers – that are specifically designed for latrine products are also non-existent. As latrine products are not traffic generator items, stores prefer to take a passive-selling action, even if that means storing the products for a relatively longer time when there is no market demand.


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4.6 Sales Activity between Players

4.6.1 Distribution Area In Surabaya, Gresik, and Mojokerto – representative of the upper north-eastern part of East Java – brand availability is more varied. Surabaya, as the provincial capital, provides complete types of stores from appointed distributors to R2. Stores from surrounding semi-urban areas usually purchase their products from Surabaya. Activities of the sales persons are more visible and frequent. T4 products however, which come from manufacturers in Pasuruan, are more likely to be available in Gresik and Mojokerto – and not in Surabaya (the urban center).

In Ponorogo and Pacitan – representative of the lower south-west part of East Java – players are more limited. Stores are more likely to function as retailers (R1 or R2) rather than sub-distributors. Due to geographical location (near the Central Java border) as well as road conditions (less steep-hills), stores in Ponorogo (and Pacitan, for some cases) usually purchase from suppliers at Central Java area (i.e. Semarang and Solo) through the sales person who visit their stores. Sometimes they also purchase from stores in Madiun (+ 30 km from Ponorogo)

From information gathered, activities of sales persons in Pacitan area tend to be limited. Thus most stores prefer to visit suppliers / stores directly in Ponorogo to purchase products. Except for T4 latrines, products are delivered to them by producers.

Local brands also have higher market demand in Ponorogo and Pacitan. Purchase power in this area is relatively lower. Therefore foreign brands are considered too expensive. Ina is the most common foreign brand available. Due to its very low price, T4 latrines have moderate market potential here, especially in Pacitan. Interestingly, T4 products available in Ponorogo and Pacitan majority come from Central Java, such as Solo, Klaten – though some are also produced in East Java, such as Pasuruan or Tulungagung.

4.6.2 Selling Price and Profit Margin The selling price to end-consumers vary depending on brand and store location. The price is slightly more expensive in the urban center or in semi-urban areas, where people’s buying power is relatively higher. Except for rural Pacitan, prices in rural areas covered in this study, tend to be lower. In rural Pacitan, the price is slightly higher due to high transportation costs. The number of competitive stores in each local market also influences selling price. In markets where competitive stores are more crowded, the selling price between stores is likely similar.

Retailers set different price schemes for different consumers. Based on purchase price from sub-distributors or distributors, the average profit margin ranges between 5% - 10% from individual buyers and between 2% - 5% from collective buyers. Profit is slightly less from collective buyers since these buyers usually purchase products in large numbers. Thus, retailers sometimes give discounted price to them.


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The profit margin is also lower for popular ‘foreign’ brands (Ina, Toto) because end-consumers are aware of the standard market price. In addition, high availability has created high competition among stores. A higher profit margin is more possible for local brands, especially those of new brands that are yet to have high penetration in the market.

Sub-distributors get a higher profit margin when selling to end-consumers. This is because they get a cheaper price by purchasing products directly from distributors or manufacturers. Compared to the purchase price that they get from distributors/manufacturers, the profit margin from end-consumers ranges between 25% – 50%, while profit margins from retailers range between 10% – 20%.

The above information is based on T1 latrines. There is insufficient T2 and T3 sales activity from selected store samples to calculate average profit margins.

The average profit margin for T4 latrines is 15% – 25% (compared to purchase price from manufacturers). Since stores act as R2 for T4 products – they sell directly to end-consumers – this figure is relatively similar across all areas (urban, semi-urban, and rural).

The following table summarizes a range of selling prices collected from store samples.

T1 T2 T3 T4 Foreign brands Ina 75 – 110 180 – 325 475 – 3000 Lolo 55 – 65 165 – 250 No information Toto 90 – 150 No information No information Local brands Duty 50 – 70 200 – 350 N/A Tata 45 – 55 N/A N/A Other local brands

40 – 50 200 – 300 N/A

Unbranded 20 – 30

1. No information means that none of the selected samples carry the product in their stores. Note:

2. Within one brand, price range of T1 and T2 latrines can vary based on the color of the pans. Usually, pans with darker color scheme (maroon, dark blue) are more expensive than lighter. While for T3 latrines, price range within one brand is based on the complexity of cistern system

Table 14: Indication of Selling Price to End-Consumers (in ‘000 Rupiahs)


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4.6.2.1 Profit Margin for T4 Manufacturers

Currently, T4 manufacturers feel that their business is less profitable than before. They must fight to survive with ceramic latrine pans which are more preferable among end-consumers. Currently, selling price to stores/sales person is around Rp. 17.500 – Rp. 20.000. In average, manufacturers might get profit between 20% – 25% from production cost.

4.6.3 Sales Figures There are several factors that affect sales figures of latrine pans, among others:

• Location of the store: urban, semi-urban, rural – and whether they are developing housing projects / office projects in the area

• The number of competing stores in the market area (near vicinity) • The size of the consumers’ database of each store.

On average, stores can sell between 3 – 5 T1 units in a month. This number is smaller among stores located in areas where the majority of the people are from the lower economy class (i.e. Pacitan). On the other hand, the number increases if the stores are located near developing housing projects, or already have a big consumers database. A couple of R1 stores with regular collective buyers, for example, can sell up to 20 – 30 T1 units in a month. T2 and T3 types have smaller sales figures and the sales timing cannot be predicted. Sometimes it will take more than 3 months to sell one unit of T2 or T3, especially in rural areas. Therefore, none of the stores in this study are able to give the exact sales figure average in a month. The best average that they can give is 1 – 2 T2 units in 6 months and even less frequent for T3 types.

4.6.4 Payment Term

Common payment term among stores (distributors to sub-distributors or distributors/sub-distributors to retailers) is credit within one month period (from arrival date). Usually, payment will be collected by sales person appointed to the stores. The exception happens on two cases:

• R2 stores that get supply from R1: prefer to pay cash to reduce overall expenses (common among R2 stores in Pacitan to their R1 suppliers in Ponorogo)

• All retailers to T4 manufacturers: T4 manufacturers do not except credit and always except cash from retailers.

Retailers apply cash payment for individual buyers – except to those they consider long-time and trusted regular customers, where they are willing to extend credit payment to one week. However, this extended credit only happens if the customer buys a latrine pan with other construction materials.


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For collective buyers, retailers apply two types of payment. For contractors that have become trusted and regular clients, retailers extend credit payment up to one month. The same treatment is applied to contractors of government projects since the one-month credit payment term is commonly part of the administrative requirement of a government agent. However, for other contractors, retailers prefer to receive cash to reduce the possibility of contractors leaving the area before settling their expenses.

4.7 Needs and Challenges

In general, stores do not see any threatening challenges in the future related to latrine pans’ sales activity. As previously mentioned, latrine pans are neither profit or traffic generators for their business. The needs of latrine pans in an overall construction building is very small, compared to more important materials, such as cement, stones, bricks, sands, woods, etc. In addition, latrine pans are perceived as “one-time” purchases. Once installed, people rarely replace or renovate their latrine system.

Thus, latrine pans business is simply perceived as so. They are less motivated to do anything to increase sales figure specific for latrine pans. As observed, the role of latrine pans is as complement – part of store’s mission as one-stop shopping place, thus prevent customers from going to competitors – rather than primary item.

Retailers, especially in urban center, see that competition might come from franchised material supermarkets. These supermarkets offer more comfortable place as well as competitive price. However, this challenge is not specifically related to sanitary products – instead it is for overall construction material business.

4.8 Masons: Roles and Involvement Definition: Masons are skilled construction workers. Specifically for this study, they are required to have experience in building sanitary facility.

Due to the small sample size (n = 4), information gathered for this study is limited and may not be able to fully describe the “world” of masons. Thus, following findings will be focused on their involvement with regards to sanitary construction.

All masons interviewed have at least 15 years experience in construction and are currently working on their own terms – not involved with any construction company. Based on their responses, a construction worker usually starts the experience as laborer – unskilled worker who performs simple manual tasks under the supervision of a skilled mason, who acts as team leader. After considered to have had sufficient experience, he may start working on his own to do construction projects in households and be seen as a “skilled mason”. Depending on the scale of the projects, a skilled mason may use a number of laborers to help him.

Masons are typically approached and contracted by households for labor services based on words-of-mouth recommendation. Usually, each mason will first take jobs from households in their surrounding neighborhood. While the majority of households prefer to purchase construction materials by themselves, there are also few cases where masons purchase materials on behalf of the household.


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It usually takes 2 to 3 workers to build a household sanitation facility, consisting of one mason as team leader one or two other(s) as his helper(s). The Mason has the bigger responsibilities, from calculating expenses, designing on how sanitation facilities will be built, up to the final installment of the latrine and the disposal or storage system (septic tank) below the surface. His helpers take part in the so-called muscle work, such as digging, mixing, and carrying materials.

Construction takes 10 to 14 days, depending on the complexity and size of the facility. Any sanitation facility that does not require a storage (septic) tank system for instance, will take less time to build. Sometimes, household owners wish to beautify their facility by covering walls with ceramic tiles – which means additional working time.

The labor cost of a latrine construction depends on whether masons are responsible for the purchase of materials or not. If household owners prefer to purchase materials by themselves (to reduce any possibility that masons change the actual price for their own benefits), labor cost is based on daily rate. Masons in semi-urban or rural areas usually charge Rp. 30.000 to Rp. 50.000/day, while masons in urban centers charge between Rp. 75.000 to Rp. 80.000/day depending on their perception of the household income.

On the other hand, if household owners completely trust masons to handle everything, from purchasing materials to actual construction, masons usually give an all-in price (which includes calculation of their daily/service rate). The all-in price ranges from Rp. 1.000.000 to Rp. 1.500.000 (rural, low standard of living, i.e. Pacitan) up to Rp. 3 million to Rp. 5 million (semi-urban, urban center), depending on the requirement of the facility, i.e. which type of latrine pans used, whether the walls will be covered with ceramic, and so on.

The total cost needed for materials excluding labor cost ranges between Rp. 500.000 to Rp. 1.500.000, depending on area (rural vs. semi-urban vs. urban centers) and requirement of the facility. Interestingly, amongst all 4 masons involved in this study, half do not have their own sanitation facility, because “they cannot afford the material cost”.

All masons involved in this study do not have any formal education in latrine construction. They are lacking in logic calculation behind any technical requirements, i.e. depth of hole below the surface to store the waste or slope degree of PVC pipe to ensure smooth disposal. Their knowledge is solely based on previous experience when working as laborers or helpers in latrine construction. However, all believe that on-the-job training is sufficient to build proper sanitation facilities because sometimes “experience speaks better than formal education”.

Household owners rarely consult masons to gather information regarding latrine pans. They usually have more concern or questions regarding other materials needed, i.e. amount needed for cement, sands, ceramic, and so on. However, some owners may discuss with masons about the most requested latrine pans (which conveys good quality) based on the masons’ experience. This supports the indications concluded in the sanitation habits study among consumers (separated report “Sanitation Study in East Java”, Nielsen Indonesia © March 2008), where consumers claimed that discussions with masons involved materials, latrine pans, and labor cost.


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Currently, masons have similar views regarding a “healthy” latrine concept with that of the general population. In their point of view, a “healthy” latrine concept is a sanitation facility using latrine pans and a storage system underneath (septic tank system). Meanwhile, a “good” latrine concept is a “healthy” latrine that uses ceramic latrine pans. They do not recommend using T4 types because they perceive the products as lacking in quality.

While masons are not a potential source of information about latrines, they still have a role inside the supply chain, although less significant. All masons have specific store(s) as their regular supplier(s). They build the relationship by advising household owners to purchase materials in these stores. In return, store owners usually give masons incentives, in the form of cash or construction tools.

Masons do not seem to be fairly interested with proposed trainings, specifically for latrine construction. Aside from worrying about the cost of training and time they have to waste to participate (which might lead to a loss of their daily salary), latrine construction is only part of their overall job.


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5. Conclusions and Recommendations: Demand-Side

Sanitation is not a priority, mainly for 3 (three) reasons: In general, the expert view is that sanitation is perceived as expensive (toilet, septic

tank), and people have other things to prioritize (food, education, clothing). In addition, sanitation cannot be seen as directly improving their life (not value for money).

“They are very poor, they cannot afford it. Even a facility from the government like ‘raskin’ (rice for the poor) is still too expensive. So, they prefer to defecate in the open, dig hole then cover it. Besides, the habit of people in the city is weird for them – “ why in the world should we keep our own waste” (in septic tank). “Why should we pay for something to throw away our own waste?”

Health is considered “God’s given”, either by way of disease or good health. Thus, disease prevention is not necessary as it does not impact the end result.

“Health is not important for rural people. It is more of an upper class concern. Besides, for them, sanitation does not have any relation with disease”.

“They think that diseases come from God. If you live your life according to God’s rules, you will not get sick”.

In some areas in East Java, clean water is difficult to get. Thus, it needs to be used carefully – sanitation is seen as wasting that clean water.

“In areas like Pacitan, Sampang, clean water is difficult to get – so they think that it is more important to minimize the use of clean water”.


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Following are barriers to adopting improved sanitation among open defecators and unimproved sanitation users.

1. Economical: Scarce living conditions, and sanitation being of low priority compared to other needs (low income and lack access to cash).

2. Social: Some consider open defecating as part of habit (socially accepted)

3. Geographical Conditions:

Pacitan: Home with limited water supply (i.e. on a slope area).

Probolinggo: River (or water stream) is in close proximity; it is seen as easy and cheap access to dispose of waste compared to building septic tank.

Physiological: Cannot defecate in a closed room; smell their own waste. Cannot defecate if the buttocks do not touch water.

1 Economical

• Scarce living conditions - and sanitation is of low priority compared to other needs (low income and lack of access to cash)

: 2 Conditions

• Pacitan: Home with limited water supply (i.e. on a slope area)

:

• Probolinggo: River (or water stream) is in close proximity; it is seen as an easy and cheap access to dispose of waste compared to building a septic tank

Social

• Some consider open defecating as part of habit (socially accepted)

:

3

Physiological

• Cannot defecate in a closed room; smell their own waste

:

• Cannot defecate if the buttocks do not touch water

4

Figure 33: Summary of barriers for adoption

Note: barriers that need to be supported by external factors are in italics barriers that still can be changed through communication internal factors are in regular font


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Sanitation is considered of low priority. It is not seen as either improving present life conditions or as an investment for the future (i.e. not value for money; what are the benefits that I can get from having sanitation?)

o Factors that are considered important factors at present are: − Daily survival (meaning food or clothing) − To be part of the society (giving a gift or donation to others)

o Important factor for the future are: − To make sure my children get a better life (i.e. education)

Sanitation is not directly associated with health o People do not understand the contamination of disease route o Poor health conditions are seen as a consequence of a poor living situation and often

taken for granted o Health is not a strong motivator to change behavior.

There is a lack of understanding about the function of toilets → the perception of sanitation is skewed towards the physical structure (close cemented area with pit-toilet), which is expensive to build.

Open defecation is a habit Open defecation is seen as a habit that is still widely accepted by the society. Even if open defecators have the knowledge of the health-concept in their mind, if nobody raises attention to this problem, especially by those whom they look upon as “leaders” in the society, it will not make them worry.

“Why should I care about changing my habit if others are still doing it anyway?”

So, having a sanitation facility also deals with a change in behavior as well as changing their mindset → and this cannot be done on a short term basis.

