TOPIK Korean intermediate grammar

8/13/2019 TOPIK Korean intermediate grammar

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Grammar Used With

V/A/N(I)

V/A/N(I)

V

A

V

V

V/A

V

V/A/N(I)

V/A/N(I)

V

V

V

V

V/A/N(I)

-(느) 느느느 느느

-(느)느느느느느(느)

-(느) 느느느 느느

-(느) 느 느느 느느

-(느) 느 느 N(Time)느/

느

느느/느느/느느느

-(느) 느 느(느)

-(느)느/ 느 느느느



-(느)느/ 느 느느

-(느) 느 느느

-(느) 느 느 (느느느)

-(느) 느 느 느느느

-(느) 느 느 (- 느 느)

-(느) 느 느(느) 느느/느느



V

V/A/N(I)

V

V

N

N

V/A/N(I)

N

N

V/A/N(I)

V

V

V/A/N(I)

V

V/A/N(I)

-(느) 느 느느느느

-(느)느느(느)

-(느) 느느 느느 느느

-(느) 느느 느느느

-(느) 느 느느(느)

-(느)느느

-(느)느느느

-(느)느느

-(느)느느느

-느느

-느느

- 느 느느(느)

- 느 느느

-느느

-느느느(느)



V

V

V

V/A

V

V

V/A/N(I)

V

V/A/N(I)

V/A/N(I)

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

-느느

-느느느

-느느

- 느 느느느느

- 느 느느느느

-느(느) 느느느

-느느(느)

- 느느 느느

-느느

- 느 느느

-느느

- 느 느 느느 느

- 느 느느느

- 느 느느(느)

- 느 느느

- 느 느

- 느 느느



V

V

V

V/A/N(I)

V/A/N(I)

V

V/A/N(I)

V/A/N(I)

N

N

- 느 느느

-느느

-느느느

-느느

-느느느

- 느느느 느느

-느느

-느느느느

-느느

- 느 느느



N

V/A

V/A/N(I)

V

V

V/A/N(I)

V/A

A

V

V

V

N

N

N

-

-느느

-느/ 느 느느

-느/ 느 느느느

-느

/ 느 느느

-느/느느느

-느/ 느느 느느느

-느/느느느

-느/느느느

-느/느느느

-느/느느느

-느/느느느

- 느 느느 느느

- 느 느느 느느느

-느느느



N

V

N

V/A

V/A

느느느

V/A/N(I)

V/A

느느

느느

느느

-느/느느느

- 느 느느(느)?

- 느 느느느 느느

-느느

(-느느) -(느)느느느

느느느 -(느)느/느느

-(느)느/ 느느 느느느

느느 -느/느느



느느

느느

느느

느느/느느

느느/느느

느느/느느

느느/느느



느느

느느/느느



Usage

When P1 context does not affect P2 result

To exress certain feelin! or thou!hts that srin! from seein! somethin!

"sed to sa# ho$ much time has assed after doin! somethin!

-When somethin! seems to %e similar to somethin! else (almost the same)

-When it is considered that it is similar as doin! somethin! else

When a %ad result is laced in P2 due to P1

When the result does not chan!e $hether the action (attached) is ta&en or not

"sed to su!!est doin! P2's action and not doin! P1's action

In P1 to exress more than t$o uroses a%out P2's action

To exress that $hat comes in P1 is not true %ased on certain fact or situation

"sed to indicate that it is %etter to sa# P2 rather than P1 (rather than P1 P2 is a %etterreason/otion)

xlains the situation $hen the intention and result differ (I should ha*e P1 %ut P2haened)

"sed $hen certain action is ta&en in the rocess of another action (P1) focus is on theresultin! state that continues

"sed to sa# that it is onl# natural in !eneral for somethin! to haen as such (it iscertain)

"sed to exress the attitude that is different from the actual action or condition (actedas thou!h +V/A/N attached, in order to lause 1)

"sed to re!ret or feel sorr# for somethin! (.hould ha*e +V attached,/e!ret doin!somethin! else $ould ha*e %een %etter)



When the condition is similar to somethin! else (a%out to)

To seculate (need &no$led!e to %ac& u seculation) a%out certain fact

When P2's result comes %ecause of P1 (0ue to +N attached, haened)

"sed to seculate somethin! (I %elie*e +V/A/N attached, since lause 1)

