Topic: Supranationalism & Devolution Aim: For what various reasons do states cooperate with one another? Do Now: Why might states have a need to depend on one another, and for what reasons? Supranationalism: formation of multi-state unions to benefit insiders and disadvantage outsiders (Examples???) Devolution: forces that divide and destabilize the traditional state (e.g. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, more autonomy in Scotland and Wales) 3 types of supranational unions: Economic, Political/Diplomatic, Military Political and Military Cooperation The United Nations (1945): 1.51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security 2.Today UN membership totals 192 countries. 3.5 permanent members of Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States 4.Mixed support on recent issues (e.g. overthrowing Saddam Hussein, Palestinian statehood, etc) Cold War Competition and Alliances: Division of world into military alliances resulted from the emergence of two superpowers- U.S. and Soviet Union. Military Cooperation in Europe NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 16 democratic states, including the U.S., Canada, and 14 other European states. Warsaw Pact Military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack. EUROPE MILITARY AND ECONOMIC ALLIANCES (left) During the Cold War. Western European countries joined the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), whereas Eastern European countries joined COMECON and the Warsaw Pact. (right) PostCold War. COMECON and the Warsaw Pact have been disbanded, whereas the European Union and NATO have accepted and plan to accept new members. Economic Alliances NAFTA-North American Free Trade Association ACS-Association of Caribbean States Central American Common Market, the Andean Group, MERCOSUR-the Southern Cone Community Market ECOWAS-Economic Community of West African States APEC-Asia-Pacific Economic Council CIS Commonwealth Independent States-former Soviet Organization of American States (OAS): 35 states in Western Hemisphere African Unity (AU): formerly Organization of African Unity (OAU); promotes economic integration in Africa Commonwealth: promotes economic and cultural cooperation between the UK and 53 states that were once British colonies The European Union (5:51) Evolution of the EU: European Coal and Steel Community (1951): West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands European Economic Community or EEC established by Treaty of Rome (1957) European Community or Common Market (1971): Denmark, UK, and Ireland join 1981: Greece joins 1986: Spain and Portugal join 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden join Maastricht Treaty established EU (1992) 5 primary purposes of the EU: 1.Free Trade Union: no taxes or tariffs charged on goods crossing internal borders of the EU 2.Open border policy: no border control stations between EU member states. Can cross without stopping at customs or control inspections 3.Monetary union: In 2000, began conversion of money into the Euro, eliminating exchange fees (UK retained its currency 4.Judicial union: provides venues for cases between litigants in separate EU member states 5.Legislative bodies: 785-seat EU Parliament established to propose and approve laws The EU in the 21 st Century: Expanded to 12 countries during the 1980s; expanded to 27 in the 2000s. Main task of the EU is to promote development within member states through economic and political cooperation. Eurozone Most dramatic step toward integrating Europes nation-states into a regional organization. European Central Bank given responsibility of setting interest rates and minimizing inflation throughout the Eurozone. Common currency established- euro TRAVEL IN EUROPE Citizens of one EU state do not have to show passports to travel to other EU states. Current EU Members: Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany * Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom The Union is also talking with Turkey about how it will join the EU. EURO: Euro paper money shows a map of Europe and a bridge on one side and architecture on the other side. Rather than actual structures, the bridges and architecture features are designed to represent a period in history; for example, they represent ancient times on the 5 note. States Using Euro: 1.Austria 2.Belgium 3.Cyprus 4.Finland 5.France 6.Germany 7.Greece 8.Ireland 9. Italy 10. Luxembourg 11. Malta 12. Netherlands 13. Portugal 14. Slovakia 15. Slovenia 16. Spain States That Do Not Use Euro: 1.United Kingdom 2.Bulgaria 3.Czech Rep. 4.Denmark 5.Estonia 6.Hungary 7.Latvia 8.Lithuania 9.Poland 10.Romania 11.Sweden 12.Norway UK uses pound and Denmark uses krone This coin shows Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the famous Austrian composer, depicting Austria as a land of music. Castles and Portuguese Coats of Arms are incorporated in the midst of the European stars symbolizing "dialogue... the exchange of values and the dynamics of the building of Europe". In the centre is a Royal Seal of 1144. Devolution: Devolution: Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state, or breakup of large state into several independent ones. What causes devolutionary movements? 