Current drivers of behavior change are:

⇨ Social Needs o Social status

− Do not want to be the subject of gossip − One step up the social class ladder − Seen as being more advanced, more independent, and modern

⇨ Ego Needs o Self esteem

− Protect family honor and well-being − Avoid being “looked-down” upon by outside visitors − Have a more comfortable lifestyle

“I want to be better than the rest of the people in my society”


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Misconceptions that need to be cleared / clarified. ⇨ There are a number of misconceptions regarding sanitation (and sanitation facilities)

that will need to be clarified to help behavior change:

o The pollution / disease path of human waste in the water − There are also a few misconceptions regarding waste and its effect on the

environment. While it might be possible for human waste to be naturally processed, the concept of human waste as source of pollution is not clearly understood by people.

− Thus, it would be beneficial to raise this issue during health education or in the communications for the product.

o The function of a sanitation facility (or the criteria of improved/healthy sanitation),

including what is below the surface and the method to get rid of bad smell. So, they can have options of sanitation facilities to consider (depending on budget and geographical condition).

o The concept of water-flushed toilet to dispose of human waste, as it is possible to

have an improved dry latrine (such as closed “jumbleng”)

⇨ Information regarding different types of pit-toilet / latrine needs to be shared with consumers, so they are aware of options that they have when they want to purchase a sanitation facility.

In addition, there is a missing link between what open defecating will do to them. They can not see how open defecating can actually “harm” their life (carry disease, etc), especially since health is seen as being God’s given.


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Figure 34: Summary of drivers of behavior change


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6. Conclusions and recommendations: supply-side.

6.1 Perceptions and Demand of Sanitation Facilities While current Open Defecators (people who defecate in the open) expressed desire to have their own sanitation facility, “expensive construction cost” is one of the main barriers (separated report “Sanitation Study in East Java”, Nielsen Indonesia © March 2008). This is based on calculation of materials needed to build what they perceive as an “ideal” sanitation facility. Retailers and masons – as suppliers and engineers – also have similar views over minimum requirements to build a proper sanitation facility. Responses from retailers and masons alike, are that the minimum total cost to build a proper sanitation facility is around Rp. 500.000. While there is an alternative for cheaper latrine pans as one of the sanitation components – including T4 types – unfortunately, it is not so significant to reduce the overall cost since a bigger proportion of construction comes from other materials instead (cement, sand, bricks), including the cost to pay masons. Although, based on the consumers study as well, another barrier that has an important impact is their low priority for health in general, including sanitation. They are more willing to spend money on activities that will get them included them in their society.

While latrine products may not be front-line items, basically stores do not have any problem in providing or distributing them. Stores also claim to be making profit when selling latrine products, although they may not be the most profitable due to low sales figures. Therefore, the issue of sanitation facility ownership relies mostly on low consumer demand.

6.2 The “Real” Challenge

Both the consumer and the supply chain studies indicate that the “real” challenge regarding sanitation habits is how to change the cultural perception of an “ideal” sanitation facility. This is an essential foundation to gradually increase demand for sanitation facilities. Whereas the process is mainly a long-term goal, since it involves change of social and cultural values as well, there several options to explore a short-term purpose:

a. Innovation for Low-Cost Sanitation Facilities As previously mentioned, the biggest proportion of construction cost is not the latrine pan itself, but rather other materials needed in addition to labor cost. Thus, the introduction of alternative low-cost designs/ structures of sanitation facilities that reduce the usage of said materials will definitely be helpful. It will give people with lower income an opportunity to explore affordable options that are better suited to their financial situation, while still obtaining the main function of a sanitation facility.

Financial support by reducing labor cost is another option to explore. This way, people will only have to be responsible for the cost of the latrine components, while the masons’ daily expenses will be subsidized by funding programs.


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b. Support for Low Cost Latrine Manufacturers

T4 latrines have a potential to be an alternative low-cost option in the market. Current concern regarding this type is the quality and more pricey maintenance. T4 latrines have a shorter lifetime and are harder to clean compared to ceramic latrine pans.

Therefore, support for T4 manufactures may come from a production aspect. Introducing an alternative technology or developing financial support to purchase required materials might help T4 manufacturers produce better quality products without sacrificing the affordability aspect of the price. Another option is to provide knowledge on how to manufacture T4 designs that are suitable for specific site conditions (e.g. flood risk, dry land on hill side, etc). This is to give a competitive edge for T4 latrines when facing ceramic latrine pans.

c. Social Reinforcement

A more literal “push” such as a reward scheme for villages that manage to be free of the Open Defection practice may motivate the society to self-financing themselves., as it may strike their social ego to compete with surrounding neighborhoods.


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Appendices Appendix 1: MAP OF INDONESIA

Appendix 2: MAP OF SURVEY AREA IN EAST JAVA

EAST JAVA

1

2


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AREA NUMBER 1 INFORMATION

Surabaya: East Java Capital • Gresik: + 20 km from Surabaya

• Mojokerto: + 55 km from Surabaya

AREA NUMBER 2 INFORMATION

• Ponorogo: + 200 km from Surabaya

• Pacitan: + 280 km from Surabaya


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Appendix 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR STORES (Supply Side) I. GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Name :

II. UNDERSTANDING THEIR BUSINESS AND SANITATION MARKET 3. When was this store established? How did you get into your business? 4. How many employees / laborers work in this store? 5. What are the products available in the store? What are the best-selling products? 6. What are the products that you sell here for building toilet / bathroom purpose?

– What is the most-sought after product for that purpose? 7. How many types of latrine pans do you provide in your store? 8. How is the sales volume for each type of latrine pan (in general, not based on brand)? How

many are sold per month? – In your experience, how do people buy latrine pans? When do you think people

decide to purchase latrine pans? Only when building new houses, renovating houses, or something else?

III. PURCHASING PROCESS

I would like to understand your relationship with your suppliers of latrine pans: 9. For each latrine pan type that you provide in your store: where do you purchase them?

Please probe name of provider and address if possible, to find distributor channel for interview. If more than one provider:

– Can you tell me the composition? Who is your preference? – How do you define this preference? What are your considerations? – How are these providers different from one another? Probe: Maybe one provider

for one specific brand, etc? 10. How did you establish the relationship with these suppliers? Probe: based on what,

relationship, commission? 11. What is the purchase term that you have with your supplier (s)? Do you get credit from input

providers? What are the terms of credits? Please explain? 12. So, if a manufacturer wants to sell latrine pans in your store, how can they do it?

IV. MARKET ACCESS – LATRINE PANS

Now, I would like to understand your relationship with your consumers: 13. In general, to whom do you sell latrine pan products to? Check: retailers, constructors,

masons, end-consumers – How is the composition for each? Which is your main consumer for latrine pans? – What are the terms of sale / purchase for each? Do you treat them differently? If

yes, how? By price for example? 14. For each consumer type, what are the sales volumes per month?


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15. What are the differences between each consumer type, especially regarding the process of buying latrine pans AND type of latrine pans that they purchase?

– Do they know what they want or look for advice? What are the questions they are usually asking about latrine pans? For example: end users only look for specific brands, masons look for the cheapest products, etc?

16. For each consumer type, do you have regular customers that only come to your store? If yes: – How does this relationship work then? Probe: based on commission, product

discount? – How many regular customers do you have in your store? – Specifically for masons: do you have a preference for masons? Does it matter if

you have masons that only refer products to you? Why / Why not? 17. Are there any seasonal periods for latrine pans? In a calendar year, when do you sell more or

less of latrine pans? Why is that? How big is the difference in sales volumes during these seasonal sales?

18. For each consumer type, what is the profit scheme that you charge on them? Who gives you the most profit?

19. Do you purchase inputs / sell products on credit? (for craftsmen / masons)? – If yes, what are the terms? – If not, why?

20. Do you have promotional activities for latrine pans? If yes, what are they? If not, why? 21. What are the means of transportation/ delivery of latrine pans to each consumer type? 22. How about the means of communication to each consumer type, do they differ from one

another? 23. How many stores do you know of in this area (sub-district)

– Who are your major competitors in this business (latrine pans)? 24. What do you see as your main needs / opportunities / constraints in selling latrine pans (in

general)? What about for different type of latrine pans? V. QUALITY STANDARD

Specifically for latrine pans: 25. For each type of latrine pans provided here, how many different quality product ranges are

available to customers that you actually sell and why? 26. Who determines the quality requirements and how do you identify the quality? Probe: If by

brands, for example, how different is the quality between one brand and the other? 27. Within one brand, is there a different range of qualities as well? 28. Please tell me the price range for each type of each brand available? How do you charge for

different qualities to consumers (based on price from suppliers). 29. What type of consumers are there for best quality products or for low quality of products? POSSIBLE CURRENT ISSUES THEY ARE HAVING 30. Do you have any issues you would like to raise regarding latrine pans? Probe:

– How about storage issues? Do you have your own storage? – If yes, any stock-out issues? What kind of products are usually out-of-stock? – If not, how do you store the latrine pans? What will you do if the stock is not

enough during high demand?


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31. Do you think training about latrine pans is necessary? If yes, what kind of knowledge would you like to know about latrine pans?

VI. CLOSURE

32. Regarding your business, how is the condition of business at the moment? – What do you see as the biggest opportunities? – And what do you see as the biggest challenges?


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Appendix 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR MASONS (Supply Side) I. GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Name : 2. Age :

II. UNDERSTANDING THEIR WORK 3. Do you come from East Java? If not: When do you usually go home? 4. How long have you been working as a mason? How did you get into your line of work? 5. Do you work by yourself or are you employed by certain contractors? 6. What type of jobs do you usually handle?

– Can you rank by most common to least common? – Where do you usually get this job? Is it different for each job?

7. How do you get commissioned for jobs? – Based on relationship with neighbors; commissioned by certain stores, etc – Do you usually get hired for the entire job or just part of it? – Do you also get jobs from out of town? How do you get the jobs then?

8. How do you charge your service? By day, by size of job? 9. Do you charge differently between clients? If yes, based on what? 10. Do you charge in any other way? Does peak season matter, for example after harvest?

III. SANITATION PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE AND CONSTRUCTION

I would like to understand your knowledge specifically on sanitation products. 11. Talking about building sanitation facilities, based on your experience, what are the materials

needed? Please explain? 12. Do people come to you for information regarding materials for sanitation? Why / Why not? 13. Do you give advice to people regarding the materials or do people usually already have in

mind what they are going to make? Please explain … 14. In your experience, do people usually need help from masons to build a sanitation facility or

do they build it themselves? – Can you explain the characteristic difference between people who need your help

and those who don’t? 15. What kind of sanitation facilities do you know of? Probe : modern, traditional, dry-pit, etc

– How many options regarding sanitation facilities do you know? – How do you get information regarding these options?

16. How would you describe a good sanitation facility? 17. How about a hygienic sanitation facility? 18. How did you learn to make / construct a sanitation facility?

– When was your first construction and how did you get it? 19. Who do you usually build sanitation facilities for? What option do they usually ask? 20. Do you advice households about the type of sanitation facility to build? Why? / Why not?

– If not giving advice: who do the people ask and how will they decide?


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21. What difficulties you encounter in building a sanitation facility (probe: technical problems, materials, rocky soil, watery soil, etc)

22. How many orders for building sanitation facilities do you get, let’s say in a month, or a year? – Are there any seasonal variations, for example after harvest?

23. How long does it usually take to build a sanitation facility? 24. In your experience, how much does it usually cost for building a sanitation facility? Please

describe by elements: materials, your day service – What makes costing difference? What will make it cheaper / expensive? – How do you get profit for building a sanitation facility? – How do you know how much to charge when building a sanitation facility? – In recent years, has there been any change in rates for building a sanitation facility?

Why? 25. Why do you think that some people in your community have built a sanitation facility and not

others? 26. In your point of view, in general, what type of people are those who build a sanitation

facility? Probe: from higher social class, from higher education level? 27. Is it possible to earn your livelihood just by building sanitation facilities? Why / Why not?

IV. MARKET ACCESS – SPECIFICALLY FOR SANITATION PRODUCTS

Now, I would like to understand your relationship with your providers, specifically for sanitation facility products: 28. From whom do you usually get materials to build a sanitation facility?

– If more than one provider, why? What are your reasons? – If more than one provider, how do you differentiate them? Probe: based on

products, for example cement, sand, pit-toilet, or something else? 29. How did you establish the relationship with these providers? How did the process start?

Probe: based on what, relationship, commission? 30. What is the purchase term that you have with your provider(s)? Do you get credit from input

providers? What are the terms of credits? 31. What are the advantages and disadvantages that you get from these providers? 32. Do you get special treatments from these providers? Please explain 33. Do you always advise your client to go to these providers or not? How does it work then?

V. CLOSURE

34. Regarding your work : how is the condition of business at the moment? – What do you see as the biggest opportunities? – And what do you see as the biggest challenges?

Training Program: 35. Have you heard about a training program in your line of work? 36. Do you have any idea what a training program is? 37. What do you think if the program is made available by ITS? 38. What features of program do you think will interest you, help your business?


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Appendix 5: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE Executive In Charge: Dewi Utami Savitri. (Senior Client Solutions Executive, Qualitative Research) Area : Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Gresik, Mojokerto Date : 7 – 11 April 2008 Phase : 1 (using recruitment questionnaire)

2 (random, based on phase 1 result)

Players

Date and Area 7 April 2008 8 April 2008 9 April 2008 10 April 2008 11 April 2008

Surabaya Greater Surabaya

Gresik Mojokerto Surabaya

PHASE 1 Stores 3 3 3 3 Masons 1 1 1 PHASE 2 Suppliers (of stores in Phase 1)

1

TOTAL 3 4 4 4 1 16

Executive In Charge: Nurul Ayu Kesuma (Manager Client Solutions, Qualitative Research)

Dewi Utami Savitri. (Senior Client Solutions Executive, Qualitative Research); Pasuruan only

Area : Ponorogo, Pacitan, Surabaya, Pasuruan Date : 16 – 19 April 2008 Phase : 1 (using recruitment questionnaire)

2 (random, based on phase 1 result)

Players Date and Area 16 April 2008 17 April 2008 17 April 2008 18 April 2008 19 April 2008 Ponorogo Pacitan Pasuruan Ponorogo Surabaya

PHASE 1 Stores 3 4 2 Masons 1 PHASE 2 Suppliers (of stores in Phase 1)

1 1

T4 manufacturers 1 1

TOTAL 3 5 1 4 1 14


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Appendix 6: DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR DEMAND SIDE Discussion Guide for Group Discussions Session – To best capture the feeling and not lost in translation, we used Bahasa since the beginning of discussions with WSP Team

1. Perkenalkan (10 menit) ♦ Perkenalkan Nielsen ♦ Jelaskan mengenai rekaman audio dan video – hanya untuk kepentingan riset ♦ Jelaskan peraturan diskusi: bebas berpendapat, tidak ada jawaban benar atau salah,

tetapi harus menghargai pendapat orang lain ♦ Minta responden memperkenalkan diri: nama, usia, pekerjaan, kegiatan sehari-hari

(khususnya untuk mengetahui sumber keuangan) ♦ Topik hari ini: Kegiatan sehari-hari, khususnya yang berkenaan dengan kesehatan

2. Pengambilan Keputusan Dalam Rumah Tangga (15 menit) ♦ Apa saja pengeluaran terbesar dalam rumah tangga Bapak/Ibu, selain kebutuhan sehari-

hari / rutin bulanan? Probe: pembelian penting (misalkan cell-phone, TV) vs. pengeluaran penting (misalkan pernikahan, sunatan)

♦ Moderator: Cek pola pengeluaran tersebut, siapa yang umumnya menentukan jumlahnya

♦ Dari semua ini, bisakah Bapak/Ibu urutkan berdasarkan mana yang paling penting? Misalkan, jika ada pendapatan tambahan, mana yang akan didahulukan?

♦ Bagaimana dengan kesehatan (misalkan membangun kamar mandi, WC, dsb)? Apakah termasuk pengeluaran besar dalam keluarga? Mengapa / Mengapa Tidak? Kira-kira berada di posisi mana dari semua daftar ini?

