Total Deposition at Clingmans Dome, TN in the Great Smoky...
Transcript of Total Deposition at Clingmans Dome, TN in the Great Smoky...
Total Deposition at Clingmans Dome, TN in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Selma Isil, AMEC E&I, Inc. Chris Rogers, AMEC E&I, Inc. Kathie Weathers, Cary Institute Amanda Elliott, Cary Institute Tom Lavery, Fuss & O’Neill
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• Ecosystems at these elevations subject to substantial levels of acid deposition from clouds that originate in polluted areas.
• Depositions enhanced by frequent cloud immersion, orographically increased precipitation, high wind speeds, and the large leaf areas typical of mountain tree species.
The CASTNET Mountain Acid Deposition Program (MADPRO):
• Monitors cloud water and its chemical constituents. • High-elevation sites (typically higher than 800 meters).
• Collecting at Clingmans Dome, TN (CLD303) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park since 1994.
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View of Radio and Cloud Water Sampling Towers
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Ozone Inlet (NPS)
Meteorological sensors - WS,
WD, T, RH (NPS)
Cloud Water Collector (EPA)
AT&T cellular modem antenna
(EPA)
PVM-100 Particle Volume Monitor
(EPA)
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Cloud Event
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View of the PVM
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Close-up of Cloud Water Collector
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Cloud Water Collector
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Minimum conditions for activation of cloud collector
LWC > or = 0.05 g/m3
Temperature = 2°C No precipitation
Cloud Definition
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ETI Precipitation Monitor
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Installation while Site in Cloud
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Locations of Dry, Wet and Cloud Monitoring Sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM)
GRS420
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CLD303
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Seasonal Cloud Water Nitrate Concentrations and Depositions, 2000-2010
Seasonal Cloud Water Sulfate Concentrations and Depositions, 2000-2010
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Sulfate ConcentrationSulfate Deposition
49.3% decrease from 2007
60.4% decrease from 2007
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Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions at TVA Power Plants
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Sulfur DioxideNitrogen Oxide
46.9% reduction since 2007
70.5% reduction since 2007
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Mean Seasonal Cloud Water versus Mean Seasonal Precipitation Sulfate Concentrations, 2000–2010
Mean Seasonal Cloud Water versus Mean Seasonal Precipitation Nitrate Concentrations, 2000–2010
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Cloud SulfatePrecipitation Sulfate
60.4% decrease in CW Sulfate 64.3%decrease in precipitation sulfate
49.3% decrease in CW nitrate 52.2% decrease in precipitation nitrate
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Cloud Water and Wet Sulfate Deposition Estimates (June through September), 2000-2010
Cloud Water and Wet Nitrate Deposition Estimates (June through September), 2000-2010
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Seasonal CLD303 Total Nitrogen Deposition Components, 2000-2010
Seasonal CLD303 Total Sulfur Deposition Components, 2000-2010
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Dry NitrogenWet NitrogenCloud Nitrogen
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Dry Sulfur Wet Sulfur Cloud Sulfur
2001: Dry Dep 3.8% 2010: 8.3% Wet Dep 6.4% 2010: 23.5% Cloud Dep 89.8% 2010: 68.2%
2001: Dry Dep 2.9% 2010: 4.8% Wet Dep 8.5% 2010: 23.9% Cloud Dep 88.6% 2010: 71.3%
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View from Top of Collection Tower
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Spatial Distribution of Measured Deposition Indices for Forest-floor Lead Concentrations in GRSM (Weathers, et. al., 2006)
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Seasonal Total Nitrogen Deposition: CLD303 versus LandMod, 2000-2010
Seasonal Total Sulfur Deposition: CLD303 versus LandMod, 2000-2010
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CLD Total NitrogenLandMod Total Nitrogen
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CLD Total SulfurLandMod Total Sulfur
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CLD303 Total Seasonal Sulfur Deposition and Difference in kg/ha from LandMod Total Seasonal Sulfur
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Diff Sulfur
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View from Top of Tower • Cloud deposition is the largest contributor to total deposition at high
elevation sites that experience cloud impaction • LandMod is a good overall predictor of total deposition at CLD303 except for
when cloud deposition rates are very high (2000 and 2001) • LandMod may be over predicting at lower deposition rates or may not be as
responsive to quick changes in emissions • Model inputs should be updated at least once a
decade
Conclusions
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• Continue monitoring at CLD303 to help refine predictability of models
• Update inputs to CLOUD and LandMod
• Install NADP precipitation collector and CASTNET filter pack to get improved total deposition estimate as site specific data are necessary for calculation of inputs to highly sensitive high elevation ecoregions
• www.epa.gov/CASTNET
Recommendations
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A Murky Future
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The End