-"sed to choose somethin! e*en thou!h it is not 13 satisfactor# (2nd %est otion)

-an also sho$ no reference

"sed to emhasi4e somethin! amon! others reresentin! the rest (rime examle)

"sed $hen there are oosite fact %et$een P1 and P2

To sho$ the urose to$ards the action of P1 (P2 in order for me to/so that P1)

When the result of P1's action is different from the exectation

"sed to sa# that somethin! almost haened %ut didn5t at the end (I nearl# +V

attached, %ut (reason $h# not))

"sed to exress a lan for the foreseea%le future (indicates sea&er5s intention)sea&er $as 6ust a%out to do $hat is su!!ested

"sed to indicate that someone has a osition social status or authorit# or in suchstance (as a +N attached,)

When some fact is found after doin! somethin! ne$/contrar# to current %elief (after Ireali4ed)

This exression means that the reason !i*en in P1 is 6ust one of a num%er of reasonsfor the %eha*iour in P2

"sed to exress an a!reement of somethin! or a thou!ht to thin& of somethin! asreasona%le (of course +V/A/N attached,)



-When P2's action can ta&e lace after P1's action is finished

-As a rhetorical 7uestion $hen P1 $or&s as a condition of P2

When P2's action is ta&en for an intention or urose of P1

"sed to sa# that certain situation is natural and reasona%le (is %ound to)

"sed $hen somethin! occurs fre7uentl#

To exress doin! somethin! as soon as somethin! is finished (as soon as)

"sed to indicate that it is done sometimes

When P1 %ecomes %asis or urose of P2

To !uess a%out somethin! %ased on certain fact or situation

"sed to sho$ the eriod of time that a certain action or condition is continued

When there is a %ad result in P2 due to P1

To sho$ the situation of P2 $ill %e realised as lon! as the condition of P1 is satisfied

To exress $hen P2's action or condition aears after P1's action is finished(%efore/after relationshi)

"sed to sli!htl# den# $hat the other erson said or ans$er a%out a comliment in amodest $a# (I don5t thin& so +V/A attached, 8ne!atin! sentence9)

"sed $hen P2 is not satisfactor# %ut it is considered to %e %etter than P1 ($ould ratherP2 than P1)

"sed to exress that somethin! did not ta&e lace $holeheartedl# durin! the tas&($asn5t all for +V attached,)

To exress the reason $h# P1 %adl# affected P2 (exresses reason and als the result$as not intended)

"sed to indicate that the sea&er learned somethin! ne$ after doin! some actoin or %eha*iour continuousl# from time in the ast or that a certain situation has occurred asa result of



-That somethin! is done on the $a# $hile stoin! the re*ious action

-When some other action is ta&en in the rocess of certion action

When a %ad result is exected after doin! P1's action

eco!ni4e P1's fact if it does not affect P2's context

-When doin! somethin! nearl# similar to somethin! else (as #ou &no$)

-When sea&er is not actuall# doin! somethin! %ut doin! somethin! that is similar

-"sed $hen P1 contrasts $ith P2 (%ut)

-:ccurrence of somethin! immediatel# follo$in! the end of another occurrence

"sed to indicate the last one left is e*en added

When P2's action ma# %e reali4ed (disco*er# of somethin!) if P1's action is continued

or reeated

"sed to exress that certain fact or situation is ama4in! or un%elie*a%le (I can5t %elie*e that +V/A/N attached,)

- n ca es e resu ue o someone e se s ac on s ac on ecause s nce s

"sed to exress the sea&er5s recollection that he or she directl# sa$ heard or feltsome rior e*ent or action

"sed to comare t$o thin!s that ha*e similar de!ree (used $ith noun denotin! si4eamount num%er) (P1 Noun is as as P2 Noun)



- When P1's condition is !reat

When P1's comleted result %ecomes the reason for P2 (.ince P1 ; P2 haened)

"sed $hen a certain action is done reeatedl#

To seculate that P1 is the reason for P2 (!uess ma#%e<)

-When the P2's action is ta&en $hen it reaches certain timin!

-To emhasi4e that it is difficult for P2 to ta&e lace ha*in! P1 as the condition

"sed to exress the chan!e in condition (turn/%ecome +Ad6 Attached,)

"sed $hen somethin! is not done directl# %# the su%6ect %ut done %# somethin! else

-To state the result after doin! somethin!