♦ UNTUK GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN SEHAT: Cek dimana mereka meletakkan pembuatan WC/Jamban sehat dalam daftar pengeluaran besar lantas tanyakan, mengapa Bapak/Ibu bersedia mengeluarkan uang untuk itu? Kalau ada pengeluaran lain saat itu yang lebih besar (lihat daftar) mana yang lebih didahulukan?

3. Kebiasaan Mengenai Kesehatan Sehari-hari (25 menit) ♦ Bagaimana kebiasaan buang air besar besar Bapak/Ibu sekarang (bukan frekuensi,

tetapi lebih kepada tempat, ada waktu khusus atau tidak). Moderator: biarkan mereka bercerita, cek apakah termasuk OD, memakai jamban/WC Pribadi, serta kebiasaan-kebiasaan lain – o CEK ISTILAH: apakah menggunakan istilah WC, Jamban, atau kamar mandi?

Apa bedanya mata mereka (positif atau negatif)? Atau ada istilah lain yang biasa dipergunakan


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♦ Apa keuntungan atau hal-hal yang Bapak/Ibu suka dari kondisi seperti itu? Moderator: Gali lebih dalam, misalkan jika disebut privasi, apa yang dimaksud: benar-benar tidak dilihat orang, bisa berlama-lama dengan pikiran, dan lain-lain. Bagaimana dengan kenyamanan, fasilitas untuk cebok, dll

♦ Lantas apa yang Bapak/Ibu tidak suka? ♦ Bagaimana dengan kebiasaan untuk cebok?

o PROBE: Pakai tisu, daun, air, atau lainnya? o Bagi yang menggunakan air, bagaimana cara Anda mendapatkan air bersih?

Apakah sulit atau tidak? Moderator: Bagi yang mudah mendapatkan air, apa tipsnya?

♦ BAGI GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN SEHAT

o Mengapa Bapak/Ibu memutuskan untuk memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? Apa yang tidak Bapak/Ibu sukai dari kondisi sebelumnya?

o Bagaimana kondisi/tipe dari WC/Jamban Bapak/Ibu sekarang (tertutup, pakai plengsengan, leher angsa)? Dan mengapa Bapak/Ibu memilih yang seperti itu?

o Bagaimana pengalaman Bapak/Ibu kalau dibandingkan dengan sebelum memiliki WC/Jamban sendiriApa yang dulu tidak Bapak/Ibu sukai dan bagaimana mengatasinya sekarang, setelah punya WC/Jamban (sehat) sendiri?

o Apakah Bapak/Ibu sudah puas dengan kondisi sekarang? Mengapa/Mengapa Tidak?

♦ BAGI GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN TIDAK SEHAT

o Mengapa Bapak/Ibu memutuskan untuk memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? Apa yang tidak Bapak/Ibu sukai dari kondisi sebelumnya?

o Bagaimana kondisi/tipe dari WC/Jamban Bapak/Ibu sekarang? Dan mengapa Bapak/Ibu memilih yang seperti itu?

o Apakah Bapak/Ibu sudah puas dengan kondisi sekarang? Mengapa/Mengapa Tidak? Bagaimana mengatasi ketidakpuasan Bapak/Ibu?

o Apakah menurut Bapak/Ibu, kondisi sekarang masih bisa diperbaiki lagi? Mengapa/ Mengapa Tidak?

♦ UNTUK GRUP OPEN DEFECATORS:

o Mengapa Bapak/Ibu belum memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? (minta mereka menjelaskan, apakah karena ada “kesenangan” sendiri dengan melakukan OD?)

o Kira-kira dalam kondisi seperti apa, Bapak/Ibu bersedia memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri?

3. Identifikasi Nilai (30 menit) Projection exercise: UNTUK SEMUA GRUP, MARI KITA BAYANGKAN: ♦ GRUP OD: Kira-kira, orang seperti apa di desa Bapak/Ibu yang memiliki WC/Jamban

sendiri?


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♦ GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN TIDAK SEHAT: Kira-kira, orang seperti apa di desa Bapak/Ibu yang masih buang air besar di tempat terbuka, bukan di WC/Jamban sendiri? Bagaimana dengan orang-orang yang WC/Jamban-nya sudah lebih bagus?

♦ GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN SEHAT: Kira-kira, orang seperti apa di desa Bapak/Ibu yang masih buang air besar di tempat terbuka, bukan di WC/Jamban sendiri? Bagaimana dengan orang-orang yang WC/Jamban-nya masih belum bagus (misalkan hanya ditutupi bambu)? CEK: o Apakah ada perbedaan social status (misalkan Pak Lurah, Pak RT, orang kaya –

adalah mereka2 yang memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri) vs. yang buang air besar di tempat terbuka?

o Atau mungkin dengan agama atau pekerjaan (misalkan dokter, bidan) atau hal lain? o Kira-kira apa yang orang-orang itu bayangkan mengenai WC/Jamban pribadi

(merasa lebih modern, lebih sehat, percaya diri, dll) • Kira-kira apa yang harus mereka “korbankan” untuk memiliki WC/Jamban pribadi?

(misalkan harus khusus menabung) – Moderator: cek apakah memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri memang berguna dan ada efek positifnya

♦ VALUE EXERCISE: DILAKUKAN SEHARI SEBELUM GRUP –mereka diminta

mengisi lembar yang berisi pertanyaan, dalam situasi seperti apakah Bapak/Ibu merasa: PRIBADI o Bahagia / puas dengan diri sendiri / sukses o Nyaman / Aman o Tidak nyaman / kecewa / marah o Sedih / tidak berguna o Hal-hal yang saya idam2-kan di masa datang SOSIAL o Kegiatan lingkungan yang paling senang dilakukan

♦ MODERATOR: Dari lembar jawaban mereka:

o Mengapa merasa seperti itu? Apa alasannya? o Kalau mengingat kondisi buang air besar Bapak/Ibu sekarang, kira-kira lebih sesuai

dengan situasi yang mana? Mengapa? o Apakah ada kebiasaan ”sehat” lainnya yang Bapak/Ibu lakukan selain buang air

besar – misalkan mencuci tangan sebelum makan, dll? Bagaimana dengan kebiasaan2 ini – masuk ke situasi yang mana?

♦ KHUSUS GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN: Apa hal-hal yang PALING Bapak/Ibu

nikmati dengan memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? (cek: misalkan ada nilai-nilai ekonomi, harga jual rumah menjadi lebih tinggi)

♦ KHUSUS GRUP OPEN DEFECATORS: Apa hal-hal yang AKAN PALING

Bapak/Ibu nikmati dengan memiliki WC/Jamban pribadi sendiri?


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5. Proses Berbelanja (25 menit) MODERATOR: Tanyakan ke semua grup – bagi grup open defecators, minta mereka membayangkan apabila mereka ingin memiliki WC/Jamban Sendiri: UNTUK PEMILIK: ♦ Sekarang ingat-ingat ketika Bapak/Ibu memutuskan untuk memiliki WC/Jamban

sendiri? CEK: o Apa yang Bapak/Ibu pikirkan saat itu, mengapa jadi ingin memiliki WC/Jamban

Sendiri? o Kemana pertama kali Bapak/Ibu mencari informasi mengenai WC/Jamban ini? o Apakah waktu itu ada pengeluaran2 lain yang harus ditunda karena memutuskan

memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? o Lantas apa saja yang Bapak/Ibu pertimbangkan saat memutuskan memiliki

WC/Jamban sendiri? Misalkan: tipe toilet, kondisi tempat menampung kotoran (tanah di bawah) – apakah Bapak/Ibu perduli dengan hal-hal tersebut?

o Siapa atau tempat apa yang Bapak/Ibu hubungi pertama kali? Dimana (desa, kecamatan, dll)? Berapa banyak tempat yang dihubungi sebelum akhirnya memutuskan?

o Berapa lama prosesnya – mulai dari memutuskan untuk punya sampai benar-benar punya (selesai dibangun)

o Apakah semua kebutuhan didapat di satu tempat atau beda kebutuhan, beda tempat? Bagaimana pengalamannya?

o Bagaimana akhirnya Bapak/Ibu membangun WC/Jamban tersebut: sendiri, tukang? Kalau tukang, cari dimana, siapa dia (professional sebagai tukang, kerja sampingan, dll)

o Bagaimana pengalaman tersebut buat Bapak/Ibu (susah, menyenangkan, dsb)? Mengapa? Jika ingin membangun lagi, apa yang menurut Bapak/Ibu bisa diperbaiki – sehingga terasa lebih gampang?

o Bagaimana setelah pembelian – ada rasa kecewa atau tidak? Mengapa? Ataukah ada hal-hal yang harus diperbaiki oleh tukang atau toko yang membantu membuatkan?

UNTUK NON-PEMILIK ♦ Jika Bapak/Ibu ingin memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri, kira-kira bagaimana prosesnya?

CEK: o Kemana pertama kali mencari informasi? o Apa saja yang akan dipertimbangkan? Misalkan: tipe toilet, kondisi tempat

menampung kotoran (tanah di bawah) – apakah Bapak/Ibu perduli dengan hal-hal tersebut?

o Siapa atau tempat apa yang Bapak/Ibu hubungi pertama kali? Dimana (desa, kecamatan, dll)? Kira-kira siapa yang akan membangun – sendiri atau menyuruh


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orang lain? Kalau orang lain, siapa yang disuruh (tukang professional, lainnya) o Apa yang Bapak/Ibu harapkan dari proses “belanja” WC/Jamban ini?

6. Evaluasi Awal Terhadap Konsep Toilet (15 menit) MODERATOR: Sekarang kita akan melihat sebuah papan yang berisi ide mengenai WC/Jamban:

♦ Reaksi spontan: Apa kira-kira yang dimaksud dengan ide ini? ROTASI:, untuk tiap-tiap ide tanyakan:

♦ Suka / Tidak Suka? Alasan ♦ Khusus konsep Cak Kemplung: bagaimana pendapat Bapak/Ibu dengan penggunaan

Cak Kemplung (orang Madura) ini? Lantas pilih mana yang paling disukai (dari 3 konsep)

♦ Reaksi spontan: Apa kira-kira yang dimaksud dengan ide ini? KONSEP JAMAT

♦ Apa kesan Bapak/Ibu dari istilah “Jamat” ♦ “Beli Jamat, enggak mahal-mahal amat!” apa kesan Bapak/Ibu? Berapa kira2

harganya? ♦ “Jambanku Sehat” apa kesan Bapak/Ibu terhadap kalimat ini? ♦ PAJAMAT apa kesan Bapak/Ibu terhadap PAJAMAT? Siapa kira-kira mereka?


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Appendix 7: IN DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE AMONG EXPERT. Discussion Guide for Expert Interview Session – To best capture the feeling and not be lost in translation, we used Bahasa since the beginning of discussions with the WSP Team

1. Perkenalkan (10 menit) ♦ Perkenalkan Nielsen ♦ Jelaskan latar belakang dan tujuan penelitian (kerja sama dengan WSP) ♦ Gambaran singkat mengenai hasil FGD yang dilakukan di Probolinggo dan Pacitan.

2. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam kebiasaan buang air (20 menit) ♦ Secara umum, bagaimana menurut Anda, pandangan masyarakat terhadap kegiatan

‘buang air’? Apa makna ‘buang air’ bagi mereka? Adakah nilai-nilai yang melekat pada aktivitas tersebut? Probe: sesuatu yang ‘harus di belakang’, sesuatu yang tidak penting, etc

♦ Khususnya di Jawa Timur, apakah ada perbedaan pandangan antar golongan

masyarakat mengenai makna ‘buang air’? ♦ Berdasarkan penelitian awal yang kami lakukan, kami melihat ada beberapa pola

kebiasaan dalam melakukan buang air besar di daerah Jawa Timur (Pacitan dan Probolinggo), yaitu: ♦ Kebiasaan buang air di kali (baik terbuka maupun tertutup) ♦ Kebiasaan buang air di jumbleng (lubang sedalam 2-3 m yang ditutup/tidak

ditutup) ♦ Kebiasaan buang air di toilet/WC namun kotoran tetap dibuang di sungai (tidak ada

septic tank) ♦ Kebiasaan buang air di toilet/WC dan kotoran sudah dibuang ke septic tank Apakah ada pola kebiasaan buang air lain lagi di daerah Jawa Timur, sepengetahuan Anda? Seperti apa kebiasaan tersebut?

♦ Menurut Anda, faktor-faktor apa yang dapat mempengaruhi perbedaan kebiasaan

tersebut? Dapatkah Anda memberi gambaran? Misalkan: kelas ekonomi dan sosial, kebiasaan turun temurun yang diterima masyarakat, kebiasaan yang terkait fisik ketika buang air?

♦ Kami melihat ada indikasi bahwa kondisi geografis suatu desa/daerah juga dapat

mempengaruhi kebiasaan buang air besar (moderator jelaskan contoh daerah dekat kali (Probolinggo) dengan daerah pegunungan (Pacitan)). Bagaimana pendapat Anda mengenai hal ini? Benarkah kondisi geografis juga menjadi hal yang sangat berpengaruh?


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♦ Kami juga melihat bahwa ada sebagian kecil masyarakat yang senang buang air di kali

karena faktor kebiasaan fisik (misal tidak bisa buang air jika pantat tidak menyentuh air atau tidak bisa buang air kalau berada di ruang tertutup). Apakah ini benar? Menurut Anda, mengapa ini bisa terjadi?

3. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam kepemilikan WC (20 menit) ♦ Untuk kepemilikan WC sendiri, menurut Anda, apa yang mempengaruhi seseorang

untuk memilikinya? ♦ Sebenarnya apa arti dari memiliki WC untuk masyarakat? Mengapa memiliki WC

memiliki prioritas rendah dibandingkan pendidikan anak atau sumbangan tetangga misalnya? Apa yang mendasari hal ini?

♦ Dari penelitian awal ini, kami mendapatkan ada anggapan bahwa “memiliki WC adalah

mahal” ... menurut Anda apa yang mendasari anggapan ini? Apakah mungkin ada gap antara pemahaman fungsi dari WC dengan bentuk fisiknya (harus ada toilet, ruangan, dll)?

♦ Dari penelitian kami, anggapan ini juga membentuk persepsi bahwa mereka yang

buang air sembarangan berasal dari kelas ekonomi bawah sedangkan yang buang air di toilet berasal dari kelas sosial menengah ke atas. Lantas: o Apa pendapat Anda jika ada rumah tangga yang secara sosial ekonomi “mampu”

tetapi belum memiliki WC? Fenomena apakah ini? – Menurut Anda, mengapa mereka memprioritaskan kepemilikan lain daripada

WC? – Menurut Anda, apa keuntungannya dan apa trade-off yang mereka dapat? – Apa nilai-nilai yang mereka miliki? Moderator cek: apakah social value (tidak

ingin berbeda/ tidak ingin menjadi bahan gosip tetangga) masuk dalam nilai o Lantas untuk mereka yang memang berasal dari kelas ekonomi bawah DAN tidak

memiliki WC: – Menurut Anda, fenomena apa ini? – Apakah hal tersebut merupakan cerminan bahwa mereka tidak bisa

memprioritaskan pengeluaran mereka / kurang bisa merencanakan pengeluaran rumah tangga, misalnya?

– Menurut Anda, apa nilai yang mereka anut dalam hal ini?

♦ Kami melihat ada juga indikasi bahwa situasi masyarakat sekitar juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kebiasaan buang air. Suatu daerah yang menganggap buang air di kali/jumbleng adalah hal yang lumrah, membuat masyarakatnya kurang berusaha untuk membuat WC. Apakah ini sepenuhnya benar? Mengapa hal ini masih dianggap lumrah?


