Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese
description
Transcript of Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese
![Page 1: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to ChineseIntroduction to Chinese
Unit 2: Dialects in China
![Page 2: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a dialect?What is a dialect?
a. A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, esp. a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists: Cockney is a dialect of English.
b. A variety of language that with other varieties
constitutes a single language of which no single variety is standard: the dialects of Ancient Greek.
![Page 3: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a dialect?What is a dialect? The language peculiar to an occupational group or a paricular
social class: the dialect of science. The manner or style of expressing oneself in language or the
arts. A language considered as part of a larger family of languages
or a linguistic branch: Spanish and French are Romance dialects.
(American Heritage Dictionary, Second edition, 1982, 1985)
![Page 4: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Eight Chinese DialectsEight Chinese Dialects Northen (Beijing) 647,000,000 Wu (Shanghai) 77,000,000 Yue (Guangzhou) 47,000,000 Xiang (Changsha) 46,000,000 Min South (Xiamen) 28,000,000 Min North (Fuzhou ) 11,000,000 Hakka (Mei Xian) 37,000,000 Gan (Nanchang) 22,000,000
(Hu Yushu, 1962 Modern Chinese)
![Page 5: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Eight Chinese DialectsEight Chinese Dialects Northern (Mandarin) 715 million (71.5%) Jiangsu-Zhejiang (Wu) 85 million (8.5%) Cantonese (Yue) 50 million (5%) Hunan (Xiang) 48 million (4.8%) Hakka 37 million (3.7%) Southern Min 28 million (2.8%) Jiangxi (Gan) 24 million (2.4%) Northern Min 13 million (1.3%)
(DeFrancis (1984) The Chinese Language p. 58 )
![Page 6: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Seven Chinese DialectsSeven Chinese Dialects Mandarin 679,250,000 (71.5%) Wu 80,750,000 (8.5%) Gan 22,800,000 (2.4%) Xiang 45,600,000 (4.8%) Hakka 35,150,000 (3.7%) Yue 47,500,000 (5.0%) Min 38,950,000 (4.1%)
(Ramsey (1987) The Languages of China p. 87. )
![Page 7: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chinese Dialect MapChinese Dialect Map
This map contains some errors. Can you find them out?
What is mislabeled?
What is missing?
![Page 9: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Characteristics of Chinese Characteristics of Chinese dialects dialects
PronunciationVocabularyGrammar
![Page 11: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pronunciation Pronunciation
Mutual unintelligible Northern dialects do not have voice sounds b-, d-,
g-, z-, v- and entering tone –p, -t, -k -? Wu dialect has voiced sounds, entering tones and
makes no distinction between z, c, s and zh, ch, sh Cantonese has entering tones, but no voiced
sounds.
![Page 12: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tonal differencesTonal differences
The number of tones vary in various dialects
Mandarin – 4 tones
1 2 3 4
Yīn Píng Yáng Píng Shǎng Shēng Qù Shēng
55 35 214 51
媽 麻 馬 罵
![Page 13: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tones in Wu and CantoneseTones in Wu and Cantonese
Wu Dialect –5 tones
1 2 3 4 5Yīn Píng Yīng Qù Yáng Qù Yīn Rù Yáng Rù
53 34 13 5 12
詩 使 時 識 食
![Page 14: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tones in Wu and CantoneseTones in Wu and Cantonese
Cantonese – 9 tones
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Yīn Yáng Yīn Yáng Yīn Yáng Yīn Zhōng YángPíng Píng Shàng Shàng Qù Qù Rù Rù Rù
55, 53 21, 11 35 13 33 22 55 33 22
詩,夫 時, 扶 使苦 市婦 試富 事父 識忽 泄法 食佛
![Page 15: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vocabulary differences Vocabulary differences
Same concept - different words corn - yùmǐ: bàngzi, bāogǔ, bāomǐ, zhēnzhūmǐ
match - huǒchái: yánghuǒ, zìláihuǒ, qǔdēngr
drink tea - hē chá: chik zo (Shanghai), yam cha (Cantonese)
![Page 16: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vocabulary differencesVocabulary differences
Same word - different concepts
阿爹:父親(嘉興),祖父(蘇州),外祖父(廣西)
ādiē means:father (Jiaxing, Wu), grandfather from father’s side (Suzhou, Wu), grandfather from mother’s side (Guangxi)
![Page 17: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vocabulary differencesVocabulary differences
Dialect sun thing clothing wife we know
太陽 東西 衣服 妻子 我們 知道tàiyáng dōngxi yīfu qīzi wǒmen zhīdào
太陽 物事 衣裳 家主婆 阿拉 曉得tayang mez yizang kazibu ala xiaode
熱頭 野 衫 老婆 我地 知yaktou ye sam lopo ngodi ji
Putonghua
Shanghai
Cantonese
![Page 18: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Grammar differences are minor Grammar differences are minor
Word order:
給你錢:俾錢你(廣州)Putonghua: give you money.Shanghai: give you money. Cantonese: give money you.
