TOPIC: EvolutionAIM: Explain the theory of Natural

Selection.

Do Now: 1. Take out your Natural Selection

Reading Notes.2. Next slide

HW: Castle Learning due Tuesday

Human gene for clotting factors

Bacterial DNA

Process X

YZ

1. Identify structure Y.2. Identify process X.3. Identify structures Z.4. Identify the process represented in the diagram.

Recombinant DNA

Mitosis

Bacteria that produce clotting

factors

1. What are the genotypes of the individuals from generation 1?HETEROZYGOUS

2. How many offspring did the first generation have?

FIVE

3. What are the genotypes of the parents in generation 3?

HETEROZYGOUS

4. How many offspring of generation 3 have the trait?

TWO

1. According to this evolutionary tree, which species is the common ancestor?

2. Which 2 species are most closely related?a. Flatworms and Spongesb. Mollusks and Annelidsc. Annelids and Arthropodsd. Rotifers and Cnidarians

3. Which species is more complex?a. Protists b. Rotifersc. Echinoderms d. Mollusks

Protists

Lamarck • First person to propose a theory of evolution.–Inheritance of

acquired traits.

–Theory of use and disuse.

(because of a need)

Weismann• Acquired

characteristics are NOT passed on to offspring

• Cut off the tails of mice for 22 generations – Offspring born with

tails

CharlesDarwin

• 1830’s• Studies on Galapagos

Islands

Natural Selection

5 main points:

Overproduction

Variation

Survival of the fittest

Competition

Speciation

1. One of the prime motives for all species is to reproduce and survive, passing on the genetic information of the species from generation to generation. When species do this they tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support.

OVERPRODUCTION

2. Darwin noted many differences in the species he observed on his trip to the Galapagos Islands.

VARIATION

• Ex: Polar bears with thicker fur• Darwin wasn’t able to explain where

variations came from

3. The lack of resources to nourish these individuals places pressure on the size of the species population, and the lack of resources means an increased struggle between these organisms, and as a consequence, some organisms will not survive.

COMPETITION

4. The organisms that die as a consequence of this competition were not totally random. Darwin found that those organisms more suited to their environment (those with favorable traits or adaptations) were more likely to survive.

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

5. Overtime, the offspring of individuals with helpful adaptations make up more of a population and eventually may become a separate species.

SPECIATION

Darwin’s Model of Evolution

Darwin observed a 13 species of finches that were all similar except for differences in body size, beak shape and eating habits.

2. Describe the reason why organisms do not survive, according to Darwin.

• Less suited organisms are “weeded out” because they lack favorable adaptations.

3. Identify an example of a favorable adaptation that you have observed in a species.

Camouflage

Leaf-tailed gecko

Ducks are birds that have waterproof

feathers. They live on a pond and on land.

Habitat: Dry inland Australia, including deserts and grasslands

Adaptations:

•They are able to go with out drinking as long as green grass is available and it adapts well to drought.

•They can hop as fast as 40 mph (64 km).  They use this as their first line of defense. 

•The tail serves as a balance when the animal leaps and as a prop when it stands.

Kangaroos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper

4. Why does Darwin believe organisms “evolve?”

• They evolve to suit their environment (where they have a better chance of survival)

5. State Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.

• Organisms with favorable adaptations will survive, reproduce, and pass on the trait to offspring.

• Organisms with unfavorable adaptations will not survive.

Overproduction

Survival of the Fittest

Speciation

Competition

Let’s summarize…

1.Identify the name of Darwin’s theory of evolution.

2.What organism did he observe at the Galapagos islands?

3.According to Darwin, which organisms survive? Why?

4.Identify that Darwin does not explain.

5.Why do organisms compete?

6.What makes an organism “most fit” to survive?

7. Which process involves one species evolving into many species overtime?

NATURAL SELECTION

FINCHES

THOSE WITH FAVORABLE ADAPTATIONS.THEY ARE BETTER ABLE TO SURVIVE.

VARIATION

FOR RESOURCES

THEY HAVE A FAVORABLE ADAPTATION

SPECIATION

1. Identify the finch that lives on an island with fruit as the main source of food. Support your answer.Vegetarian finchThey have parrot-like beaks.

2. Identify the finch that lives on an island with cacti as the main source of food. Support your answer.Cactus ground finchThey have probing bills.

3. Describe what occurs on an island inhabiting small ground finches and medium ground finches.

The finches will compete for food.

4. Can vegetarian finch and large ground finches inhabit the same island? Support your answer.

Yes.They eat different types of food.

6. There are 2 types of worms: worms that EAT AT NIGHT (nocturnal) and worms that EAT DURING THE DAY (diurnal). Birds eat during the day and seem to be eating only the diurnal worms while the nocturnal worms are in their burrows. Each spring when the worms reproduce, that have about 500 babies but only 100 of these ever become old enough become old enough to reproduce.