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4. Mengubah Kebiasaan (30 menit) ♦ Menurut Anda, faktor-faktor apa yang dapat membuat mereka tergerak membuat WC

sehat sendiri? Bagaimana hal ini dapat berjalan? Moderator mencatat apakah perubahan ini terkait pada internal atau eksternal. Probe ke masing-masing faktor di atas: o Kondisi Geografis o Kondisi sosial ekonomi o Sikap dan kebiasaan serta approval masyarakat o Kebiasaan fisik o Lainnya

♦ Apakah menurut Anda ada kendala dari sisi proses pembelian WC dan

infrakstrukturnya (semen, pasir, dll)? Bagaimana? ♦ Selama ini sudah ada upaya dari pemerintah daerah dan petugas jajaran kesehatan di

tiap daerah untuk menyadarkan/membantu masyarakat memiliki WC sendiri (contoh penyuluhan kesehatan atau pemberian dana pembuatan WC), namun program kepemilikan WC sehat di daerah Jatim belum sepenuhnya tuntas atau berjalan dengan baik. Apa kendala yang terjadi selama ini? Mengapa bisa terjadi?

♦ Upaya apa yang menurut Anda akan efektif dilakukan untuk menyadarkan pembuatan

WC, selain pemberian bantuan dana? Sisi apa yang harus ditonjolkan dalam upaya kepemilikan WC sehat? (sosial, religi, kesehatan?)

♦ Jika Bank Dunia (WSP) ingin membuat program untuk memudahkan pembelian WC

bagi masyarakat dengan menyediakan WC (dan infrastrukturnya) dengan harga terjangkau disertai komunikasi mengenai pentingnya memiliki WC, bagaimana tanggapan Anda? o Apakah kelebihan dan kekurangan dari upaya ini? o Sisi komunikasi seperti apa yang menurut Anda efektif untuk mengubah kebiasaan

masyarakat?


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Appendix 8: QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE – DEMAND SIDE

Study ID

81027-PVT

(101-108)

Resp. No.

(109-112)

Interviewer No.

(116-119)

Interview Length

(120-121)

No. Of Queries

(122-123)

Reference No.

(124-127) Nielsen Indonesia 15/F Mayapada Tower Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 28 Jakarta 12920 Indonesia Name of Respondent : ________________________ Address : __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Phone # : __________________________________ Interviewer's Name : _________________________ Date of Interview : ______ - __________ - ________ Start : ________ Finish : ________

SCREENING

IF RESPONDENT IS NOT HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD WHO ACTS AS A BREADWINNER THEN ASK POLITELY TO THE ELIGIBLE ONE

Q1

So we are sure that we are speaking to a broad cross section of the community, do you or any one in your family or any of your close friends work in any of the following industry sectors? [MA]

JOB S C R E E N I N G

Code (128)

Route

Advertising Agency 1 CLOSE

Research Agency 2 CLOSE

Public Relations 3 CLOSE

Mass media 4 CLOSE

Manufacturer/distributor of toilets (WC) 5 CLOSE

Manufacturer/distributor of craft tools 6 CLOSE

Journalist 7 CLOSE

None of the above 8


of 168

Q2

Have you been interviewed like this in the past 6 months? [SA] ASK ALL

Code (129)

Route

Yes 1 CLOSE

No 2

Q3a

Which of the following monthly household expenditure groups do you belong to? (That is : total daily expenditure in a month on food, tuition, electricity, water, cigarettes, servants' salaries, gasoline, etc; excluding major purchases). [SA]

SHOW CARD

Q3b How much, approximately, is the monthly income of this household from all sources in the household? [SA]

Q3c And how much is approximately your monthly personal income ? [SA]

Q3a Q3b Q3c Household

Expenditure Household

Income Personal Income

(130) (133) (136)

Less than Rp.50.000 01 01 01

Rp. 50.001 - 75.000 02 02 02

Rp. 75.001 - 100.000 03 03 03

Rp. 100.001 - 150.000 04 04 04

Rp. 150.001 - 200.000 05 05 05

Rp. 200.001 - 250.000 06 06 06

Rp. 250.001 - 300.000 07 07 07

Rp. 300.001 - 350.000 08 08 08

Rp. 350.001 - 400.000 09 09 09

Rp. 400.001 - 450.000 10 10 10

Rp. 450.001 - 500.000 11 11 11

Rp. 500.001 - 600.000 12 12 12

Rp. 600.001 - 700.000 13 13 13

Rp. 700.001 - 800.000 14 14 14

Rp. 800.001 - 900.000 15 15 15

Rp. 900.001 - 1.000.000 16 16 16

Rp. 1.000.001 - 1.250.000 17 17 17

Rp. 1.250.001 - 1.500.000 18 18 18

Rp. 1.500.001 - 1.750.000 19 19 19

Rp. 1.750.001 - 2.000.000 20 20 20

Rp. 2.000.001 - 2.250.000 21 21 21


of 168

Q3a Q3b Q3c Household

Expenditure Household

Income Personal Income

Rp. 2.250.001 - 2.500.000 22 22 22

Rp. 2.500.001 - 3.500.000 23 23 23

Rp. 3.500.001 - 4.000.000 24 24 24

Rp. 4.000.001 - 5.000.000 25 25 25

Rp. 5.000.001 - 10.000.000 26 26 26

Above 10.000.000 27 27 27

Q4 TRANSFER FROM

SEC classification [SA] Q3

Code (139)

Route

A1 : More than Rp 3,500,000 1 CLOSE

A2 : Rp 2,500,001 - Rp 3,500,000 2 CLOSE

B : Rp 1,750,001 - Rp 2,500,000 3 CLOSE

C1 : Rp 1,250,001 - Rp 1,750,000 4

C2 : Rp 900,001 - Rp 1,250,000 5

D : Rp 600,001 - Rp 900,000 6

E : Less than Rp 600,000 7 CLOSE

DEMOGRAPHICS

Q5 Who is the main income earner in this household? [SA]

Code (140)

Route

Husband 01

Wife 02

Daughter 03

Brother 04

Grandfather 05

Grandmother 06

Others (specify _________________________ ) 07

None 98

Don't know 99

Q6

May I know how old you are? TANYAKAN KEPADA KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA YANG MENCARI NAFKAH

RECORD: Date/Month/Year ____/____/____


of 168

Q6 May I know how old you are? TANYAKAN KEPADA KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA YANG MENCARI NAFKAH

RECORD: Date/Month/Year ____/____/____

(R1) Exact Age (150-151)

Q7 TRANSFER FROM

Q6 Code

(152) Route

55 years old or above 01

50 - 54 years old 02









Q8

Can you read, write, or both?[SA] SHOW CARD

Code (153)

Route

Read fluently 1

Can read but having difficulty 2

Can not read 3

Q9a

What is the highest level of education you have completed ? [SA] SHOWCARD

Q9b Among all member of this household, what is the highest education that have completed?[SA]

Q9a Q9b Head of HH

education Highest

education among family

member (154) (155)

Doctoral (S3) 1 1

Post graduates (S2) 2 2

Bachelor (S1) 3 3

Academy/Diploma 4 4

Senior High 5 5


of 168

Q9a Q9b Head of HH

education Highest

education among family

member Junior High 6 6

Elementary 7 7

Elementary not finished 8 8

No formal education 9 9

Q10

What is your main occupation? [SA] ASK ALL

Code (156)

Route

Staff (administration, typist) 01

Skilled laborer (in the office) 02

Unskilled laborer (in the office) 03

Skilled laborer (in the factory/shop) 04

Unskilled laborer (in the factory/shop) 05

Farmer/fisherman 06

Student (college, high school) 07

Retiree 08

No job/looking for a job 09

Housewife 10

Refused to answer 11

Other specify _________ 12

_____________________ 13

_____________________ 14

Q11 Could you please tell me, how many hours you worked in the past 7 days. What we mean by working is

that you received some form of payment for what you did. it can be salary or wages or you could have gained or exchanged from what you did (i.e.trading)

(R1) Total Hours (166-167)

Q12 How many people live in your house? (Including those staying at least 3 months in the past 12 months

including children, adult relatives) INTERVIEWER: READ OUT EACH AGE INTERVALS & RECORD EXACT NUMBER OF PEOPLE

(R1) Number of people (168-170)


of 168

Q13a Please mention the number of male and female for each age group living in your household including you, other adults, children and infants but excluding helper or guests. INTERVIEWER: READ OUT EACH AGE INTERVALS & RECORD EXACT NUMBER OF PEOPLE a) MALE

Q13b b) FEMALE

Q13a Q13b

Male Female

(171-172) (240-241)

(R1) 0-4 _ _ _ _

(173-174) (242-243)

(R2) 5-9 _ _ _ _

(175-176) (244-245)

(R3) 10-14 _ _ _ _

(177-178) (246-247)

(R4) 15-19 _ _ _ _

(179-180) (248-249)

(R5) 20-24 _ _ _ _

(216-217) (250-251)

(R6) 25-29 _ _ _ _

(218-219) (252-253)

(R7) 30-34 _ _ _ _

(220-221) (254-255)

(R8) 35-39 _ _ _ _

(222-223) (256-257)

(R9) 40-44 _ _ _ _

(224-225) (258-259)

(R10) 45-49 _ _ _ _

(226-227) (260-261)

(R11) 50-54 _ _ _ _

(228-229) (262-263)

(R12) 55-59 _ _ _ _

(230-231) (264-265)

(R13) 60-64 _ _ _ _


of 168

Q13a Q13b

Male Female

(232-233) (266-267)

(R14) 65-69 _ _ _ _

(234-235) (268-269)

(R15) 70-74 _ _ _ _

(236-237) (270-271)

(R16) 75+ _ _ _ _

(238-239) (272-273)

(R17) Total _ _ _ _

Q14 May I know your religion?[SA]

Code (274)

Route

Moslem 1

Christian 2

Catholic 3

Buddha 4

Hindu 5

Other _____________ 6

HOUSING INFORMATION

Q15

Can you tell me the ownership status of the house you are living in right now?[SA] ASK ALL

Code (275)

Route

Rent 1

Owned, with my name on the land certificate 2

Owned, with my parents name on the land certificate 3

Owned, with my family/ relative on the land certificate 4

Others, _____________________________ 5

Q16

What is the land size of the house you are living in at the moment? ASK ALL

(R1) Land size of house (m2) (276-279)

Q17 Does your house get some electricity supply?[SA]

Code (280)

Route

Yes 1 Q18

No 2 Q20


of 168

Q18 ASK Q18AND Q19IF CODE 1 IS CIRCLED IN

SHOWCARD Q17

And from which source do you get electricity supply?[MA]

Code (316)

Route

PLN 1

Genset 2

Other household 3

Q19 SHOWCARD

In past one month, which statement describe you the best about the electricity supply in your house?[SA]

Code (317)

Route

I always get electricity supply 01

I get electricity supply only in certain time 02

I can not predict when my house get electricity supply 03

Other _________________________ 04

Don't know 99

RESPONDENT CLASSIFICATION Q20 ASK ALL

Does this house own a toilet/ water closet? What we mean by toilet/ water closet is a place where you usually defecate. [SA]

Code (327)

Route

Yes 1 Q22

No 2 Q21


of 168

Q21 ASK IF RESPONDENT DON'T HAVE TOILET IN THEIR HOUSE (CODED 2 IN Q20 )

Where do you usually defecate? [SA]

Code (328)

Route

In the open 01 Q26

River 02 Q26

Wood 03 Q26

Bush 04 Q26

Other Open site (Please Mention 05

Public Place 41 Q26

Public Toilet 42 Q26

Toilet that belong to my neighbour/ 43 Q26

Q22 ASK IF RESPONDENT HAVE THEIR OWN TOILET/WC (CODED 1 IN Q20 )

You mentioned earlier that you have a toilet/ water closet. Does your toilet/ water closet have a septic-tank? What we mean by septic-tank is a proper facility to store feces. [SA]

Code (333)

Route

Yes 1 Q26

No 2 Q23

Q23 ASK IF CODED 2 IN Q22

Earlier you mentioned that the toilet/ water closet you own in your household do not have a septic-tank as a basin to store feces. If so, then where does the disposal channel lead to? [SA]

Code (334)

Route

to a digged hole 01 Q24

to the river 02 Q26

to the gutter 03 Q26

Others, _____________________ 04 Q26


If you previously digged a hole, is the hole closed shut ? [SA]

Code (344)

Route

Yes 1 Q25

No 2 Q26

Q25 ASK IF THE HOLE CLOSED SHUT (CODE 1 IN Q24)

What material do you use to shut the hole closed?[SA]

Code (345)

Route

Leaves (Unimproved) 1

Wood slab (Unimproved) 2

Bricks (Improved) 3


of 168

Q25 ASK IF THE HOLE CLOSED SHUT (CODE 1 IN Q24) What material do you use to shut the hole closed?[SA]

Code (345)

Route

Rock Slab (Improved) 4

Cement Slab (Improved) 5

Q26 Classification using the Following procedure

1. If Q20 Code 2 and Q21 Code 1 - 40; Classified as Open Defecator (CODE 1) 2. If Q20 Code 2 and Q21 Code 41 etc Classified as Sharer (CODE 2) 3. If Q20 Code 1 and Q22 Code 1; Classified as Owner Improved (CODE 3) 4. IfQ20 Code 1 and Q22 Code 2; and Q23 code 1; and Q24 Code 1; and Q25 Code 3-5; Classified as Owner Improved (CODE 3) 5. If Q20 Code1 and Q22 Code 2; and Q23 code 2 and up; Classified as Owner Unimproved (CODE 4) 6. IfQ20 Code1 and Q22 Code 2; and Q23 Code 1; and Q24 Code 2; and Q25 Code 1-2; Classified as Owner Unimproved (CODE 4) [SA]

Code (346)

Route

Open Defecator 1

Sharer 2

Owner Improved 3

Owner Unimproved 4

Q27a ASK ALL

I have a list of activities that someone might buy/ do whenever they have extra money. Should you have extra money, what will you do first? [SA]

Q27b And what next? what next?[MA]

Q27a Q27b First Do Other

Priorities (347) (349)

Pay debt 01 01

Buy the necessity for my children 02 02

Buy the household appliances 03 03

Buy a Color TV 04 04

Buy a VCD/DVD player 05 05

Buy a Motorcycle 06 06

Buy a Computer 07 07

Buy a Mobile phone 08 08

Buy a Fixed-line telephone 09 09

Buy a Radio cassette 10 10

Renovate the House 11 11


of 168

Q27a Q27b First Do Other

Priorities Other Needs 12 12

Build/ Renovate the Toilet/ Water Closet 13 13

Q28 ASK ALL

Had you or your family for any reasons, defecate and store the stools in a container before throw it away? [SA]

Code (351)

Route

Yes 1 Q29

No 2 Q32

Q29 ASK IF RESPONDENT EVER DEFECATE USING FLYING TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q28)

When did the last time you/your family member do that? [SA]

Code (352)

Route

Today 1

Yesterday 2

Within this week 3

Within this month 4

A few months ago 5

Forgot 6

Q30 ASK IF RESPONDENT EVER DEFECATE USING FLYING TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q28)

Why did you/ your family do that? [MA]

Code (353)

Route

It was in the middle of the night 01

I/ We were in the middle of a trip 02

It was rainy 03

Diarrhea 04

Afraid of the dark 05

Other (Specify ___________________________ ) 06

_____________________________ 07

_____________________________ 08

_____________________________ 09


of 168

Q31a Who did it in the past 1 month?[MA]

Q31b And who did it latest?[SA]

Q31a Q31b

Head of

Household

Husband/

Wife

Child Parents

Other Head of

Household

Husband/

Wife

Child Parents

Others

(363) (532)

(R1) Adult Woman 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(364) (533)

(R2) School Aged Female 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(365) (534)

(R3) Adult Man 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(366) (535)

(R4) School Aged Male 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(367) (536)

(R5) Pre School Child 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(368) (537)

(R6)

Other ________________________

__

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(369) (538)

(R7) 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Q32 ASK ALL

Speaking about your habit in defecate, where was the last time you defecate?[SA]

Code (666)

Route

At toilet/ water closet in my house 01

At toilet/ water closet in my neighbour 02

At public toilet/ water closet 03

In the river 04

In the bushes 05

In the woods 06

Other (Specify __________________________ ) 07

Tidak ada 98

Tidak tahu 99


of 168

SECTION 1 ASK THIS SECTION TO THOSE WHO OWN IMPROVED/UNIMPROVED SANITATION (CODE 3-4 AT Q26 ) Q33 SHOWCARD

How satisfied are you with your current habit in defecate? [SA]

Code (676)

Route

Very dissatisfied 1

Dissatisfied 2

Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 3

Satisfied 4

Very satisfied 5

Q34 Do you share your toilet/ water closet (where you usually defecate) with your neighbor or

other families?[SA]

Code (677)

Route

Yes 1 Q35

No 2 Q36


Earlier you mentioned that you share toilet/ water closet with your neighbor or other families. According to you, how many families do you share that toilet/ water closet with?