你先走:你行先(廣州)Putonghua: you first go. Shanghai: you first go.Cantonese: you go first.
![Page 19: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
More grammatical examplesMore grammatical examples
I am as tall as you.
Putonghua 我同你一樣高 I with you same tall
Shanghai 我搭儂一樣高 I with you same tall
Cantonese 我同埋一樣高 I with you same tall
![Page 20: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
More grammatical examplesMore grammatical examples
Putonghua 坐飛機比坐火車快 Sit plane comp sit train fast
Shanghai 坐飛機比坐火車快 Sit plane comp sit train fast
Cantonese 坐飛機快過坐火車 Sit plane fast than sit train
![Page 21: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
More grammatical examplesMore grammatical examples
Putonghua 我給你一本書 I give you a book
Shanghai 我撥儂一本書 I give you a book
Cantonese 我俾本書佢 I give a book him
![Page 22: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Samples of dialectsSamples of dialects
Mandarin
Shanghai
Cantonese
Hakka
Chiuchou
The North Wind and the Sun
Once upon a time the North Wind and the Sun were arguing over which one’s power was greater. Just then a man wearing a very warm coat happened to pass by. [Seeing him,] the two of them decided to make an agreement” whichever one had the power to make the man take off that coat of his first, then the power of that one would be regarded as greater. Thereupon the North Wind blew with all his strength. Who would have thought that the harder he blew the tighter the man pulled his coat around his body! Finally, seeing that it was all of no use, the North Wind gave up. Then, the Sun sent out some really warm heat, and the man walking down the road immediately took off his coat. In this way, the North Wind was forced to admit that the Sun was greater than he was. (Ramsey, 1987, p.107)
![Page 23: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How were dialects formed? How were dialects formed?
Population distribution 人口的分佈Migration 集體遷移Geographical barrier 地理障礙Language contact 語言接觸
![Page 24: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Two theoriesTwo theories
Wang, James S. Y. Wave theory – language change starts in the center and radiates to peripheral areas like waves spread.
Kaufman and Thomason (1988, in Wadley, 1996) - Language borrowing and language shift theory – a) languages contact and borrow words from each other; b) groups of people move and learn the second language, their second language is a pidgin, then the pidgin was accepted by the target language speakers causing changes.
![Page 25: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Research on dialects Research on dialects
The earliest study of dialects was concentrated on vocabulary use. Yang Xiong’s “Dialects” (53 BC-AD18, Western Han) recorded words dating from Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the end of Western Han. It has 13 volumes, with 11,9000 words. Each word has a description of its use of area.
![Page 26: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Research on dialectsResearch on dialects
In 1924, Dialect Investigation Association was established in Beijing University. The alphabet used to describe dialects was developed.
In 1956, large scale investigation of dialects started.
In 1960, beginning of editing and compling the Descriptions of Dialects
![Page 27: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Research on dialectsResearch on dialects
Japan :Tokyo Foreign Language University, Asia and Africa Language and Culture Research Institute is the major research institute
![Page 28: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How to study dialects How to study dialects
Investigation of dialects: field work Analysis and description of dialect systems Publication of dialect description book and
map Use of computer to analyze dialects
![Page 29: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PutonghuaPutonghua (Common Speech)(Common Speech)
Need of Putonghua: The need for a unified language in China is obvious. Without a unified language (spoken), people will not be able to communicate. The question is which dialect to select as the standard language.
![Page 30: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Definition of PutonghuaDefinition of Putonghua
It is the Common Language (Putonghua), which has as its standard pronunciation the Peking pronunciation, as its basic dialect the Northern dialect, and as its grammatical model the exemplary literary works written in the modern colloquial.
![Page 31: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Promotion of PutonghuaPromotion of Putonghua
Means of instruction Mass media Language for aviation, railway and
other transportation vehiclesMilitary forces
![Page 32: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Questions and ConcernsQuestions and Concerns
Can Putonghua become native language of Chinese people?
Does Putonghua replace all dialects?
Is bilingualism viable?
![Page 33: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Reading assignments and Reading assignments and activitiesactivities
1. Ramsey: Chapter 1 (pp. 1-18) and Chapter 6 (pp 87-95, pp 98-107. Focus on Mandrin, Wu and Yue) (concise and clear description);
2. Optional: Norman: Chapter 8.1-4, 8.6, 8.8, 9.2 ( more detailed information about dialects), 10.1;
3. Surf the Internet and find some web sites related to Chinese dialects. Record the URLs.
![Page 34: Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012318/5681432c550346895daf9b02/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Review questions Review questions
1. What is a dialect? 2. How many major dialects are there in China? Are they mutually
intelligible? 3. What different features are observed in various dialects in terms of
pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar? 4. What is the major difference between Northern and Wu dialect and
Cantonese? 5. What factors influence the formation of dialects? 6. How and why to study dialects? 7. What is Putonghua? Why does China need Putonghua? 8. Do you think that Putonghua will finally become a unified
language? 9. Do you think that bilingualism/bidialectalism possible?