"sed to sa# that result chan!es %ecause of somethin! (accordin! to +N attached,)

"sed to indicate the lace $here certain action is ta&in! lace

"sed to indicate that somethin! occrred a certain amount of time after a re*ious e*entoccurred

- When it is exected that re!ardless of doin! P1's $or& the exected result does notseem to %e reali4ed (e*en if)

xression indicates that the action in the P2 is done %ased on the result of firstcomletin! the action in P1

-When somethin! else ta&es lace that drasticall# contrasts $ith somethin! thathaened %efore (-느/ 느 exress comletion of action)- o an ac on an en exer ence some n! no e$or # unexec e usua #

-=or somethin! that has %een reco!ni4ed after doin! certain action (>ecause P1 actionne$ thin! reco!ni4ed +P2,)

"sed to sho$ that somethin! is more imortant in decidin! somethin! (deends on +Nattached,



-.ho$s that somethin! is different from $hat had %een exected

"sed to su!!est or recommend somethin! to someone else ($hat a%out +V attached,)

itation- .u!!esti*e sentences (ne!ati*e)

-"sed to indicate somethin! is %etter or $orse than $hat had %een exected

-"sed $hen e*er#thin! is the same $ithout an excetion

When an extreme de!ree of an actoin or state %ecomes the reason for P2

느 느느 느느

느 느 느느느느

느느

느느

느 느 느느

느느 느느 느

느느

느느 느느느느

느 느느

느느느느

느 느느느

-"sed to indicate that not onl# $hat comes in P1 the more realistic one that comes inP2 is e*en hard to accomlish

"sed to exress that the de!ree of P2 increases as the action or situation of P1continues

"sed to emhasi4e P1 $hen it is the cause of P2 (I can5t %elie*e +V/A attached,descri%in! P1 resultin! in P2

"sed to emhasi4e the !reatness of the de!ree of the fact or situation (ou ha*e no

idea ho$ +V/A/N attached,

느느 느느 (@rammar Pattern ist)

느/ 느느 느느

;ᄅ 느느느/느느 느느

느/ 느느 느느

;ᄅ 느느느

느/ 느 느느느느

;ᄅ 느 느느

느/ 느 느 느느/ 느느느



느느느

느느 느느

느느느

느느

느 느느느느

느 느느느

느느 느느

느느느

느느느

느느느

느느

느 느느느

느 느느

느

느 느느느

느 느느

느느느

느 느느느

느 느느 느 느느

느 느느느느

느 느느느느

(느/느) 느느

(느) 느 느느느느

;ᄃ/느 느

느느/ 느느 느느느느

(느) 느 느느느

느/ 느 느느

;ᄃ/느 느느느

느느(느)

느/ 느 느느느느

(느) 느 느느느

(느) 느 느느

(느)느느느

느/느느느

. 느느느

(느

)느느느

/느느

;ᄅ 느느

(느느)느느

;ᄅ 느느느 느느

;ᄅ 느느느느



느 느느느

느 느느느느

느느

느느

느느 느느느느

느느

느 느느느느

(느)느느

;ᄅ 느느(느)

;ᄃ/느 느느

느(느) 느느

느/ 느 느느/느느느

느/ 느 느느

느/ 느 느느느

느/ 느 느



Similar Phrases

-느/ 느 느느

-(느) 느 느느 느느 느느

-(느) 느 느 느느 느느 %een a lon! time

-(느) 느 느 느느 느 느느 hasn5t %een a lon! time

-When used $ith -느/ 느 느느 or -느/ 느느느 the 느 is droed

- 느 느느느느

-느/ 느 느느느느느


- 느 느느느

- 느 느느느

- 느 느느

-느/ 느 느느


-느/ 느느느 느느느 (.hould ha*e done)

- 느 느느 느느느/ 느 -(느) 느 느 느느느 (.hould not ha*e done)

- 느 느느

-(느) 느 느느 느느느- 느 느느(means doin! actions to!ether)

- 느느 느느/ 느느 느느 (on the $a# to/from #ou do somethin!)

- 느 (used $ith noun)

- 느느느 - 느 느느 느느느

-(느) 느 느(느) 느느느?