(R1) Number of Family (678-679)

Q36 Within the past 1 year, Had you defecate in the open, such as in the river or woods? [SA]

Code (680)

Route

Yes 1 Q37

No 2 Q43

Q37 ASK IF EVER DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36)

Do you regularly defecate in the open?[SA]

Code (716)

Route

Yes 1 Q38

No 2 Q39

Q38 ASK IF DEFECATE REGULARLY IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q37)

Why do you still defecate in the open regularly?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


of 168

Q38 ASK IF DEFECATE REGULARLY IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q37) Why do you still defecate in the open regularly?

(717-766) Q39 ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36 )

Where in the open do you usually defecate?[SA]

Code (767)

Route

In the river 01

In the woods 02

In the bushes 03

Others, ________________________ 04

Q40 ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36)

Where was the last time you defecate in the open?[SA]

Code (777)

Route

In the river 01

In the woods 02

In the bushes 03

Other (Specify ______________________________ ) 04

Q41 ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36 )

Earlier you mentioned that you have defecated in the open, when was the last time you defecated in the open?[SA]

Code (822)

Route

Today 1

Yesterday 2

Within this week 3

Within this month 4

A few months ago 5

Forgot 6

Q42 ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36 )

Can you tell me your reasons for defecating in open air?[MA] PROBE What other reason? What other reason?

Code (823)

Route

There's no toilet in the place where I work 01

Can not hold any longer 02

As a social time 03

My own toilet is dirty 04

Others ___________________________________________ 05


of 168

Q43 TANYAKAN SEMUA

Earlier you mentioned that you have your own toilet/ water closet in the house. When did you build it?[SA]

Code (833)

Route

1 month ago 01 Q44

2-3 months ago 02 Q44



The toilet/ water closet is already in the house when we moved in 05 Q50

Others, ______________________________ 06

Q44a ASK THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AMONG THOSE WHO JUST RECENTLY BUILT THEIR TOILET

(CODE 1-4 AT Q43 ) Can you tell me your main reason for building a toilet/ water closet for your house? [SA]

Q44b What other reason? What other reason?[MA]

Q44a Q44b Main Reason Other

Reasons (843) (853)

Privacy 01 01

Avoid sharing with others 02 02

Avoid disturbing neighbours 03 03

Avoid embarrasment/ humiliation 04 04

Higher pride and status for my family 05 05

Accepted as part of the community in my area 06 06

My family is thought to have more cultural values 07 07

Personal discretion 08 08

Safety 09 09

Satisfaction 10 10

Can become a good host when guests visit 11 11

Convenience 12 12

Easy to defecate more cleanly 13 13

Cleaner and healthier living 14 14

Avoid contaminating the environment 15 15

For good health/ Avoid disease 16 16

Other (Specify ________________________ ) 17 17

________________________ 18 18

________________________ 19 19


of 168


Reasons ________________________ 20 20

None 98 98

Don't Know 99 99

Q45 How much does the construction cost you?

(R1) Cost (Record in Thousands) (863-866)

Q46 Where did you know about different options for the toilet, such as the features, the types

and other information before you make your toilet?[MA]

Code (867)

Route

Neighbourhood 01

Friends 02

Mason/ Building coolie 03

Building supplier 04

Government 05

Environmental Health Officer 06

Mass Media : TV 07

Radio 08

Newspaper 09

Other (Mention ____________________________ ) 10

Q47 Where did you know about different options for the toilet, such as the features, the types

and other information before you make your toilet?[MA]

Code (877)

Route

Neighbourhood 01

Friends 02

Mason/ Building coolie 03

Building supplier 04

Government 05

Environmental Health Officer 06

Mass Media : TV 07

Radio 08

Newspaper 09

Other (Mention ____________________________ ) 10


of 168

Q48 How easy or difficult was it to make a new latrine? [SA]

Code (922)

Route

Very easy 1

Easy 2

Neutral 3

Difficult 4

Very difficult 5


of 168

Q49 You said earlier that it is ____________________ [INTERVIEWER: MENTION THE ANSWER FROM Q48

] to build a latrine for your household. Why did you say it?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (923-972) Q50 ASK TO THOSE WHO OWN IMPROVED/UNIMPROVED SANITATION (CODE 3-4 AT

Q26) Had you renovate/ add something to your existing toilet/ build new facility? [SA]

Code (973)

Route

Yes 1 Q51

No 2 Q53

Q51a ASK IF RESPONDENTS HAD RENOVATE/ BUILD NEW FACILITY FOR THEIR TOILET (CODE 1 IN

Q50) What did you do to your toilet/ water closet? [MA]

Q51b ASK Q51b IF RESPONDENTS ANSWERS ARE MORE THAN 1 ANSWER And which one is the latest?[SA]

Q51a Q51b Things that

have been done

The latest thing that has

been done (974) (1019)

Install a new closet 01 01

Install the new tile for the toilet 02 02

Put the roof for the toilet 03 03

Build a new wall for the toilet 04 04

Paint the wall 05 05

Install a lockable door 06 06

Build a new "stool" storage 07 07

Shut the hole and dig a new one 08 08

Others (Specify ____________________ ) 09 09

____________________ 10 10


of 168

Q51a Q51b Things that

have been done

The latest thing that has

been done ____________________ 11 11

____________________ 12 12

Q52 ASK TO THOSE WHO HAD RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN THEIR TOILET

(CODE 1 IN Q50) Why do you _______________________ (Interviewer: Respondent answer in Q51) ?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (1029-1078) Q53 ASK TO THOSE WHO OWN IMPROVED/UNIMPROVED SANITATION (CODE 3-4 AT

Q26) Do you plan to renovate/build new facilities to your toilet/ water closet?[SA]

Code (1079)

Route

Yes 1 Q54

No 2 Q58

Q54 ASK IF RESPONDENTS PLAN TO RENOVATE/ BUILD NEW FACILITY FOR THEIR

TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q53) What will you do to your toilet/ water closet? [MA]

Code (1080)

Route

Install a new closet 01

Install the new tile for the toilet 02

Put the roof for the toilet 03

Build a new wall for the toilet 04

Paint the wall 05

Install a lockable door 06

Build a new "stool" storage 07

Shut the hole and dig a new one 08

Others (Specify ____________________ ) 09

____________________ 10


of 168

Q54 ASK IF RESPONDENTS PLAN TO RENOVATE/ BUILD NEW FACILITY FOR THEIR TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q53) What will you do to your toilet/ water closet? [MA]

Code (1080)

Route

____________________ 11

____________________ 12


of 168

Q55 ASK TO THOSE WHO PLAN TO RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN THEIR TOILET

(CODE 1 IN Q53) Why do you want to _______________________ (Interviewer: Respondent answer in Q54) ?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (1125-1174) Q56 ASK TO THOSE WHO PLAN TO RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN THEIR TOILET

(CODE 1 IN Q53) How much money would you be willing to spare if you intend to do the renovation? (Interviewer: record in thousands)

(R1) Actual budget (1175-1178)

Q57 ASK TO THOSE WHO PLAN TO RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN

THEIR TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q53) Earlier you had a plan to renovate for your toilet/ water closet? Approximately when do you think that plan can be realized? [SA]

Code (1179)

Route

In 1 month ahead 1

In 2-3 months ahead 2



In more than 1 year ahead 5

Could not say the exact time 6

Q58 Earlier you mentioned that you own a toilet/ water closet in your household. How often

do you or your family members clean the toilet/ water closet?[SA]

Code (1180)

Route

Every time after using it 1

Everyday 2

4-5 times a week 3

2-3 times a week 4

Once a week 5


of 168

Q58 Earlier you mentioned that you own a toilet/ water closet in your household. How often do you or your family members clean the toilet/ water closet?[SA]

Code (1180)

Route

2-3 times in a month 6

Once a month 7

Rarely, only on certain occasions 8

Q59 ASK TO THOSE WHO HAVE SEPTIC TANK FOR THEIR TOILET (CODE 3 IN Q26)

Have you ever emptying your septic tank/ feces storage?[SA]

Code (1216)

Route

Yes 1 Q60

No 2 Q61

Q60 ASK TO THOSE WHO HAVE EVER EMPTYING THEIR SEPTIC TANK (CODE 1 IN

Q59) When was the last time you emptied your septic tank/ feces storage?[SA]

Code (1217)

Route

Within this week 1

Witihin this month 2

A month ago 3

2 months ago 4

3 months ago 5

6 months ago 6

1 year ago 7

More than 1 year ago 8

Q61 What is your opinion on people who still defecate in open air?[MA]

Code (1218)

Route

They are dirty 01

They are poor 02

They are Causing Disturbance - sometimes they use our latrine 03

They are uneducated 04

They are people that we should avoided 05

They are people that have a lower status than us 06

They are people that we feel sorry for 07

They are people that should be understand 08

They are like us 09

They do it because they accustomized to it 10

Nothing wrong with them 11

Other (Specify _____________________ ) 12


of 168


Code (1218)

Route

_________________________ 13

_________________________ 14

_________________________ 15

None 98

Don't Know 99


of 168

SECTION 2 ASK THESE QUESTIONS TO THE SHARER (CODED 2 IN Q26) Q62 SHOWCARD


Code (1228)

Route

Very dissatisfied 1

Dissatisfied 2


Satisfied 4

Very satisfied 5

Q63 Earlier you mentioned that you/ your family member use the public toilet for defecate. May I know how

many family who use that public toilet?

(R1) Number of Family (1229-1231)

Q64 In the last 1 year, had you defecate in the open, such as in the river or woods? [SA]

Code (1232)

Route

Yes 1 Q65

No 2 Q69

Q65 ASK TO RESPONDENTS WHO EVER DEFECATE IN OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q64)

Where in the open do you usually defecate?[SA]

Code (1233)

Route

In the river 01

In the woods 02

In the bushes 03

Others, ________________________ 04

Q66 ASK TO RESPONDENTS WHO EVER DEFECATE IN OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q64)

Where was the last time you defecate in the open?[SA]

Code (1243)

Route

In the river 01

In the woods 02

In the bushes 03

Others, ________________________ 04


of 168

Q67 ASK TO RESPONDENT WHO EVER DEFECATE IN OPEN (CODE 1 IN Q64)

Earlier you mentioned that you have defecated in the open, when was the last time you defecated in the open?[SA]

Code (1253)

Route

Today 1

Yesterday 2

Within this week 3

Within this month 4

A few months ago 5

Forgot 6

Q68 Can you tell me your reasons for defecating in open air?[MA]

PROBE What other reason? What other reason?

Code (1254)

Route

There's no toilet in the place where I work 01

Can not hold any longer 02

As a social time 03

Others, ___________________________________________ 04


Code (1264)

Route

They are dirty 01

They are poor 02

They are Causing Disturbance - sometimes they use our latrine 03

They are uneducated 04

They are people that we should avoided 05

They are people that have a lower status than us 06

They are people that we feel sorry for 07

They are people that should be understand 08

They are like us 09

They do it because they accustomed to it 10

Nothing wrong with them 11

Other (Specify _____________________ ) 12

__________________________________ 13

__________________________________ 14

__________________________________ 15

None 98

Don't Know 99


of 168

Q70 SHOWCARD

What is your opinion on people who have their own toilet? [MA]

Code (1274)

Route

They are clean 01

They are reach 02

They think we are causing disturbance (We sometimes/ always use their latrine) 03

They are educated 04

They would shun us 05

They would look down on us 06

They would feel sorry for us 07

Others (Specify ____________________ ) 08

None 98

Don't know 99

Q71 Speaking of toilet/ water closet ownership in your household, can you tell me your

reasons for not having your own toilet? [MA]

Code (1319)

Route

Tenant 01

No space 02

Don't have money 03

Can use neighbours 04

Others (Specify __________________________ ) 05

__________________________ 06

__________________________ 07

__________________________ 08

None 98

Don't Know 99

Q72 Does your house have an adequate land size to build a toilet/ water closet?[SA]

Code (1329)

Route

Yes 1

No 2

Q73 Do you wish to own a place to defecate/ toilet/ water closet/ for your household? [SA]

Code (1330)

Route

Yes 1 Q74

No 2 Q81


of 168

Q74a ASK Q74- Q79 IF RESPONDENT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN TOILET (CODED 1 IN Q73 )

Earlier you mentioned that you intend to own a place to defecate/ toilet/ water closet for your household. Can you tell me your main reason? [SA]



Reasons (1331) (1341)

Privacy 01 01








Safety 09 09

Satisfaction 10 10


Convenience 12 12





Other (Specify ________________________ ) 17 17

___________________ 18 18

________________ 19 19

________________ 20 20

None 98 98

Don't know 99 99

Q75 SHOWCARD

What kind of latrine do you want to build? [SA] Code (1351)

Route

Type 1 1

Type 2 2

Type 3 3


of 168

Q75 SHOWCARD What kind of latrine do you want to build? [SA]

Code (1351)

Route

Type 4 4

Type 5 5

Type 6 6

Not yet decided 7

Q76 SHOWCARD

What kind of feces disposal that you wish to build? [SA]

Code (1352)

Route

Type 1 1

Type 2 2

Type 3 3

Type 4 4

Type 5 5

Not yet decided 6

Q77 How much money would you be willing to spare if you intend to build a toilet/ water closet for your

household?

(R1) Actual Budget (1353-1356)

Q78 Earlier you had a plan to build a toilet/ water closet. Approximately when do you think

that plan can be realized?[SA]

Code (1357)

Route

In 1 month ahead 1






Q79 Will you borrow money to build this toilet/ water closet for your household?[SA]

Code (1358)

Route

Yes 1 Q80

No 2 Q81


Earlier you mentioned that you will borrow money to build your toilet/ water closet, who will you borrow the money from?[MA]

Code (1359)

Route

Neighbor 01


of 168

Q80 ASK IF CODED 1 IN Q79 Earlier you mentioned that you will borrow money to build your toilet/ water closet, who will you borrow the money from?[MA]

Code (1359)

Route

Relative 02

Bank 03

Cooperation 04

Others ______________________ 05

________________________ 06

Q81 ASK ALL

Are you aware that there is a SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet? [SA]

Code (1369)

Route

Yes 1 Q82

No 2 Q83

Q82 ASK FOR THOSE WHO KNOW ABOUT THE SAVING SYSTEM (CODE 1 IN Q81)

Does the SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet exist in your neighbourhood?[SA]

Code (1370)

Route

Yes 1 Q83

No 2 Q83

Q83 ASK ALL

Would you be interested in using this SAVING SYSTEM that provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet? [SA]

Code (1371)

Route

Yes 1 Q84

No 2 Q84

Q84 ASK FOR THOSE INTERESTED AND NOT INTERESTED

Earlier you mentioned that you are interested/ not interested (INTERVIEWER: REFER TO RESPONDENT ANSWER IN Q83) in using this SAVING SYSTEM, can you tell me your reasons?

