47 48

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What were the characteristics of the Byzantine

Empire?

Byzantine Empire - 330 A.D. to 1453 A.D.

- Europe divides east/west

- Eastern part = Byzantine Empire

- Emperor Constantine moves capital to the East

- Constantinople = capital city, largest city during Middle

Ages

- New center for Christian authority

- Trading center for spice, silk, jewelry, furs, wheat,

honey

Reasons for the survival of the Byzantine Empire

- Benefited from a rich infusion of Greek, Roman,

Christian, and Middle Eastern cultures,

- Located between Europe and Asia = center of trade

and great wealth

- Powerful emperor with a strong central administration

and a single set of laws

- Taxed merchants and peasants to support a large

standing army

Emperor Justinian

- Had absolute power

- Believed to have been chosen by God

- Creates Justinian’s Code (529 AD)

- A preservation of Roman law in writing

- Byzantine great accomplishment

- Influenced Roman laws

- Greater rights and privileges for women

- Required all to belong to the Eastern Orthodox Christian

faith

Emperor Justinian collected

all of the existing Roman laws

and organized them into a

single code – listing all the

laws and opinions on each

subject

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Justinian Code

49 50

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What were the characteristics of Christianity

during the Byzantine Empire?

Great Schism 1054

- Creates 2 distinct denominations (branch) of

Christianity

- Divides western Catholicism in Rome and Eastern

Orthodoxy in Constantinople

- Each side accusing the other of heresy ( writing or

saying something against the church)

- Creates political division

- Language and customs are different

Roman Catholicism – Western Europe

- Pope has authority over all other bishops, kings, and

emperors

- Services conducted in Latin

- Priest cannot marry

- Divorce is not permitted

Eastern Orthodoxy – Eastern Europe

- Patriarch, bishops lead the church as a collect group

- Services conducted in Greek

- Priest may marry

- Divorce is allowed under certain circumstances

Hagia Sophia – enormous cathedral built under Justinian

- Create close connection between church and state

- Giant dome, included colorful icons and mosaics.

A split between the Eastern

Orthodox Church and the

Roman Catholic Church in

1054. The Byzantines

developed their own form of

Christianity – Eastern

Orthodoxy – and did not

recognize the Pope as the

head of their church.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE/

CHARACTERISTICS

SIGNIFICANCE

Great Schism

1. Why is Diocletian important to the development of the Byzantine Empire? 2. Why was Constantinople important? 3. What are Emperor Justinian’s achievements? 4.What was the Hagia Sophia? 5.What was the Code of Justinian and what is its impact today?

51 52

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What role did Charlemagne play in shaping

modern Europe?

Who were the Franks and who was there leader?

Franks = barbarians who became Christians

- Lead by Pepin

How did Charlemagne expand the borders?

Were non believers accepted?

What happened after the death of Charlemagne?

He united a large part of

Europe during the early

Middle Ages and laid the

foundations for modern

France, Germany and the

Low Countries.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Charlemagne

53 54

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: How did the system of feudalism restore order

to Western Europe?

Feudalism = political and social system,

- Lords (noblemen) = agreed to protect and supply land

- The people agreed to work for the lord

- Fief = land guaranteed

- People turned to noble land owners for protection

Vassal = any man who served a lord militarily

- Knights

Manoralism

- The lords house and surrounding area

- Serfs = peasants living in the area

- Raised and produced everything for that community

- No voice in government

- Worked long hours for protection

- Harsh living conditions

Castles built as fortresses for protection

- Architectural style in Europe

- Reflected the influence of feudal warfare

Germanic tribes converted

- Spread Christianity to northern Europe

Impact

- Politically unified Europe

- Created common culture

- Common usage of Latin

- Catholic church gains large amount of property

ILLUSTRATION

SIGNIFICANCE

Feudalism

Manoralism

ILLUSTRATION

Towns were tied to

the lords and the land

Stone walls

Space was limited

inside, dirty

Houses were close

together

Close proximity = fire

danger

SIGNIFICANCE

Begun by the Franks and

spread to all of Western

Europe, kings offered nobles a

grant of land, known as a feud

or fief, in exchange for loyalty

and service. The nobleman,

known as the vassal, gave

allegiance to the king.

an economic system

structured around a lord’s

manor, or estate. Under the

manorial system, each group

in society had a place; each

also had certain rights and

responsibilities.

EXAMPLE

55 56

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What were the reasons that inspired Europeans

to take part in the Crusades?

Christian monks = scribe

- Biblical and classical works were preserved

- Cathedrals were center on of town life

Monks and nuns formed religious communities

- Created hospitals, libraries, hotels

- Church = religious and social center

- Services, social gatherings, and festivals

Unifying Christianity

- Shared beliefs bond the people

- Church = stability and security

- Church creates canon law

- Systems of justice to regulate people’s conduct

Thomas Aquinas

- Philosopher

- Believed truth was known through reason and faith

Aquinas showed how

Christianity was compatible

with works by Aristotle and

said that God had given man

the power to reason to help

him explain and interpret the

world. There fore, we should

trust reason as well as faith.

.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Thomas Aquinas

58

Topic: Middle Ages Europe EQ: What events contributed to the end of the

Middle Ages in Europe?

