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TOPIC 3 SANITARY PIPEWORK -Piping System
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TOPIC 3 SANITARY PIPEWORK -Piping System
Pipe system includes network of pipes and valves, whichare :-
i. MAIN PIPE : Delivers water from treatment plant
to distribution tank or directly to distributionarea.
ii. FEEDER PIPE : Directly connected to a main pipefor distribution of water to industrial or
residential areas.
iii. BRANCH PIPE : From feeder pipe to individualhouse, building, factory or fire hydrant.
iv. VALVE : needed to control water flow rate, stopwater flow, release trapped air in pipe,balance pressure in pipe and removeeffluents.
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TOPIC 3 Factors of Head Loss in Pipes
Head loss or energy lossduring distribution toconsumers is caused by the
followings :
i. Differences in pipe size.
ii. Change of flow direction.
iii. Friction.
iv. Difference of level (Gradient).
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TOPIC 3 Factors of Head Loss in Pipes
I. DIFFERENCES IN PIPE SIZE
a. Change in sizes, from big to smaller
diameter
b. Change in sizes, from small to biggerdiameter
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TOPIC 3
ii. CHANGE OF DIRECTION
Change of flow direction in pipe causes head loss.
Factors of Head Loss in Pipes
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TOPIC 3
iii . FRICTION
Head loss due friction is the major energy loss in
pipe. Long length of pipe in the piping system causeshigh head loss, while large diameter pipe can reducehead loss.
Head loss in pipe is energy lost due to friction
between water and the inner surface of the pipe.
Therefore, the flow is reduced and this factorcontributes to head loss in pipe.
Factors of Head Loss in Pipes
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iv. GRADIENT
When water is delivered throughdistribution pipe from higher to
lower positions, it experiences headloss due to friction, difference in pipesizes and change of directions.
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8/16TOPIC 3 Fluid Flow
TYPE OF FLOW
There are 3 types of flow in a pipe :-
i. Laminar flow
ii. Turbulent flow
iii. Transition flow
The types of flow depend on the velocity, density and
the diameter of pipe.
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Is flow of particleswhich gains high
kinetic energy and
move erratically.
Is flow of fluidparticles moving
in single line
parallel to eachother.
TURBULEN
T
LAMINAR
Fluid Flow
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10/16TOPIC 3 SANITARY PIPEWORK
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11/16TOPIC 3 Soil and Waste Water Flowchart
BUILDING
SEWAGE
WASTE
FITTINGSOIL FITTING
SOIL
DISCHARGE
WASTE
DISCHARGE
PIPING SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
TREATED WATER
ENVIRONMENT
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12/16TOPIC 3 Discharge Pipe
Discharge pipe consists of single stack, branching and vent pipe.
Single stack pipe is installed vertically to ease discharge of soiland waste water.
Branching pipe is connected from sanitary fitting with single stack
pipe.
Vent pipe to released compressed air.
There are 3 systems employed in the installation of soil and
waste water discharge pipes :-
i. Single stack system.ii. Single pipe system.
iii. Dual pipe system.
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13/16TOPIC 3 Single Stack System
1. System where only 1 pipe is
required and it does not need vent
pipe as it can function as vent pipe.
2. Discharge in branching pipes fro
sanitary fitting are transferred intosingle stack pipe.
3. The flow is then drained into the
drainage pipe.
4. The system is appropriate for multi-
storey buildings.
5. Sanitary fitting should be installed
near the single stack pipe to reduce
the length of the branching pipe and
minimum the sound of flow in the
pipe.
6. The sanitary fitting should be
connected to the single stack pipe
separately.
7. This system is easy to install.
(Main Pipe)
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TOPIC 3 Single Pipe System
1. Use only 1 pipe in collecting and
draining discharge.
2. All sanitary fittings are connected to 1
pipe only. Connection is made at thebranching pipe.
3. The single stack vent pipes release
compressed air that may have trapped
at the base of waste and wastewater
single stack pipe.
4. The vent branching pipe connects the
single stack vent pipe to the sanitary
fitting.
5. All sanitary fitting should be installednear a main pipe.
(Main Pipe)
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TOPIC 3 Dual pipe System
(SoilMain Pipe)(Waste Main Pipe)
1. This system uses 2 single stack pipes,
one for waste and the others is for soil.
2. Both of the single stack pipes have
individual ventilation system.
3. The waste discharge pipe drains
wastewater from the shower tray, WB
and bathtub.
4. The soil discharge pipe drains soilwater from the WC and urinal.
5. The single stack pipe is then connected
to the underground drainage pipe.
6. This system is suitable when the wastefitting is located far from the waste
water fitting.
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TOPIC 3 Comparison of Discharge Pipe Systems
System Types of Pipes Advantages Disadvantages
Dual Pipe 1. Waste single stack
pipe
2. Soil single stack
pipe
1. More
effective
drainage
1.Require two types of pipe
2. Complicated installation
work
Single Pipe 1. Waste and soil
single stack pipe
2. Vent pipe
1. Require only
one main pipe
2. Easier to
install
1. Vent pipe installation is
complicated
2. Require more pipelines
for vent pipe
Single Stack 1. Waste and soil single
stack pipe
1. Require only
one single stack
pipe
1. Ventilation is less efficient