(R1) Reason of interest

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (1372-1456)

(R2) Reason of not interested ________________________________________________________________________________


of 168

Q84 ASK FOR THOSE INTERESTED AND NOT INTERESTED Earlier you mentioned that you are interested/ not interested (INTERVIEWER: REFER TO RESPONDENT ANSWER IN Q83) in using this SAVING SYSTEM, can you tell me your reasons?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (1457-1541) Q85a ASK ALL

Does your local government provide subsidies for building materials to build a toilet/ water closet for the people in your area? [SA]

Q85b Does your local government care about sanitation and environmental health problems in your area? [SA]

Q85a Q85b

Subsidies Care

(1542) (1543)

(R1) Yes 1 1

(R2) No 2 2

(R3) Don't Know 3 3

Q86 What might prevent you from building a toilet/ water closet in your house?

[MA]

Code (1544)

Route

Cost of the Latrine 01

Hard to Find a Mason 02

Hard to Find the Materials 03

Water Table/Soil Conditions 04

Don't Have the Money 05

Nothing 06

Don't Know 07

Other ( Specify _____________________ ) 08

______________________________ 09

______________________________ 10

______________________________ 11


of 168

Q87 ASK THIS QUESTION IF RESPONDENTS DO NOT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN TOILET (Q73 CODE 2) Earlier you mentioned that you do not intend to own a toilet/ water closet for your household, can you tell me the reason?[MA]

Code (1554)

Route

Tenant 01

No Space 02

Don't have money 03

Can use Neighbours 04

Others (Specify ___________________ ) 05


of 168

SECTION 3 ASK THIS SECTION TO THE OPEN DEFECATOR (CODED 1 IN Q26) Q88a What is your main reason why do you still defecate in the open?[SA]

Q88b What are the other reasons why do you still defecate in the open?[MA]


Reasons (1564) (1574)

As a socialization time 01 01

Have become accustomed to defecate in the open 02 02

Never thought before to defecate in toilet/ water closet 03 03

I have no toilet/ water closet in my house 04 04

More practical 05 05

Still can use my neighbour's toilet 06 06

Other (Specify __________________ ) 07 07

_______________________________ 08 08

_______________________________ 09 09

_______________________________ 10 10

Q89 SHOWCARD


Code (1619)

Route

Very dissatisfied 1

Dissatisfied 2


Satisfied 4

Very satisfied 5


of 168

Q90 SHOWCARD

What is your opinion on people who have their own toilet?[MA]

Code (1620)

Route

They are clean 01

They are reach 02

They think we are causing disturbance (We sometimes/ always use their latrine) 03

They are educated 04

They would shun us 05

They would look down on us 06

They would feel sorry for us 07

Others (Specify ____________________ ) 08

________________________ 09

________________________ 10

________________________ 11

None 98

Don't Know 99

Q91 Have you tried to use a toilet before?

[SA]

Code (1630)

Route

Yes 1 Q92

No 2 Q95

Q92 ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD TRIED TO USE TOILET BEFORE (CODE 1 IN Q91)

When was the last time you used toilet? [SA]

Code (1631)

Route

Today 1

Within this week 2

Within this month 3

2-3 months ago 4

3-4 months ago 5

4-6 months ago 6

6 months ago or more 7

Forgot 8


of 168


Where the last time do you use the toilet? [MA]

Code (1632)

Route

One of my neighbour 01

Public toilet 02

Toilet in my working place 03

Other (Specify _____________________ ) 04

_______________________ 05

_______________________ 06

_______________________ 07


SHOWCARD In the last time you used a toilet, what kind of toilet do you use? [MA]

Code (1642)

Route

Type 1 1

Type 2 2

Type 3 3

Type 4 4

Type 5 5

Type 6 6

Q95 TANYAKAN SEMUA

Speaking of toilet/ water closet ownership in your household, can you tell me your reasons for not having your own toilet?[MA]

Code (1643)

Route

Tenant 01

No space 02

Do not have enough money 03

Can use neighbours 04

Others (Specify _________________________ ) 05

_____________________________ 06

_____________________________ 07

_____________________________ 08

None 98

Don't Know 99

Q96 ASK ALL

Does your house have an adequate land size to build a toilet/ water closet?[SA]

Code (1653)

Route


of 168

Q96 ASK ALL Does your house have an adequate land size to build a toilet/ water closet?[SA]

Code (1653)

Route

Yes 1

No 2

Q97 Do you wish to own a toilet/ water closet for your household? [SA]

Code (1654)

Route

Yes 1 Q98

No 2 Q105

Q98a ASK Q98 - Q103 IF RESPONDENT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN TOILET (CODED 1 IN Q97 )

Earlier you mentioned that you intend to own a toilet/ water closet for your household. Can you tell me your main reason? [SA]



Reasons (1655) (1665)

Privacy 01 01








Safety 09 09

Satisfaction 10 10


Convenience 12 12





Other (Specify ________________________ ) 17 17

________________________ 18 18

________________________ 19 19


of 168


Reasons ________________________ 20 20

None 98 98

Don't Know 99 99

Q99 SHOWCARD

What kind of latrine do you want to build? [SA]

Code (1675)

Route

Type 1 1

Type 2 2

Type 3 3

Type 4 4

Type 5 5

Type 6 6

Not yet decided 7

Q100 SHOWCARD

What kind of feces disposal that you wish to build? [SA]

Code (1676)

Route

Type 1 1

Type 2 2

Type 3 3

Type 4 4

Type 5 5

Not yet decided 6

Q101 How much money would you be willing to spare if you intend to build a toilet/ water closet for your

household? (Interviewer: record in thousands)

(R1) Actual budget (1677-1680)

Q102 Earlier you had a plan to build a toilet/ water closet. Approximately when do you think

that plan can be realized?[SA]

Code (1716)

Route

In 1 month ahead 1




of 168

Q102 Earlier you had a plan to build a toilet/ water closet. Approximately when do you think that plan can be realized?[SA]

Code (1716)

Route




Q103 Will you borrow money to build this toilet/ water closet for your household?[SA]

Code (1717)

Route

Yes 1 Q104

No 2 Q105


Earlier you mentioned that you will borrow money to build your toilet/ water closet, who will you borrow the money from?[MA]

Code (1718)

Route

Neighbor 01

Relative 02

Bank 03

Cooperation 04

Others ______________________ 05

_____________________ 06

. 07

. 08

. 09

. 10

Q105 ASK ALL

Are you aware that there is a SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet? [SA]

Code (1728)

Route

Yes 1 Q106

No 2 Q107

Q106 ASK FOR THOSE WHO KNOW ABOUT THE SAVING SYSTEM (CODE 1 IN Q105)

Does the SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet exist in your neighbourhood?[SA]

Code (1729)

Route

Yes 1 Q107

No 2 Q107


of 168

Q107 ASK ALL Would you be interested in using this SAVING SYSTEM that provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet? [SA]

Code (1730)

Route

Yes 1 Q108

No 2 Q108

Q108 ASK FOR THOSE INTERESTED AND NOT INTERESTED

Earlier you mentioned that you are interested/ not interested (INTERVIEWER: REFER TO RESPONDENT ANSWER IN Q107) in using this SAVING SYSTEM, can you tell me your reasons?

(R1) Reason of interest

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (1731-1780)

(R2) Reason of not interested ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (1816-1865) Q109a ASK ALL

Does your local government provide subsidies for building materials to build a toilet/ water closet for the people in your area? [SA]

Q109b Does your local government care about sanitation and environmental health problems in your area? [SA]

Q109a Q109b

Subsidies Care

(1866) (1867)

(R1) Yes 1 1

(R2) No 2 2

(R3) Don't Know 3 3


of 168

Q110 What might prevent you from building a toilet/ water closet in your house?

[MA]

Code (1868)

Route

Cost of the Latrine 01

Hard to Find a Mason 02

Hard to Find the Materials 03

Water Table/Soil Conditions 04

No Access to Credit 05

Don't Have the Money 06

Nothing 07

Don't Know 08

Other ( Specify _____________________ ) 09

____________________________ 10

____________________________ 11

____________________________ 12

None 98

Don't Know 99

Q111 ASK THIS QUESTION IF RESPONDENTS DO NOT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN

TOILET ( Q97CODE 2) Earlier you mentioned that you do not intend to own a toilet/ water closet for your household, can you tell me the reason?[SA]

Code (1878)

Route

Tenant 01

No Space 02

Don't have enough money 03

Can Use Neighbours 04

Others (Specify ____________________ ) 05

________________________ 06

________________________ 07

________________________ 08

________________________ 09

None 98

Don't Know 99


of 168

SECTION 4 HABIT, KNOWLEDGE, AND ATTITUDE DAILY HABITS Q112 ASK ALL

On what occasions do you usually wash your hands?[MA] PROBE What other occasions? What other occasions?

Code (1923)

Route

After I urinate 01

After I defecate 02

Before eating 03

After eating 04

Before cooking 05

Others, _______________________________ 06

_____________________________ 07

Never 99

Q113a ASK IF NOT CODED 99 IN Q112

RECORD FIRST MENTION AND OTHER MENTIONS SEPARATELY Why do you wash your hands after these activities? INTERVIEWER: Write down separately between the first answer and other answer [SA]

Q113b What other reason? What other reason? [MA]

Q113a Q113b 1st Mention Other Mention (1933) (1943)

Want to get rid of the smell 01 01

Want to be cleaned from dirt 02 02

Want to get rid of germs/ bacteria 03 03

To be protected from disease 04 04

Others, ______________________________ 05 05

________________________________ 06 06

________________________________ 07 07


of 168

Q114 Do you usually use other substances when washing your hands? If yes, what is the

name of the substance you use?[SA]

Code (1953)

Route

Special soap to wash hand 01

Bath soap 02

"Sabun Colek"/ Cream soap 03

Others, _____________________________ 04

None 98

Don't Know 99

Q115 Where do you usually wash your hands?[SA]

Code (1963)

Route

Lavatory 01

Kitchen 02

Premises 03

Other _________________ 04

______________________ 05

______________________ 06

______________________ 07

. 08

. 09

. 10

Q116 Where else do you usually wash your hands?[MA]

PROBE where else? where else?

Code (1973)

Route

Lavatory 01

Kitchen 02

Premises 03

Other __________________ 04

_______________________ 05

_______________________ 06

_______________________ 07

. 08

. 09

. 10


of 168

Q117 In those places that you usually wash your hands, do soap always available?[SA]

Code (2018)

Route

Yes 1

No 2

Q118 How do you clean yourself after you defecate? [MA]

Code (2019)

Route

Wipe with leaves 01

Wipe with paper 02

Wipe with fiber 03

Rinse with water that is in a container 04

Rinse with water that flows 05

Rinse with soap and water 06

Others, _________________________ 07

________________________________ 08

. 09

. 10

SOURCE OF WATER Q119a ASK ALL

What is the source of water that your household use for cooking and for drinking water during the rainy season? [MA]

Q119b What is the source of water that your household use for cooking and for drinking water during the dry season? [MA]

Q119a Q119b Rainy season Dry season (2029) (2039)

River 01 01

Well 02 02

Water pump 03 03

Dew 04 04

PAM, the municipal water supplier 05 05

Others, _____________________ 06 06

. 07 07

. 08 08

. 09 09

. 10 10


of 168

Q120 Does your source of water for cooking and drinking located around your house? [SA]

Code (2049)

Route

Yes 1 Q125

No 2 Q121

ASK Q121 - Q124 IF RESPONDENTS' SOURCE OF WATER FOR DRINKING AND COOKING IS NOT IN THEIR HOUSE/ PREMISES (CODED 1 IN Q120) Q121 How long does it take from your house to reach the water supply, take the water and then go back to your

house?

(R1) Distance (in Minute) (2050-2052)

Q122 And who usually get the water from the water supply for your household need?[SA]

Head of Household

Spouse Children Parents Other

(2053)

(R1) Adult Woman 1 2 3 4 5

(2054)

(R2) School Aged Female 1 2 3 4 5

(2055)

(R3) Adult Man 1 2 3 4 5

(2056)

(R4) School Aged Male 1 2 3 4 5

(2057)

(R5) Pre School Child 1 2 3 4 5

(2058)

(R6) Other __________________________ 1 2 3 4 5

(2059)

(R7) 1 2 3 4 5

(2060)

(R8) 1 2 3 4 5

(2061)

(R9) 1 2 3 4 5

(2062)

(R10) 1 2 3 4 5

Q123 In what type of container is the water carried from your main source?[MA]

Code (2222)

Route

Gallon 01


of 168


Code (2222)

Route

Bucket 02

Drum 03

Other ______________________ 04

___________________________ 05

_________________________________ 06

_________________________________ 07

_________________________________ 08

_________________________________ 09

_________________________________ 10

Q124 How many times in a week do you go to get the water for cooking and drinking from the water source?

(R1) Times in week (2232-2234)

Q125 ASK ALL

Do you have any difficulties to obtain clean water during the dry season?[SA]

Code (2235)

Route

Yes 1 Q126

No 2 Q127


Earlier you mentioned that have difficulties in obtaining clean water during the dry season. What actions do you undertake to overcome the water crisis during dry season?[MA]

Code (2236)

Route

Store water in a container during rainy season 01

Obtain water from dew 02

Use water from the river 03

Others, _____________________________ 04

____________________________________ 05

____________________________________ 06

None 98

Don't know 99

Q127 ASK ALL

Does your water supply that your household use for bathing and washing is the same from your water supply for cooking and drinking? [SA]

Code (2246)

Route

Yes 1 Q134

No 2 Q128


of 168

Q128a ASK IF CODED 2 IN Q127

What is the source of water that your household use for bathing and washing during the rainy season? [MA]

Q128b What is the source of water that your household use for bathing and washing during the dry season? [MA]

Q128a Q128b Rainy season Dry season (2247) (2257)

River 01 01

Well 02 02

Water pump 03 03

Dew 04 04

PAM, the municipal water supplier 05 05

Others, _________________________ 06 06

07 07

08 08

09 09

10 10


Does your source of water that your household use for bathing and washing is in your house/ premise? [SA]

Code (2267)

Route

Yes 1 Q134

No 2 Q130

ASK Q130 - Q133 IF SOURCE OF WATER FOR BATHING AND WASHING IS NOT IN THEIR HOUSE/ PREMISE (CODED 2 IN Q129 ) Q130 How long does it take from your house to reach the water supply, take the water and then go back to your

house?

(R1) Distance (in Minute) (2268-2270)


of 168

Q131 And who usually get the water from the water supply for your household need?[SA]

Head of Household

Spouse Children Parents Other

(2271)

(R1) Adult Woman 1 2 3 4 5

(2272)

(R2) School Aged Female 1 2 3 4 5

(2273)

(R3) Adult Man 1 2 3 4 5

(2274)

(R4) School Aged Male 1 2 3 4 5

(2275)

(R5) Pre School Child 1 2 3 4 5

(2276)

(R6) Other __________________________ 1 2 3 4 5

(2277)

(R7) 1 2 3 4 5

(2278)

(R8) 1 2 3 4 5

(2279)

(R9) 1 2 3 4 5

(2280)

(R10) 1 2 3 4 5


Code (2440)

Route

Gallon 01

Bucket 02

Drum 03

Other ______________________ 04

05

06

07

08

09

10


of 168

Q133 How many times in a week do you go to get the water for bathing and washing from the water source?