-(느) 느 느느

-(느) 느 느느느 (means a seculation)

-(느) 느느 느느느느-e*en %efore the su!!estion (I had lanned to +e*en %efore #ou said that, and $as 6ust a%out to)

-(느) 느느느느 느느느 느느느 (used $hen sea&er ne*er thou!ht a%out thesituation)

-(느) 느느느 N (used to mean thin& !uess seculate)

-느느느느

-느느느느느

-느느느느느

-N 느 V-느/ A/V- 느느 느느 느느

-N 느 A/V- 느 A/V- 느 느느 or A/V- 느느 느느 A/V- 느느 느느 this exressionindicates t$o reresentati*e reasons amon! man# for the action in P2



- 느 느느

-느

- 느느 느느 (used $hen the sea&er has an intention to ta&e certain action)

-(느)느느

- 느 느느(느)

- 느 느느느느

-(느)느/ 느 느 느느느느


-느느느

-느느

- 느느느느 (used $ith V $hen P1 8or9 P2 are done used $ith Ad6 $henaddin! information 8P1 haens %ut sometimes P2 haens as $ell)

- 느느 ($ritten)

-(느)느/ 느 느 느느

-(느)느/ 느 느느느느


- 느 느느

- 느 느느

- 느 느느느 (oosite meanin!)

- 느 느느(느)

- 느 느느느

- 느 느느

- 느느 느느느

- 느 느느느

- 느 is shortened form of - 느느 $hich refers to somethin! occurin! in themiddle of a continuance action



- 느느 is shortened form of 느느 and -(느) 느느 $hich refers to a disco*er orresult

- 느느 느느

- 느 느느 (:nl# $hen 느느/ 느느 used in front)

- 느느느 seculates a %ad result in P2

- 느느 느느느 느느 use $hen action is on and off

-.ea&in! h#otheticall# use -느/느느느느

-느느(느) end of sentence

-느/느느

-느느느

-느느(느)

- 느느 (onl# familiar seech

-"sed to exress a erson5s mood emotions or feelin!s Brd erson-느/느

느느느느느

-To refer to thin!s that comleted in the ast use -느/느느느느느

-느느

-느느

- 느 느느느 느느



- 느 느느느느

-(느)느/ 느느느 느느 (1)

-(느) 느 느느 (1)

-느/ 느 느느

-느/ 느 느

-느/ 느느 느느

-느/느느

-느/ 느느 느느 느느느 used at end of sentence

-느/ 느 느느 (1)

-(느)느느

- 느 느느 (used for *er%s)

-느



-느/ 느 느느 느느 느느

- 느느느 -느느

-느/ 느느느 느느느 (used to refer to ast situations or states of affairs)



Notes

-Indicates sea&er5s intention

-an5t use Imerati*e/su!!esti*e

N is al$a#s a time noun

-an use for continuation of emotional state-Incomlete/omlete actions can %e used

-Not used to descri%e naturall# exected situations

-0on5t use $ith *er%s $ith ne!ati*e connotation

ather than P1 P2 is a %etter idea

- an use $ *er s n ca n! $ear n! n!s on

- 느 느느느 used to suose somethin! that is differentfrom realit# (retend)

In this hrase 느 rou!hl# means reason/causesomethin! %ad haens

-an5 use 느/ 느 in front of -(느) 느 느느

- 느느느 al$a#s in the ast

-Normall# if used at end of sentence 6ust -(느) 느 느

-When used $ith 1 reason listener can infer there isanother reason (in this case 느느 often follo$s)



- on*eration onl# intention raises at end

-an5t use future tense/imerati*e/su!!esti*e

an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e

-ou can use imerati*e/su!!esti*e

-.hould %e used $ith intention or $ill hrases

N attached is most amon! all

used to %e emhatic

-:ccurs after an action is comleted

-efers to a time after erformin! an action once

an5t use $ith imerati*e or su!!esti*e sentences

-Not that confident $hen sa#in! this can use tosoftl# disa!ree $ith listener

-These often aear at the %e!innin! 느느/ 느느느 느느느/

느 느느느

-=or mid sentence 느느 chan!es to 느

느느 느느느느 느느 etcCC :ften follo$

Althou!h/0esite P1's action P2's action (oosite)haened

- 느느느 (If #ou do this #ou $ill !et this result)

-P2 contains ne$ or unexected information learned %# the sea&er

:nl# rimar# reason is !i*en %ut the clauseindicates that thare are other reasons also not said



-"sed in official seech/$ritin!

