Topics•Diversity in Colonial America

•Social Unrest & New Ideas•Power Struggles

Diversity in Colonial AmericaDiversity in Colonial America ““By European standards America was extraordinarily diverse”By European standards America was extraordinarily diverse”

Anglican, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, Calvinist, Quaker, Shaker, Anglican, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, Calvinist, Quaker, Shaker, Moravian, Baptist, Catholic, Animist, Pagan, etc. etc. Moravian, Baptist, Catholic, Animist, Pagan, etc. etc.

1790 - 1/5 African Descent1790 - 1/5 African Descent 1790 – of white population 3/5 English, 1/5 Scottish or Irish, 1/5 Dutch, 1790 – of white population 3/5 English, 1/5 Scottish or Irish, 1/5 Dutch,

French, German, Swedish or other.French, German, Swedish or other.

Coastal urban society vs. backwoods frontier farmers & traders; Coastal urban society vs. backwoods frontier farmers & traders; Homogenous New England vs. Heterogeneous Middle Colonies vs. Homogenous New England vs. Heterogeneous Middle Colonies vs. Aristocratic Southern colonies; Slave South, ‘Free’ North, Wild West etc.Aristocratic Southern colonies; Slave South, ‘Free’ North, Wild West etc.

Slave, Indentured Servants, Sharecroppers, Yeoman Farmers, Mountain Slave, Indentured Servants, Sharecroppers, Yeoman Farmers, Mountain Men, Artisans, Traders, Fishermen, Plantation Managers, Plantation elite, Men, Artisans, Traders, Fishermen, Plantation Managers, Plantation elite, Rich vs. PoorRich vs. Poor

Conservative vs. LiberalConservative vs. Liberal

Diversity in Colonial AmericaDiversity in Colonial America Diversity came as a result of the way America was Diversity came as a result of the way America was

settled. The earliest colonies were set up by:settled. The earliest colonies were set up by: Commercial companiesCommercial companies Religious organizationsReligious organizations Individual entrepreneursIndividual entrepreneurs NOT GovernmentsNOT Governments

By late 1600’s European governments started to exert By late 1600’s European governments started to exert more control over the growing colonies.more control over the growing colonies.

Spurred on by Spurred on by MercantilistMercantilist theory theory ““The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth

centuries. The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing centuries. The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation's commercial interests. government regulation concerning all of the nation's commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports.”imports via tariffs and maximizing exports.”

Diversity in Colonial AmericaDiversity in Colonial America From Self-Governing to Proprietary ColoniesFrom Self-Governing to Proprietary Colonies

European nations began to take a more active hand in the European nations began to take a more active hand in the colonies by appointing royal governors and proprietors.colonies by appointing royal governors and proprietors.

Proprietor: A person or persons granted royal charter over Proprietor: A person or persons granted royal charter over land in America.land in America.

Many proprietors had utopian or highly idealistic visions Many proprietors had utopian or highly idealistic visions for “their’ colonies.for “their’ colonies.

ExamplesExamples Roger Williams = Rhode Island: Complete religious tolerationRoger Williams = Rhode Island: Complete religious toleration George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) = Maryland: A haven for CatholicsGeorge Calvert (Lord Baltimore) = Maryland: A haven for Catholics Eight Noblemen = Carolina: A hierarchical manorial society with a Eight Noblemen = Carolina: A hierarchical manorial society with a

hereditary nobility (neo-feudal structure)hereditary nobility (neo-feudal structure) James Oglethorpe = Georgia: A haven for white debtors and therefore James Oglethorpe = Georgia: A haven for white debtors and therefore

anti-slavery.anti-slavery. William Penn = Pennsylvania: A haven for Quakers based on Quaker William Penn = Pennsylvania: A haven for Quakers based on Quaker

principles.principles.

Diversity in Colonial AmericaDiversity in Colonial AmericaMercantilism versus PragmatismMercantilism versus Pragmatism

Although European governments desired Although European governments desired profit above all else, the need to ensure a profit above all else, the need to ensure a steady supply of colonists required them to steady supply of colonists required them to promise many things including:promise many things including:

Economic opportunityEconomic opportunity LandLand WorkWork Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion Self-GovernmentSelf-Government ProtectionProtection

•Mostly English, some Scottish &Irish.

•Generally Puritan

•Lumbermen, Fishermen, Small Farmers, Trade!

•Little Slavery

•The most ethnically diverse The most ethnically diverse of the coloniesof the colonies

•New York originally colonized New York originally colonized •by the Dutch and named New by the Dutch and named New AmsterdamAmsterdam

•Large percentage of German, Large percentage of German, Swedish, Dutch, Scottish and Swedish, Dutch, Scottish and IrishIrish

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Founded by William Penn (Penn’s Wood’s)Founded by William Penn (Penn’s Wood’s)

Son of High-Ranking British Naval OfficerSon of High-Ranking British Naval Officer Became a Quaker in late adolescenceBecame a Quaker in late adolescence Given Pennsylvania by King Charles II in lieu of Given Pennsylvania by King Charles II in lieu of

$80,000 debt owed his father$80,000 debt owed his father Penn viewed this as his “Holy Experiment”Penn viewed this as his “Holy Experiment”

A chance to create a haven for Quakers and a colony based A chance to create a haven for Quakers and a colony based on Quaker beliefs.on Quaker beliefs.