(R1) Times in a week (2450-2452)

Q134 ASK ALL

Do you have any difficulties to obtain clean water for bathing and washing during the dry season? [SA]

Code (2453)

Route

Yes 1 Q135

No 2 Q137


Earlier you mentioned that have difficulties in obtaining clean water during the dry season. What actions do you undertake to overcome the water crisis during dry season?[MA]

Code (2454)

Route

Store water in a container during rainy season 01

Obtain water from dew 02

Use water from the river 03

Others, _____________________________ 04

____________________________________ 05

____________________________________ 06

____________________________________ 07

____________________________________ 08

____________________________________ 09

____________________________________ 10


When you experience water crisis during the dry season, does it affect any of your routine activities? If yes, can you tell me what activities are affected by the water crisis? [MA]

Code (2464)

Route

Take a bath less frequently 01

Do not take a bath during the water crisis 02

Defecate in the river or the woods 03

Wash clothes in the river 04

Do not wash clothes 05

Others, ________________________ 06

____________________________________ 07

____________________________________ 08

None 98


of 168

Q136 ASK IF CODED 1 IN Q134 When you experience water crisis during the dry season, does it affect any of your routine activities? If yes, can you tell me what activities are affected by the water crisis? [MA]

Code (2464)

Route

Don't Know 99

Q137 ASK ALL

Does your area have a water source that is enough to supply water for your toilet/ water closet? [SA]

Code (2474)

Route

Yes 1

No 2

KNOWLEDGE ON HEALTH Q138 ASK ALL

Do you have a child below 5 year old in your household?[SA]

Code (2475)

Route

Yes 1 Q139

No 2 Q141

Q139 ASK IF HAVE CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS OLD

The last time your youngest child defecate, how did you dispose your child's feces? [SA]

Code (2476)

Route

My child defecated in the toilet/ water closet 01

Dispose my child's feces in the toilet/ water closet 02

Dispose it into the gutter 03

Dispose it into the wastebasket 04

Bury it under ground 05

Dispose it outside the house 06

Others, _____________________________ 07

98

99

Q140 ASK IF HAVE CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS OLD

Why do you do that, can you explain it to me? ( ___________________ INTERVIEWER: MENTION THE ANSWER FROM Q139 ) PROBE What other reason? What other reason?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


of 168

Q140 ASK IF HAVE CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS OLD Why do you do that, can you explain it to me? ( ___________________ INTERVIEWER: MENTION THE ANSWER FROM Q139 ) PROBE What other reason? What other reason?

(2521-2570) Q141a Does your under 5 y.o child got diarrhea within past 2 weeks? [SA]

Q141b Does any child within your neighbourhood got diarrhea?[SA]

Q141a Q141b Own children

(in the last 2 weeks)

Neighbourhood children

(2571) (2572)

Yes 1 1

No 2 2

DK 3 3

Q142 ASK ALL

According to you, what causes diarrhea? Please explain.

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (2573-2657) Q143 In your opinion, how could you / someone prevented from diarrhea?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (2658-2742)


of 168

Q144 ASK ALL INTERVIEWERS: ASK THIS QUESTION CAREFULLY REFER TO RESPONDENT CATEGORY (CHECK Q26 ) (Ask if coded 1 in Q26) You mention earlier that you defecated in the open, do you think the feces might have impact to people around you? (Ask if coded 4 in Q26) You mention earlier that although you have toilet but the feces will go to the open, do you think the feces might have impact to people around you? (Ask if coded 2/3 in Q26) Some people still dispose in open, do you think the feces might have impact to people around you? [SA]

Code (2743)

Route

Yes 1 Q145

No 2 Q146

Don't Know 3 Q146

Q145 ASK IF RESPONDENT THINK THAT FECES WILL IMPACT ENVIRONMENT (Q144 CODE 1)

What is the impact for people around you? PROBE What else? What else?

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (2744-2828) Q146 Has anybody or any institution explained to you about sanitation issues, defecating in

open air, and habits of clean living?[SA]

Code (2829)

Route

Yes 1

No 2

Q147a Where did you know/ get information about sanitation issues? [MA]

Q147b Where do you hope to get more information on sanitation issues? [MA]

Q147a Q147b Source of

information Expected source of

information (2830) (2840)

Husband 01 01 Wife 02 02

Child 03 03 Friend that visits house 04 04 Family that visits house 05 05

At school 06 06


of 168

Q147a Q147b Source of

information Expected source of

information At work 07 07

At RT/RW meeting 08 08 Through mass media (radio & TV) 09 09

From religious leader (ustad) 10 10 From village head 11 11 From heath officer 12 12

From construction coolie 13 13 Others, _____________________ 14 14

__________________________________ 15 15 __________________________________ 16 16

Tidak ada 98 98 Tidak tahu 99 99


of 168

ACCESS Q148 If there's a plan to build toilet/ water closet for your household, Who will be the decision

maker for the building process ?[SA]

Code (2850)

Route

Myself 01

Spouse 02

My children 03

Me with my spouse 04

All of the family member 05

Other _______________________ 06

Q149 If you decided to build a toilet for your household, who will build the toilet?[SA]

Code (2860)

Route

Myself 01

Spouse 02

My Children 03

Building Coolie 04

Other ___________________ 05

Q150a Are there masons who specialized in building the whole component of the toilet within the neighborhood?

[SA]

Q150b Is there any building material shop within the neighborhood which provide the material for building the toilet? [SA]

Q150a Q150b Mason

availability Material shop

availability (2870) (2871)

Yes 1 1

No 2 2

Don't Know 3 3

Q151a Do you think you have adequate land within your household to build the toilet? [SA]

Q151b Do you think that the neighbourhood have an adequate water supply for any toilet related activity (anal

cleansing and pour flush) ? [SA]

Q151a Q151b Adequate land Adequate

water (2872) (2873)


of 168

Q151a Q151b Adequate land Adequate

water Yes 1 1

No 2 2

Q152a If you decide to build a toilet/ water closet, who will decide the type of the middle structure of the latrine

such as the type of the slab and the material of the slab? [MA]

Q152b And who will decide the type of the sub structure of the latrine such as the type of the hole, the wall for the hole and others related to feces disposal? [MA]

Q152a Q152b Middle

Structure Sub Structure

(2874) (2919)

Myself 01 01

My spouse 02 02

My child 03 03

Both with my spouse 04 04

Building coolie 05 05

Others _____________________ 06 06

Q153 SHOWCARD

How is the selling price given by the building material, spare part and toilet supply in your area? [SA]

Code (2929)

Route

Very expensive 1

Expensive 2

Neither expensive nor reasonable 3

Reasonable 4

Very reasonable 5

Don't Know 6

Q154 In your opinion, how much is the minimum total cost for building a latrine for your household in this

neighbourhood?

(R1) Minimum Cost (2930-2933)

Q155 SHOWCARD

How is the product quality offered by the supplier for building material, spare part and toilet in your area?[SA]

Code (2934)

Route

Unacceptable 1


of 168

Q155 SHOWCARD How is the product quality offered by the supplier for building material, spare part and toilet in your area?[SA]

Code (2934)

Route

Fair 2

Acceptable 3

Q156 Where do you know about the best type of toilet/ water closet for your household?[MA]

Code (2935)

Route

Neighbor 01

Relative 02

Building coolie 03

Health officer 04

Others, ______________________ 05

__________________________ 06

__________________________ 07

None 98

Don't Know 99

HYGIENE PRACTICE ASK THIS SECTION TO RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE UNDER 5 y.o CHILD Q157 In your opinion, if your child get sick, could it be caused by the drinking water? [SA]

Code (2945)

Route

Yes 1 Q158

No 2 Q159

Q158 ASK IF CHILD ILLNESS COULD BE CAUSED BY DRINKING WATER (CODED IN

Q157 ) What illness/ disease that caused by the drinking water? INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all the respondents answer. [MA] PROBE What else? What else?

Code (2946)

Route

Diarrhea 01

Cholera 02

Thypoid 03

Influenza 04

Cough 05

Other (Specify ____________________ ) 06

_________________________________ 07

_________________________________ 08


of 168

Q158 ASK IF CHILD ILLNESS COULD BE CAUSED BY DRINKING WATER (CODED IN Q157 ) What illness/ disease that caused by the drinking water? INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all the respondents answer. [MA] PROBE What else? What else?

Code (2946)

Route

_________________________________ 09

Tidak ada 98

Tidak tahu 99

Q159 In your opinion, if your child get sick, could it be caused by not washing hands?[SA]

Code (2956)

Route

Yes 1 Q160

No 2 Q161

Q160 ASK IF CHILD DISEASE CAUSED BY NOT WASHING HANDS (CODED 1 IN Q159 )

What illness/ disease that caused by not washing hands? INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all respondent answers.[MA] PROBE What else? What else?

Code (2957)

Route

Diarrhea 01

Cholera 02

Thypoid 03

Influenza 04

Cough 05

Other (Specify ____________________ ) 06

_________________________________ 07

_________________________________ 08

_________________________________ 09

Tidak ada 98

Tidak tahu 99

Q161 What can you do to prevent your child from diarrhea?

INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all respondents answers. [MA] PROBE What else? What else?

Code (2967)

Route

Cook the water first before drinking 01

Drink water containing chlorine 02

Use other way/ certain way to clean the water 03

Clean the house 04


of 168

Q161 What can you do to prevent your child from diarrhea? INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all respondents answers. [MA] PROBE What else? What else?

Code (2967)

Route

Clean the neighbourhood 05

Defecating in toilet 06

Wash hands with soap 07

Wash the fruits/ vegetables 08

Prepare a well cooked food 09

Other (Specify ________________________ ) 10

_____________________________________ 11

_____________________________________ 12

_____________________________________ 13

Tidak ada 98

Tidak tahu 99

Q162 In your opinion, could diarrhea be the caused of under 5 y.o. child death?[SA]

Code (2977)

Route

Yes 1

No 2

IMAGERY QUESTION Q163a READ DAN ROTATE STATEMENT

I will read you several statements. Please give a value according to the best condition you know/ see in your surroundings, where 1 means STRONGLY DISAGREE and a score of 5 means STRONGLY AGREE. You are free to give an assessment, there is no right or wrong answer. [SA]

Q163a Strongly

Disagree Disagree Neither

disagree or agree

Agree Strongly Agree

(2978)

(R1) (SC) It is very easy to get emptying service

within my neighbourhood 1 2 3 4 5

(2979)

(R2) (F) Having my own toilet/ water closet facility will avoid my family as the subject of gossip

1 2 3 4 5

(2980)

(R3)

(B) Those who defecate in the open have certain disadvantages, such as parts of the

body can be seen by others

1 2 3 4 5

(3016)


of 168

Q163a Strongly


disagree or agree


(R4)

(E) A toilet/ water closet facility will make a village resident much better because they will

not pollute the environment

1 2 3 4 5

(3017)

(R5)

(B) Those who defecate in the river becomes vulnerable towards disease because of the

contaminated water in the river

1 2 3 4 5

(3018)

(R6) (SC) I know a person who had a skill in deciding

where to site a latrine 1 2 3 4 5

(3019)

(R7) (S) Majority of those I know usually defecate in

the toilet/ water closet 1 2 3 4 5

(3020)

(R8) (B) Those who defecate in the open pollute the

environment 1 2 3 4 5

(3021)

(R9) (B) Those who defecate in the river can be in

danger, e.g. carried by the current 1 2 3 4 5

(3022)

(R10) (E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility at homes

means giving the best for the family 1 2 3 4 5

(3023)

(R11) (S) If our grandfathers/ parents/ ancestors

defecated in the open, then it is OK for us today 1 2 3 4 5

(3024)

(R12)

(SC) Most the emptying service that I am aware of have an adequate facility and skill to do their

job

1 2 3 4 5

(3025)

(R13) (E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will raise

our status by being a modern family 1 2 3 4 5

(3026)

(R14) (B) River is an ideal location to defecate

because there is water current 1 2 3 4 5

(3027)

(R15) (E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will make

defecating process more pleasant 1 2 3 4 5

(3028)

(R16)

(S) Defecating in the river is common and acceptable because feces will be eaten by the

fish

1 2 3 4 5

(3029)

(R17) (F) Having my own toilet/ water closet facility

will bring comfort to me/ my family 1 2 3 4 5

(3030)

(R18)

(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will raise our status in the community by being an

educated family

1 2 3 4 5

(3031)


of 168

Q163a Strongly


disagree or agree


(R19) (S) It is not civilized to defecate in the open 1 2 3 4 5 (3032)


will add value to my house 1 2 3 4 5

(3033)

(R21) (SC) I know a person who is very good in

building a latrine sub-structure 1 2 3 4 5

(3034)

(R22) (S) Those who defecate in open air are very

dirty people 1 2 3 4 5

(3035) (R23) (S) It is not acceptable to defecate in the open 1 2 3 4 5

(3036) (R24) (SC) I control my own destiny (internal) 1 2 3 4 5

(3037)

(R25)

(F) Having my own toilet/ water closet facility will prevent me/ my family from disease such as

diarrhea

1 2 3 4 5

(3038)

(R26) (B) Water that flows in the river can clean dirt

after defecating in the river 1 2 3 4 5

(3039)

(R27) (S) Defecating in the river is common, and

everybody is doing so 1 2 3 4 5

(3040)

(R28) (S) Defecating in the open will not endanger

others 1 2 3 4 5

(3041)

(R29) (SC) One should not empty latrines into public

spaces 1 2 3 4 5

(3042)


will allow me to protect my family 1 2 3 4 5

(3043)

(R31) (S) It is acceptable for young children to

defecate in the open. 1 2 3 4 5

(3044)

(R32) (S) Those who defecate in open air will

endanger the community they live in 1 2 3 4 5

(3045)


will bring personal discretion to me/ my family 1 2 3 4 5

(3046)

(R34) (B) Defecating in the open is very

uncomfortable because you can catch the rain 1 2 3 4 5

(3047)

(R35) (S) It is acceptable to defecate in the open if

you can not access a toilet 1 2 3 4 5

(3048) (R36) (B) Open air (river/ bushes/ woods) is a place to 1 2 3 4 5


of 168

Q163a Strongly


disagree or agree


comfortably defecate (3049)

(R37) (F) Having my own toilet/ water closet allows

me to be a better host to guests 1 2 3 4 5

(3050)


will make my house become more comfortable 1 2 3 4 5

(3051)

(R39) (SC) It is very important that every house must

have a latrine 1 2 3 4 5

(3052)

(R40) (S) Those who defecate in open air will not be

accepted in the community they live in 1 2 3 4 5

(3053)

(R41) (SC) A good latrine must have a hand washing

station nearby 1 2 3 4 5

(3054)

(R42) (E) A toilet/ water closet facility will raise family's

pride, e.g. when guests visit 1 2 3 4 5

(3055)

(R43) (B) Those who defecate in the open can be in

danger, e.g. attacked or bit by animals 1 2 3 4 5


of 168

TANYAKAN KEPADA OPEN DEFECATOR, SHARER, OWNER UNIMPROVED (TERKODE 1 ATAU 2 ATAU 4 DI Q26) INTERVIEWER: Berikan setiap PHOTOCARD beserta dengan SHOWCARD skala, beri nilai untuk setiap nilai keinginan responden pada setiap kombinasi pada PHOTOCARD. Q164a ASK TO OWNER UNIMPROVED AND OPEN DEFECATOR (OTHER THAN CODE 3 IN Q26)