Crusades

- Wars fought to regain Holy Lands from the Muslims

- Christians felt threatened by Muslims expansion and

power

- Took place in present day Palestine and Israel

Pope Urban II (1095 AD) began the Crusades

- Wanted Jerusalem to be in Christian lands

- Hoped to reunite Roman Catholicism and Eastern

Orthodox Church

- More than 10,000 troops sent

- Massacred thousands of people

4 Crusades over 200 years

- Church promised salvation to those who participates

- Pilgrims, knights, wives, children participate

Impact of Crusades

- Europeans learned zero in math

- Trade increased between middle east and Europe

- Silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume, cotton traded

- Hostility among Muslims, Christian, Jews

- Power of the pope weakened

Bubonic Plague (1347 AD)

- fever, black tumor on the neck, armpits, groin

- Size increase from egg to apple

- Live about a week

- Horrified people

- Punishment from God?

- Fleas on rats spread the disease

- Arrived through trade on ships

- 33% of Europe’s population died

-

100 Years War

ILLUSTRATION

SIGNIFICANCE

Created the

boundaries for

todays England and

France.

CHARACTERISTICS

- Fought 116 years

- England wanted

control of France

A war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth. The kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne..

57

59 60

Topic: Middle Ages South west Asia EQ: What were the main believes in Islam?

The Rise of Islam

- Muhammad founded Islam in Mecca

- Vision from Angel Gabriel

- Told to convert the Arab tribes to believe in one

God (Allah)

- Same God as the Jews and Christians

Medina = city that Muhammad fled to in 622 AD

- Became a popular religious leader

Jihad = holy war (630 AD)

- Gathered army, retook Mecca

- Arabian peninsula united, converted to Islam

Quran = sacred text of Islam

- Records the words from God

- References Jews and Christians

- Forms of worship proper conduct, treatment of

women

5 Pillars of Islam

- Faith in 1 God

- Prayer

- Charity

- Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca

- Fasting during the month of Ramadan

61 62

Topic: Middle Ages Southwest Asia EQ: What lead to the rise of Islam?

Arabic = common language under Islam

Arab Muslims set out to convert non-believers

- Created a large empire

- Spans from Arabian Peninsula to Indus River

Valley

Caliph = successors to Muhammad

Umayyad Caliphate

- Capital or Arab world moved to Damascus, Syria

- Sunni Muslims = followed new Caliph

- Shiite Muslims = believed only descendants of

Mohammad could be caliph (male)

- Still divided today!

Abbasids Caliphate

- Focused on trade not war

- Baghdad = new capital

- Government with absolute rule

- Converted or enslaved polytheistic people

Golden Age of Muslim Culture

- Algebra, geometry

- Geometric art designs = flowers, stars, mosaics

- Discovered blood moves to and from the heart

- Diagnosed measles, small pox

- Built palaces, mosques

-

Roman Empire Islamic Empire

What was

the main

religion?

Who ruled

the empire?

Name 3

cultural

achievemen

ts

Who did

they borrow

ideas from?

63 64 Stapled Scantron

2Q3W Golden Age of Islam Achievements

65 66

Topic: Post Classical EQ: How did the African Gold-Salt trade facilitate

the spread of ideas?

67 68 Topic: Post Classical

EQ: What was the major impact of the Ottoman Empire?

The Ottomans – Turkish group from central Asia

- 13th century = rulers of the Islamic world

- Captured Constantinople (1453) - Byzantine Empire fell

- Renamed the Constantinople to Istanbul

- Controlled Mediterranean Sea

- United all of the Muslims under their rule

Controlled Silk Road

- Stopped trade along the Silk Road for a time

- Forced China and Europe to find different routes

- Lead to the exploration by sea

- Travel by sea = Americas

Ottoman Rulers

- Rulers = Sultan

- Land ruled by Sultan = Sultanate

- Suleiman the Magnificent (1500) unites Muslim world

- Janissaries = soldiers recruited in childhood used to protect

Empire

Religious Tolerance

Allowed Christians and Jews

– to have their own communities,

– represented by their own leaders,

– make their own laws,

– collect their own taxes

Islamic state founded by

Osman in northwestern

Anatolia. After the fall of the

Byzantine Empire, the

Ottoman Empire was based

at Istanbul (formerly

Constantinople) from 1453-

1922. It encompassed lands

in the Middle East, North

Africa, the Caucasus, and

eastern Europe.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Ottoman Empire

69 70

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What were the major influences of the Mughal

Empire? Muslim Invasion of India

- Enter through the Khyber Pass during 1th and 12th

century

- Establish Sultanates in India

- Spread Islam into predominantly Hindu area

Mughal Empire 1526 -1837

- Defeated the Turkish Muslims in N India

- Remained Muslims

- Used guns to control there people and fight enemies

- “Gunpowder Empire”

Akbar the Great

- Most famous Mughal ruler

- Conquered other Muslim and Hindu regions

- United N. India

- Allowed religious freedom

- Divided his land into 12 regions

- Officials supervised local government, enforced laws,

collected taxes

- Encouraged learning, painting, music literature

Taj Mahal

- Built by emperor Shan Johan (not tolerant of Hinduism)

- Tomb for his wife

- Example of architectural achievement

- Merged Persian, Islamic, and Indian style

Sikhism – N India (Punjab)

- Combines Hinduism and Islam

- Founded by Guru Nanak

- Believe in 1 God

Hinduism

Islam

Sikhism

71 72

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What were the major achievements of the Tang

and Song Dynasty?