-.u%6ects must %e same

-an5t use Imerati*e or .u!!esti*e endin!s

"suall# a ne!ati*e connotation

an5t %e used $ith exressions that denote tense

-an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e

-P1 su%6ect can5t %e sea&er

=irst clause is usuall# the reason $h#

-.hould end in ast tense

-an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e

.u%6ects must differ


DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

"se -느/ 느 느 $hen P1 is critical condition for P2 tota&e lace or $hen P1 turns out to %e meanin!less

:ften follo$ed %# 느느느 (rather refera%l#)

-T#icall# ne!ati*e result (excetion $hensomethin! comletel# unexected or unintendedoccurs and is ositi*e)



-No ast at the end of P2

-an use resent tense for !eneral result

In resonse follo$ form in first sentence

-.ea&er can5t %e su%6ect

-Toic/su%6ects must %e same

-Present tense al$a#s used

-.u%6ect can5t %e sea&er

-an5t use to exress contrar# oinion

"suall# used in %ad occasions

-ommon endin!s for P2 (-(느) 느 느 느느/- 느 느 느느느/-

느-)

- 느 느(느느) is sli!htl# different P2 is a result (moredefinite) of continued action

-느/ 느느느 P2 result do to P1

-느(느) 느느(느) P2 action result of P1 action continuin!

-느(느) 느느 If P1 action haens exect P2 to haen(!uess cause and effect)

-If P1 has continued from some time in the ast 느느느

/느느느/ 느느느 are often used- s ou en $ suos on or con ec ure

an on # e use $ en s ac on s no a n!

- s use to recon rm t e n ormat on a stener

is exected to %e a$are of alread# (used $/ 느느 느느

느느 느느느 느느느 etcCC- as #ou &no$ as #ou ha*eheard as ou ha*e seen etcCC-.ea&er $ants to refer to somethin! directl# seenor exerienced (reason/cause) in the ast to descri%e

ho$ that has chan!ed

-.ea&er needs to learn for the first time notsomethin! alread# &no$n

-=irst erson used for exressin! a erson5s moodemotions or feelin!s

N 느 느느느- +N, is less than +N attached 느느느느,

so use o exress a s ua on a s oos e o



-an5t use $ith imerati*e or su!!esti*e

"sed to deli*er ne!ati*e feelin! of sea&er

-Tense sho$n P2


-Action must %e comletel# finished

-.u%6ects meed to match

-Actions should %e related/oosite

--P1 usuall# includes (느) 느 느 $hich indicates that theaction descri%ed in the cluase has %een comleted ina certain amount of time

-efers to an e*ent haenin! a certain time afterthe occurrence of a re*ious e*ent

- 느느느 느느 commonl# used in P2 (it is uselessmeanin!)

-With V used onl# to exress the order of somethin!(Imerati*e/su!!esti*e o&)

-With Ad6 used onl# to indicate the sea&er5s reasonfor a certain action (can5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e)

-Phrase indicates that the sea&er erformed thesecond action in different location than that of thefirst action

"sed as second meanin! -(느) 느 느느느/ - 느느느 oftenfollo$

-Past tense exresses a chan!e resultin! from an

action erformed in the ast- resen ense use o escr e a c an!e a!enerall# occurs $hen a articular action is

-When Brd erson recallin! comleted action and P2su%6ect different P1 su%6ect usuall# sea&er

-Not ast form of -느느

- 느느느 느느 느느 use $ith interro!ati*es ($ho $hen$here $hat and ho$ man#)

- 느느느느느 느느느/- 느느느 느느 느느 use $ith interro!ati*es($ho $hen $here $hat and ho$ man#)



-In one normall# ne!ati*e in second art

The more +V/A attached, P2 haens

When usin! a V usuall# a de!ree ad*er% is resent

-:nl# declarati*e sentences

-an5t use to exress feelin!s/attitude

-In t$o used $ith 느느느 (rather) often

an5t use $ith -느/느느

:ften used $ith - 느 느느느 (tend/!enerall# so)

-Need a de!ree ad*er% (느 느느) in from of V in this

form

The A/V in %et$een the clause sho$s $hat is theextreme reason

TOPIK Korean intermediate grammar

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Transcript of TOPIK Korean intermediate grammar