Very liberal governmentVery liberal government Religious libertyReligious liberty Pacifism and friendly relations with Native Americans (no Pacifism and friendly relations with Native Americans (no

major Indian wars)major Indian wars) Eventually failed to live up to Penn’s dreams.Eventually failed to live up to Penn’s dreams.

The QuakersThe Quakers One of many “radical and millenarian religious groups” that One of many “radical and millenarian religious groups” that

emerged as a response to the English Civil Wars of the mid emerged as a response to the English Civil Wars of the mid 1600’s.1600’s. Others:Others:

Diggers & Levelers – rejected private property & Diggers & Levelers – rejected private property & abolish class structure.abolish class structure.

Ranters – religious worship through hedonism or bodily Ranters – religious worship through hedonism or bodily pleasure (i.e. drinking, eating, smoking, sex, etc.)pleasure (i.e. drinking, eating, smoking, sex, etc.)

Against all forms of hierarchy and authoritarianism (liberal, Against all forms of hierarchy and authoritarianism (liberal, anarchist tendencies)anarchist tendencies) Refused to “doff hats” & swear oaths.Refused to “doff hats” & swear oaths. Gender equalityGender equality PacifistPacifist Salvation available to all.Salvation available to all.

STUDENT OBJECTIVES

After viewing the program students should be able to:

1. List some of the main religious, political, and economic motives the free immigrants from Europe had for coming to the Middle Colonies and explain the difficulties they encountered in America.

2. Compare and contrast how each of the Middle

Colonies was established and governed.

3. Describe Quaker beliefs and identify how they caused

political troubles in both Europe and America.

Middle Colonies Video QuizMiddle Colonies Video Quiz

Directions: Answer the following statements either true or false.

1. True or False? New Netherland was founded a long time before Pennsylvania.

2. True or False? England conquered New Netherland without bloodshed.

3. True or False? The violent beliefs of the Quakers caused them to be unpopular in England.

4. True or False? The colony of New Jersey was originally part of New York.

Making_the_Thirteen_Colonies__The_Middle_Colonies.lnk

Middle Colonies Video QuizMiddle Colonies Video Quiz

5. True or False? Pennsylvania and New Jersey were proprietorship colonies.

6. True or False? William Penn was a Puritan. 7. True or False? Patroons were poor Dutch settlers. 8. True or False? Sweden once had a colony in

Delaware. 9. True or False? Philadelphia grew to be the biggest

city in the English colonies. 10. True or False? The colony of Delaware was

named for a Virginia governor.

South CarolinaSouth Carolina

Envisioned a neo-feudal societyEnvisioned a neo-feudal society Created the “Fundamental Constitutions of Created the “Fundamental Constitutions of

Carolina” written by John Locke Carolina” written by John Locke Called for a 3-tiered nobility to serve in a Council of Called for a 3-tiered nobility to serve in a Council of

LordsLords Most closely resembled the slaveholding Caribbean Most closely resembled the slaveholding Caribbean

coloniescolonies 1708 – Slaves outnumbered whites1708 – Slaves outnumbered whites 1730 – 2x as many slaves as free whites1730 – 2x as many slaves as free whites 1/3 of slaves were Indians!1/3 of slaves were Indians!

Making_the_Thirteen_Colonies__The_Southern_Colonies.lnk

Video DiscussionVideo Discussion1. List some of the main religious, political, and economicmotives that free immigrants from Europe experiencedwhen coming to the Southern Colonies.

2. Describe the opportunities for European immigrantsand indentured servants in the Southern Colonies, andexplain the difficulties they encountered.

3. Describe the reasons for the importation of Africanslaves into the Southern Colonies.

4. Identify the problems that developed between theNative Americans and English settlers in the SouthernColonies.

5. Compare and contrast how each southern colony wasestablished and governed.

Part II – Social UnrestPart II – Social Unrest

New England: Quakers and other non-Puritans New England: Quakers and other non-Puritans punished and maltreated.punished and maltreated.

South: 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1739 Stono’s Slave South: 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1739 Stono’s Slave RebellionRebellion

The First Great AwakeningThe First Great Awakening Splintering of American ProtestantismSplintering of American Protestantism

Old LightsOld Lights vs. vs. New LightsNew Lights Evangelical and Highly DemocraticEvangelical and Highly Democratic Occurred throughout America – transcended regional Occurred throughout America – transcended regional

boundariesboundaries

The_Stono_Rebellion.lnk

The_Great_Awakening.lnk

Part III – Power StrugglesPart III – Power StrugglesTwo Parallel StrugglesTwo Parallel Struggles Imperial struggle between France and BritainImperial struggle between France and Britain Indigenous struggle between Algonquin groups vs. Indigenous struggle between Algonquin groups vs.

Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy Most famous was the Seven Years War (a.k.a. The Most famous was the Seven Years War (a.k.a. The

French and Indian War)French and Indian War) Unlike previous conflicts that began in Europe this war Unlike previous conflicts that began in Europe this war

began in the colonies over competition for control of the began in the colonies over competition for control of the Ohio River Valley.Ohio River Valley.

The eventual French defeat left many Native American The eventual French defeat left many Native American groups without allies and were therefore susceptible to groups without allies and were therefore susceptible to British intrusions onto their land.British intrusions onto their land.

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