•Favorable adaptation:•Unfavorable adaptation:•If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would the species have?

Eating at night (not caught by birds)

Eating during the day

Nocturnal worms

7. There are 3 types of polar bears: one with thick coats, one with thin coats and one with medium coats. It is fall, soon to be WINTER. The temperature is dropping rapidly and the bears must remain warm or they will freeze to death. Many of the bears have approximately 2 cubs (baby bears) each but due to extreme temperatures, many mothers only have 1 cub left. •Favorable adaptation:•Unfavorable adaptation:•If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would the species have?

Thick coats

Thin coats

Polar bears with thick coats

8. There are 2 types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and those that strictly eat berries and flowers. A DROUGHT occurs one year, and the plants have difficulty producing any extras (flowers, berries, etc.) and remain green. The rabbits have reproduced all year, but many are eaten by foxes or hawks. Due to the drought, many rabbits have starved to death.•Favorable adaptation:•Unfavorable adaptation:•If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would the species have?

Eating grass

Eating berries and flowers

Rabbits that eat grass

The diversity within the wild bird species in the diagram below can best be explained by which process?

(1) natural selection   (3) ecological succession(2) asexual reproduction (4) mitotic cell division

Which concept would be correctly placed in box X?

(1) use and disuse    

(2) variation           

(3) transmission of acquired traits

(4) changes in nucleic acids

Which statement is not part of the concept of natural selection?

(1) Individuals that possess the most favorable variations will have the best chance of reproducing.

(2) Variation occurs among individuals in a population.

(3) More individuals are produced than will survive.

(4) Genes of an individual adapt to a changing environment

According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce?

(1)Some individuals pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes.

(2)Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are.

(3)Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes.

(4)Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment. 

Charles Darwin proposed that organisms produce many more offspring than can possible survive on the limited amount of resources available to them. According to Darwin, the offspring that are most likely to survive are those that  (1.) are born first and grow fastest  (2.) are largest and most aggressive  (3.) have no natural predators  (4.) are best adapted to the environment

Darwin's studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches' differences in beak structure were most directly due to 

(1.) acquired characteristics in the parent finches 

(2.) the size of the island where the finches live 

(3.) mating behaviors of the different finch species 

(4.) adaptations of the finches to different environments

According to Charles Darwin, one factor that affects the evolution of a species is 

(1.) variation due to genetic mutations 

(2.) rapid fossil formation  (3.) survival of the fittest  (4.) exposure to environmental

pollutants

                                                     

1. How many people in this pedigree chart have the recessive trait?

2. How many people in this pedigree chart are carriers?

3. How many offspring are found in generation 2?

4. What is the chance of the individuals in generation 1 having a child with the recessive trait?

1. How many individuals make up generation 2?

2. What are the genotypes of the individuals in generation 1?

3. How many individuals make up generation 3?

Habitat: Tropical forestAdaptations: •Opposable thumb enables manipulation of objects; big toe also opposable for grasping.

•Large and powerful arms used to break stalks or uproot vegetation while foraging.

•High intelligence probably an adaptation for finding scarce or isolated fruit plants in the rain forest.

Gorillas

Habitat: Dry deserts

Adaptations:•The spines serve a number of purposes in addition to protection from hungry and thirsty animals.•They provide shade, serve as a windbreak to prevent dehydration from dry winds, and help trap warm air close to the plant.•The root systems of cacti are very close to the surface of the soil, making it possible for them to take advantage of the slightest rain shower.

Cactus

1. The letter X most likely represents (1.)   bacterial cells that are unable to synthesize insulin (2.)   human cells that are able to synthesize antibodies (3.)   bacterial cells that are able to synthesize insulin (4.)   human cells that are unable to resist antibiotics

2. What is this process an example of?

Genetic engineering

Which sequence shows the largest structure to the smallest structure?

1.gene – DNA – chromosome

2.DNA – gene – chromosome

3.gene – chromosome – DNA

4.chromosome – gene – DNA

White short-horned cattle and Black Angus cattle have been crossed to produce offspring with superior beef and rapid growth qualities.

Identify technique used. Support your answer.

1. Beth does not have green hair. Is she a carrier? Explain.

Yes she is a carrier.

All of her offspring have green hair, so she is carrying one recessive allele.

2. Bunny, who has blond hair, is a carrier of the green hair gene. She claims to be the long lost child of Great Grandma and Great Grandpa Berg. Should they include her as a daughter in their will? Explain.

No. Great Grandma and Great Grandpa Berg are homozygous recessive so Bunny should have green hair if she is their daughter.

1. What process is represented in the diagram?

Genetic engineering.

2. Identify structure Y.

Recombinant DNA

3.What does X represent?

Bacteria that produce insulin

4. Identify the cell division occurring in this process.

Mitosis

.

Y