SHOWCARD AND PHOTOCARD Here I have several photocard describing about combinations of toilet and its septic tank. In every Photocard, there's a price to buy the material and cost for the mason. Please give your score about how much you want the toilet for your household, septic tank with the consideration about the price. You can give your score in 1 to 5 scale where 1 is you don't want it at all and 5 is you really want it for your household. [SA]

Q164a Don't

have willingness at all

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - Really have

willingness

(3056) (R1) Photocard 1 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3057) (R2) Photocard 2 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3058) (R3) Photocard 3 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3059) (R4) Photocard 4 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3060) (R5) Photocard 5 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3061) (R6) Photocard 6 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3062) (R7) Photocard 7 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3063) (R8) Photocard 8 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3064) (R9) Photocard 9 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3065) (R10) Photocard 10 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3066) (R11) Photocard 11 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3067) (R12) Photocard 12 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3068) (R13) Photocard 13 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3069) (R14) Photocard 14 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3070) (R15) Photocard 15 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3071) (R16) Photocard 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10


of 168

Q165a ASK TO OWNER UNIMPROVED AND OPEN DEFECATOR (OTHER THAN CODE 3 IN Q26)

SHOWCARD AND PHOTOCARD Here I have other several photocard describing about combinations of toilet and its septic tank. In every Photocard, there's a price to buy the material and cost for the mason. Please give your score about how much you want the toilet for your household, septic tank with the consideration about the price. You can give your score in 1 to 5 scale where 1 is you don't want it at all and 5 is you really want it for your household. [SA]

Q165a

1 - Don't have willingness at all

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - Really have

willingness

(3072)

(R1) Photocard 1 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3073)

(R2) Photocard 2 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3074)

(R3) Photocard 3 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3075)

(R4) Photocard 4 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3076)

(R5) Photocard 5 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3077)

(R6) Photocard 6 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3078)

(R7) Photocard 7 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3079)

(R8) Photocard 8 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

(3080)

(R9) Photocard 9 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10


of 168

MEDIA EXPOSURE & COMMUNICATION CHANNEL Q166 TANYAKAN SEMUA

Do you like to listen to Radio?[SA]

Code (3116)

Route

Yes 1 Q167

No 2 Q169


What time do you usually listen to the radio most often?[MA]

Code (3117)

Route

05.00 - 05.59 am 01

06.00 - 07.59 am 02

08.00 - 10.59 am 03

11.00 - 12.59 am 04

01.00 - 02.59 pm 05

03.00 - 04.59 pm 06

05.00 - 05.59 pm 07

06.00 - 06.59 pm 08

07.00 - 08.59 pm 09

09.00 - 09.59 pm 10

10.00 - 10.59 pm 11

11.00 - 11.59 pm 12

12.00 - 01.59 am 13

02.00 - 03.59 am 14

Q168a What is the name of the radio station you have ever listened to?[MA]

Q168b Name of radio station most often listened to?[SA]

Q168a Q168b Ever listened

to Most listened

to (3119) (3129)

. 01 01

. 02 02

. 03 03

. 04 04

. 05 05

. 06 06

. 07 07

. 08 08


of 168

Q168a Q168b Ever listened

to Most listened

to . 09 09 . 10 10 99 99

Q169 Do you like to watch Television? [SA]

Code (3139)

Route

Yes 1 Q170

No 2 Q172


What time do you usually watch TV most often? [MA]

Code (3140)

Route

05.00 - 05.59 am 01 06.00 - 07.59 am 02 08.00 - 10.59 am 03 11.00 - 12.59 am 04 01.00 - 02.59 pm 05 03.00 - 04.59 pm 06 05.00 - 05.59 pm 07 06.00 - 06.59 pm 08 07.00 - 08.59 pm 09 09.00 - 09.59 pm 10 10.00 - 10.59 pm 11 11.00 - 11.59 pm 12 12.00 - 01.59 am 13 02.00 - 03.59 am 14 Q171a What is the name of the TV station you have ever watched?[MA]

Q171b Name of TV station most often watched?[SA]

Q171a Q171b Ever watched Watched most

often (3142) (3152)

TVRI 01 01 RCTI 02 02

SCTV 03 03 TPI 04 04

Trans TV 05 05 Global TV 06 06

Trans 7 07 07 Indosiar 08 08 TV One 09 09 ANTV 10 10 Lativi 11 11

Metro TV 12 12 JTV 13 13


of 168

Q171a Q171b Ever watched Watched most

often Space Toon 14 14

Deli TV 15 15 TV Borobudur/ TV B 16 16

Makassar TV 17 17 O Channel 18 18

STV 19 19 Other, specify ____________________________ 20 20

____________________________ 21 21 ____________________________ 22 22

Tidak Ada 98 98 Tidak Tahu 99 99

Q172a What is the name of the newspaper you have ever read?[MA]

Q172b Name of newspaper that you read most often?[SA]

Q172a Q172b Ever read Most often

read (3162) (3172)

Agrobur 01 01

Analisa 02 02

Banjarmasin Post 03 03

Berita Kota 04 04

Berita Kota Makasar ( BKM) 05 05

bina baru 06 06

Bisnis Indonesia 07 07

B'Post 08 08

Fajar 09 09

Galamedia 10 10

Jawa Pos 11 11

Kompas 12 12

Koran Pendidikan 13 13

Koran Tempo 14 14

Lampu Merah 15 15

Medan Pos 16 16

Media Indonesia 17 17

Merdeka 18 18

Meteor 19 19


of 168

Q172a Q172b Ever read Most often

read Metro Bandung 20 20

Metro Banjar 21 21

Momerandum 22 22

Pedoman Rakyat 23 23

Pikiran Rakyat 24 24

Pos Kota 25 25

Pos Metro 26 26

Pos metro Medan 27 27

Radar Banjarmasin 28 28

Radar Surabaya 29 29

Republika 30 30

Seputar Indonesia 31 31

Serambi 32 32

Sinar Indonesia Baru 33 33

Suara Karya 34 34

Suara Merdeka 35 35

Suara Pembaruan 36 36

Sumut Pos 37 37

Surya 38 38

Terbit 39 39

Top Score 40 40

Tribun Jabar 41 41

Tribun Timur 42 42

Ujung Pandang Expres 43 43

Warta Kota 44 44

Waspada 45 45

Wawasan 46 46

Other, ___________________________ 47 47

___________________________________ 48 48

None 98 98

Don't Know 99 99


of 168

PRODUCT RANGE ASSESSMENT Q173 ASK ALL

SHOWCARD Of all the durables listed below, which ones does your household own? [MA] PROBE What else? What else?

Code (3217)

Route

Black & White TV 01

Colour TV 02

Bicycle 03

Motorcycle 04

Car 05

Livestock 06

VCD/ DVD Player 07

Radio 08

Radio Cassette 09

AC 10

Camera 11

Video Camera 12

Washing Machine 13

Credit Card 14

Computer 15

Microwave/ Oven 16

Handphone 17

Home Phone 18

Internet 19

Electric Fan 20

Electric Water Pump 21

Mixer/ Blender 22

Rice Cooker 23

Magic Jar 24

Refrigerator 25

Gas Stove 26

Kerosene Stove 27

INTERVIEW FINISHED. SAY THANK YOU TO RESPONDENTS


of 168

Q174 Quality Control done by : [MA]

Code (3220)

Route

Coordinator/RFM/FE 1

Supervisor 2

Team Leader 3

Quality Controller 4

Checker 5

Q175 Quality Control, action taken :

[SA]

Code (3221)

Route

Witnessed 1

Recalled 2

Slip collected 3

Checked on the spot 4

Telephone 5

Checked Questionnaire 6

Q176 Start

(R1) Start (3222-3225)

Q177 Finish

(R1) Finish (3226-3229)

Q178 Date/month of interview

(R1) DATE/MONTH (3230-3233)

Q179 Day of interviewing [SA]

Code (3234)

Route

Monday 1

Tuesday 2

Wednesday 3

Thursday 4

Friday 5

Saturday 6

Sunday 7


of 168

Q180 INTERVIEWER :

ASK YOUR SUPERVISOR TO FILL THIS CODE PSU [SA]

Code (3235)

Route

ORIGINAL 1

SUBSTITUTE 2

ADDITIONAL 3

Q181a Filled by Supervisor/ Leader/ Quality Control

Witnessed/ Recalled [MA]

Q181b Spv/ Leader/ QC Number

Q181a Q181b

QC that has been done

4 Digits

(3236) (3237-3240)

(R1) Witness 1 _ _ _ _

(3241-3244)

(R2) Recall 2 _ _ _ _

(3245-3248)

(R3) Slip 3 _ _ _ _

(3249-3252)

(R4) On the spot 4 _ _ _ _

(3253-3256)

(R5) Check 5 _ _ _ _

Q182 FILLED IN BY CODERS/SPV/LEADER TYPE OF MISTAKES [MA]

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 7 Type 8 Type 9 Type 10

(3257)

(R1) Mistakes 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Q183 No PSU

(R1) No PSU (3258-3263)

Q184 Method[SA]

Code (3264)

Route

Random PSU 1

Substitute 2


of 168

Q185 Coders

(R1) R1 (3265-3267)

(R2) R2 (3268-3270)

Q186 Coder [SA]

Code (3271)

Route

. 1

Q187 coders [MA]

Code (3272)

Route

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

Q188 Interviewer Number

(R1) Interviewer No. (3277-3317)

"Herewith I declare that the interview done and recorded by me today, is correct and with accurate data, according to survey methods, given instructions, and to ESOMAR standard." Interviewer : Date of interview : time : FIELD : THIS PAGE SHOULD BE COPIED SEPARATELY CODERS/DATA ENTRY : AFTER FINISH CODED AND ENTRY, THIS PAGE SHOULD BE SEPARATED Q189 Would you like to participate in our future survey?[SA]

Code (3318)

Route

Yes 1 Q190

No 2 CLOSE

Q190 Do you have a phone number?[SA]

Code (3319)

Route

Yes 1


of 168

Q190 Do you have a phone number?[SA]

Code (3319)

Route

No 2 Q192

Q191a Ingatkan Responden bahwa semua data akan digunakan secara rahasia dan bukan untuk komersil

RECORD : Respondent's Phone number Area code

Q191b Phone no.

Q191a Q191b

Area code Phone no.

(3320-3323) (3324-3333)

(R1) . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ Q192 Do you have a personal cell phone?[SA]

Code (3334)

Route

Yes 1 Q193

No 2 Q194

Q193 HP no.

(R1) Cellular Number (3335-3346)

(R2) Cellular Number (3347-3358)

Q194 Do you have a personal e-mail address?[MA]

Code (3359)

Route

Yes 1 Q195

No 2 Q196

Q195 Would you please tell me your personal email address that you access most often?

RECORD : Respondent's e-mail address (if any) Only most often used address

(R1) Name (3360-3363)

Q196 What is your full name?

RECORD : Respondent's Name

(R1) Name (3419-3422)


of 168

Appendix 9: BEHAVIOUR STATEMENTS IMAGERY QUESTION Q163a READ DAN ROTATE STATEMENT

I will read you several statements. Please give a value according to the best condition you know/ see in your surroundings, where 1 means STRONGLY DISAGREE and a score of 5 means STRONGLY AGREE. You are free to give an assessment, there is no right or wrong answer. [SA]

Q163a Strongly


disagree or agree


(2978)

(R1) (SC) It is very easy to get emptying service

within my neighbourhood 1 2 3 4 5

(2979)

(R2) (F) Having my own toilet/ water closet facility will avoid my family as the subject of gossip

1 2 3 4 5

(2980)

(R3)

(B) Those who defecate in the open have certain disadvantages, such as parts of the

body can be seen by others

1 2 3 4 5

(3016)

(R4)

(E) A toilet/ water closet facility will make a village resident much better because they will

not pollute the environment

1 2 3 4 5

(3017)

(R5)

(B) Those who defecate in the river becomes vulnerable towards disease because of the

contaminated water in the river

1 2 3 4 5

(3018)

(R6) (SC) I know a person who had a skill in deciding

where to site a latrine 1 2 3 4 5

(3019)

(R7) (S) Majority of those I know usually defecate in

the toilet/ water closet 1 2 3 4 5

(3020)

(R8) (B) Those who defecate in the open pollute the

environment 1 2 3 4 5

(3021)

(R9) (B) Those who defecate in the river can be in

danger, e.g. carried by the current 1 2 3 4 5

(3022)

(R10) (E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility at homes

means giving the best for the family 1 2 3 4 5

(3023)


of 168

Q163a Strongly


disagree or agree


(R11) (S) If our grandfathers/ parents/ ancestors

defecated in the open, then it is OK for us today 1 2 3 4 5

(3024)

(R12)

(SC) Most the emptying service that I am aware of have an adequate facility and skill to do their

job

1 2 3 4 5

(3025)

(R13) (E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will raise

our status by being a modern family 1 2 3 4 5

(3026)

(R14) (B) River is an ideal location to defecate

because there is water current 1 2 3 4 5

(3027)

(R15) (E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will make

defecating process more pleasant 1 2 3 4 5

(3028)

(R16)

(S) Defecating in the river is common and acceptable because feces will be eaten by the

fish

1 2 3 4 5

(3029)


will bring comfort to me/ my family 1 2 3 4 5

(3030)

(R18)

(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will raise our status in the community by being an

educated family

1 2 3 4 5

(3031) (R19) (S) It is not civilized to defecate in the open 1 2 3 4 5

(3032)


will add value to my house 1 2 3 4 5

(3033)

(R21) (SC) I know a person who is very good in

building a latrine sub-structure 1 2 3 4 5

(3034)

(R22) (S) Those who defecate in open air are very

dirty people 1 2 3 4 5

(3035) (R23) (S) It is not acceptable to defecate in the open 1 2 3 4 5

(3036) (R24) (SC) I control my own destiny (internal) 1 2 3 4 5

(3037)

(R25)

(F) Having my own toilet/ water closet facility will prevent me/ my family from disease such as

diarrhea

1 2 3 4 5

(3038)

(R26) (B) Water that flows in the river can clean dirt

after defecating in the river 1 2 3 4 5

(3039) (R27) (S) Defecating in the river is common, and 1 2 3 4 5


of 168

Q163a Strongly


disagree or agree


everybody is doing so (3040)

(R28) (S) Defecating in the open will not endanger

others 1 2 3 4 5

(3041)

(R29) (SC) One should not empty latrines into public

spaces 1 2 3 4 5

(3042)


will allow me to protect my family 1 2 3 4 5

(3043)

(R31) (S) It is acceptable for young children to

defecate in the open. 1 2 3 4 5

(3044)

(R32) (S) Those who defecate in open air will

endanger the community they live in 1 2 3 4 5

(3045)


will bring personal discretion to me/ my family 1 2 3 4 5

(3046)

(R34) (B) Defecating in the open is very

uncomfortable because you can catch the rain 1 2 3 4 5

(3047)

(R35) (S) It is acceptable to defecate in the open if

you can not access a toilet 1 2 3 4 5

(3048)

(R36) (B) Open air (river/ bushes/ woods) is a place to

comfortably defecate 1 2 3 4 5

(3049)

(R37) (F) Having my own toilet/ water closet allows

me to be a better host to guests 1 2 3 4 5

(3050)


will make my house become more comfortable 1 2 3 4 5

(3051)

(R39) (SC) It is very important that every house must

have a latrine 1 2 3 4 5

(3052)

(R40) (S) Those who defecate in open air will not be

accepted in the community they live in 1 2 3 4 5

(3053)

(R41) (SC) A good latrine must have a hand washing

station nearby 1 2 3 4 5

(3054)

(R42) (E) A toilet/ water closet facility will raise family's

pride, e.g. when guests visit 1 2 3 4 5

(3055)

(R43) (B) Those who defecate in the open can be in

danger, e.g. attacked or bit by animals 1 2 3 4 5

Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report

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Transcript of Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report