1.Ethno-cultural forces 2.Economic forces 3.Spatial forces 1.) Ethno-nationalism Ethnonationalism: ethnic groups see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. Soviet Union (Case Study): 50 years a Bi-Polar World of Cold War arms race & danger of nuclear war. In 1980s centrifugal forces increased- multiculturalism, multi-nationalism, economic troubles Gorbachev loosened the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe & at home introduced perestroika (restructuring) & glasnost (openness) Fall of 1989 the Iron Curtain collapsed, the Berlin Wall was opened. The Devolution of Russia: Within Russia-16 autonomous homelands for some of the minorities-boundaries were changed to reward or punish certain groups Soviets created many geographical problems just like the colonial powers in Asia & Africa. Between about 5 additional republics recognized in Russia Checho-Ingushetia became Chechnya and Ingushetia. Chechnya: Muslim population in the Caucasus demanded independence-Moscow refused, war & destruction of Grozny resulted-terrorist attacks in Moscow, Beslan, etc. Russia had given in on many occasions-created 21 republics & 68 regions in a federal framework. The Devolution of the Soviet Union: Failed coup attempt in August 1991 led to the collapse of communism & dissolution of the USSR on Dec. 25, Commonwealth of Independent States created, Baltic States & Georgia stayed out & became completely independent. Muslim Azerbaijan & Christian Armenia had armed conflict. Georgia had a civil war, Abkhazia in Northwest declared independence Near Abroad - what the Russians called the 25 million Russians who live in the former Soviet Republics. Most of the worlds 200 states have multicultural populations. Spain-Basque & Catalonia in 1979 signed autonomy agreements Have their own parliaments Languages have official status Control over education Power of taxation But Basque separatist were not satisfied-continued bombing & terror attacks Top Basque ETA Protest Bottom Basque ETA bombing in Madrid Jan Spanish Army officer was killed Quebec: and Parti Quebecois in Canada Belgium: Flemish (Dutch) in north, Walloons (French) in south Sudan: Muslim north & Christian south Sri Lanka: Tamils, a Hindu minority fight for independence from the Sinhalese a Buddhist majority Anthony Bourdain Parts Unknown Quebec Yugoslavia erupted into Civil War in the 1990s Thrown together after WW I with Serbia as the core of The Land of the South Slavs 7 major, 17 minor ethnic groups, 3 religions & 2 alphabets North-Croats & Slovenes-Catholic South-Serbs are Orthodox, Muslim enclaves Rule by royal house of Serbia, during WWII German occupation the Croats supported the Nazis, Serbs fought as anti-Nazi partisans. Josip Broz Tito emerged as a communist leader after WWII-nationalism suppressed under his iron fist. After the death of Tito & later the collapse of communism-ethnic conflict of Croat versus Serb and everyone versus Muslims emerged again. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia- Montenegro & Macedonia became independent. Bosnia-no clear majority, Dayton Accords partitioned Bosnia & ended the civil war-Muslims 44%, Serbs 32% & Croatians 17% 2.) Spatial Forces of Devolution Spatial factors: remote frontiers, isolated villages, rugged topography or repeated historic invasions, or islands such as: Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, East Timor for Indonesians, Jolo (Philippines) Puerto Rico for the U.S., In 1997, native Hawaiians demanded return of rights lost during occupation by the U.S. In a 1997 poll, people in Scotland were asked whether they felt they were Scottish or British. They answered as follows: Belief that they were Scottish 28% Belief that they were more Scottish than British 35% Belief that they were equally British and Scottish 29% Belief that they were more British than Scottish 3% Belief that they were British and not Scottish 3% No thoughts on the issue 2% In 1999, the British Parliament agreed to allow Scotland to become more autonomous, especially with regard to self rule and issues related to paying taxes, thereby giving Scotland their own Parliament. 3.) Economic Forces: Poor regions can feel disadvantaged by wealthier ones, or wealthier regions can feel put upon by subsidies to poorer ones. Examples include: 1.Italy: the richer North pushed for autonomy from poorer South (the Mezzorgiorno). Despite subsidies, the development gap is growing. 2.Spain: Catalonians have 6% of territory, 17% of population, but 25% of exports, and 40% of industrial product. Devolutionary demands by Catalonian nationalists. 3.Brazil: Wealthier provinces of southern Brazil argue their tax money is being misspent by the government for assistance to Amazonia. 1990s the 3 southern states: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana elected a leader, create a flag, and demanded independence for the Republic of the Pampas. The Forces of Devolution: Ironically with EU & adoption of euro greater centrifugal forces in Europe. Londons decision to join EU encouraged Scottish nationalism. 1990s Scottish National Party encouraged devolution Labour Party gave Scots & Welsh chance to vote-both voted to have their own parliaments Catalonia, Spain: Barcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain.