TOPIC 6.6 HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS & REPRODUCTION · Understandings U1: Insulin and glucagon are...

TOPIC 6.6 – HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS & REPRODUCTION

6.6 – A – Hormones

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.6 3Homeostasis is a biological state of equilibrium that results from

many different processes. Cells are able to respond to changes in

order to maintain this balance.

https://online.science.psu.edu/sites/default/files/biol141/figure_01_04_labeled.jpg

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.6 4

https://www.reliablerxpharmacy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Estrogen-Hormones-in-a-Woman%E2%80%99s-Body.jpg

Hormones are chemical signals used to regulate cell activity

throughout the body. There is a wide variety of hormones, each

having an effect on different organs or tissues.

Understandings

U1: Insulin and glucagon are secreted by beta and alpha cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentration.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Insulin

5

http://www.mangomannutrition.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Digestive-Physiology.jpg

Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced in the pancreas. They

play a role in regulating blood glucose levels.

Insulin – produced by beta-cells

when glucose levels increase as a

result of eating.

It stimulates:

• Cells to uptake and metabolize

glucose

• The liver to convert glucose into

glycogen. This stores it for

future use by…

Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Glucagon

6

https://dtc.ucsf.edu/images/charts/1.h.epi_rev1.jpg

Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced in the pancreas. They

play a role in regulating blood glucose levels.

Glucagon – produced by alpha-cells

when glucose levels drop. It

stimulates:

• The breakdown of glycogen to

glucose molecules in the liver.

The resulting glucose are

released into the blood for use

by body tissue cells.

Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Insulin

Glucagon

7

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vqqlwTB4a8w/UNYMFGBqP-I/AAAAAAAAAZs/ZmoOqoB_Imc/s1600/endocrine32.PNG.jpg

Together, insulin and glucagon help maintain homeostasis in blood

sugar levels throughout the body.

Applications

A1: Causes and treatment of Type I and Type II diabetes.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Diabetes

8

http://agscientific.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/diabetes.jpg

Diabetes is a conditoin where an individual’s body is unable to

effectively decrease blood-sugar levels. If untreated, it can lead to

damaged tissues. There are two types…

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Type I Diabetes

9

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Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where beta-cells are

attacked. This results in the body being unable to produce sufficient

insulin to signal glucose uptake by cells.

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Type I Diabetes

10

http://www.healthcentral.com/sites/www.healthcentral.com/files/diabetic-treatment1.jpeg

Since the body cannot

produce insulin, type I

diabetes can be treated

by regularly injecting

insulin.

Blood-glucose monitors

can be used to track

concentrations of

glucose in the blood.

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Type II Diabetes

11

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Toxu1JVAKd8/maxresdefault.jpg

Type II diabetes onsets later in life and results when cells are unable

to respond to insulin. This is the cause of a deficiency of insulin

receptors and is thought to be the result of a poor diet.

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Type II Diabetes

12

http://images.agoramedia.com/everydayhealth/gcms/Ways-to-Beat-Type-2-Diabetes-1440x810.jpg

Since the body cannot effectively respond to insulin, treatment

involves adjusting diet to prevent spikes in blood sugar. Starchy

foods should only be eaten if they have a low glycemic index.

VID

EO

SIB BIO – 6.6 • CrashCourse – Endocrine System Pt I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWHH9je2zG4

• Insulin & Glucagonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDm9hEOn8zc

• What is Type I Diabeteshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OOWhuC_9Lw

• Understanding Type II Diabeteshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAjZv41iUJU

13

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWHH9je2zG4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDm9hEOn8zc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OOWhuC_9Lw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAjZv41iUJU

Understandings

U2: Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Thyroxin

14

https://www.renewedvitalitymd.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Thyroid1.jpg

Thyroxin is a hormone

secreted by the thyroid

gland located in the neck.

Its role is to regulate the

metabolic rate in almost all

cells in the body.

It also controls body

temperature by affecting

metabolism.

Understandings

U2: Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Thyroxin

Hypothyroidism

15

http://www.bellinghamnaturopathic.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Signs_and_symptoms_of_hypothyroidism.png

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid glands do not

produce adequate amounts of thyroxin. Symptoms are shown below

and treatment involves taking a synthetic replacement.

Understandings

U3: Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Leptin

Leptin is a hormone secreted by fat cells in adipose tissues. It

targets cells in the hypothalamus and helps to control appetite.

When food is eaten, its levels increases which inhibits hunger.

16

http://danielapetrache.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Leptina-in-obezitate-690x440.jpg

Applications

A2: Testing of leptin on patients with clinical obesity and reasons for the failure to control the disease.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Leptin

As shown in the graph below, a positive correlation has been shown

between obesity and levels of leptin. Increased levels of leptin can

result in resistance to the hormone, making appetite hard to control.

17

http://www.jpma.org.pk/images/Feb2013/Serum%20Leptin%20values%20figure1.jpg

Applications

A2: Testing of leptin on patients with clinical obesity and reasons for the failure to control the disease.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Leptin

Since leptin inhibit appetites,

attempts were made to treat

obesity with leptin injections.

However, the obese patients

had formed a resistance to high

levels, so the treatment was not

effective.

18

http://robshealthcorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/syringe-435809_1280.jpg

Understandings

U4: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Melatonin

Melatonin is the ‘sleep’

hormone prouced by the pineal

gland in the brain.

It control’s the body’s circadian

rhythm, which is a 24-hour

cycle.

Its secretion increases in the

evening and decreases at

dawn, allowing it to control our

sleep-wake cycle.

19

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Melatonin.svg

Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Melatonin

Light receptors in the retina

communicate to the brain the time

of day.

In response, the melatonin levels

in the blood are altered

respectively.

Even without light, the body is

able to maintain a 24 hour rhythm.

20

http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/aem/v59n5//2359-3997-aem-2359-3997000000098-gf01.jpg

Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Melatonin

21

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Applications

A3: Causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to alleviate it.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Melatonin

Jet Lag

Because it can regulate sleep patterns, melatonin can be used to

alleviate jet lag. Jet lag occurs after traveling with then brain and

pineal gland follow the circadian rhythm of the original location.

22

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttps://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpg

Applications

A3: Causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to alleviate it.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Melatonin

Jet Lag

After a few days, signals

from light receptors alter the

rhythm according to the new

location

Melatonin supplements can

alleviate this by being taken

when sleep would ideally be

commencing at the

destination.

This way, when the traveler

arrives, melatonin levels have

already been adjusted.

23

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VID

EO

SIB BIO – 6.6 • What is the Function of the Thyroid?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKQa-MbZUPY

• What is Leptin?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-K9xpu1pzo

• D News – How Do You Beat Jet Laghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mohCMcj6bB4

24

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKQa-MbZUPY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OOWhuC_9Lw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mohCMcj6bB4

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.6 1. Define homeostasis and hormones.

2. Compare and contrast the function of insulin and

glucagon.

3. Describe the cause and treatment of:

- Type I diabetes

- Type II diabetes

4. Outline the role of thyroxin.

5. Outline the role of leptin.

6. Discuss why leptin treatments are ineffective as a

treatment for obesity.

7. Outline the role of melatonin and its use as a treatment

for jet lag.

25

6.6 – B – Reproductive System

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.6 The reproductive system is the body system responsible for

allowing humans to create offspring and pass on genetic

information.

Unlike other systems, in humans the structure of the reproductive

system depends on gender (male or female)

27

http://media.discovery.lifemapsc.com/pub/uploadedFiles/images/Reproductive_System_Structure.png

Understandings

U5: A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

During initial development, all humans have similar structure. This

includes the gonads which will develop either into testes or ovaries.

28

https://thumbs.mic.com/

Understandings

U5: A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

SRY Gene

Which one the gonads develop into depends on the presence of the

SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome.

The presence of the SRY gene causes to the gonads to develop into

testes, which then secrete testosterone. If absent, the gonads

develop into ovaries

29

https://online.science.psu.edu/sites/default/files/biol011/Fig-10-18-SRY-Role.jpg

Understandings

U6: Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Testosterone

The testes of embryos with SRTY begin to secrete testosterone

from the 8th-15th week of development. This causes development of

the male genitalia.

30

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MqlHOvRAh8U/maxresdefault.jpg

Understandings

U6: Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Testosterone

During puberty, testosterone

results in sperm production and

the development of male

secondary sexual characteristics:

• Enlargement of penis

• Growth of pubic hair

• Lowering of voice

• Broadened chest

• Growth of facial and body hair

• Increased sexual urges

31

https://www.aviva.co.uk/library/images/med_encyclopedia/cfhg769pubert_008.gif

Understandings

U7: Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Estrogen

Progesterone

Gonads of embryos that do not possess the SRY gene develop into

ovaries. These produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

32

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Estradiol.svg/1200px-Estradiol.svg.png

Understandings

U7: Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Estrogen

Progesterone

During puberty, estrogen and

progesterone cause the

development of secondary sexual

characteristics in females. These

include:

• Enlargement of breasts

• Growth of pubic hair

• Widening of hips

33

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Skills

S1: Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Male Reproductive System 34


Skills


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Penis

Urethra

Bladder

Scrotum

35


• Penis – copulatory organ

• Urethra – duct through

which semen and urine

are carried out of the

body

• Bladder – sac where urine

is collected for secretion

• Scrotum – sac of skin and

muscle that contains

testes

Skills


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Testis

Epididymis

Seminal Vesicle

Sperm Ducts

36

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EPiM1ooOqxw/U34WXGtRrwI/AAAAAAAACVA/RBgyfQ87sz0/s1600/Male-Anatomy-Diagram.jpg

• Testis – oval shaped

organs where sperm is

produced via meiosis

• Epididymis – storage site for

sperm above the testes

• Seminal Vesicle – provides

medium for transporting

sperm out of the body

• Sperm Ducts – carries

sperm from testis to the

urethra

Skills

S1: Annotate diagrams of the male and femalereproductive system to show names of structures and their functions.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Female Reproductive System 37

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Skills


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Ovary

Fallopian Tube

• Ovaries – pair of structures

that produce eggs, estrogen

and progesterone

38

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttps://lluf.objects.frb.io/womans-reproductive-system.jpg

• Fallopian Tube – transports

eggs from ovary to uterus

Skills


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Uterus

Cervix

• Uterus – reproductive organ

where embryos develop

39


• Cervix – lower part of the

uterus that projects into the

vagina

Skills


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Vagina

Endometrium

• Vagina – receives sperm

during copulation

40


• Endometrium – lining of the

uterus where fertilized embryos

are embedded

Applications

A5: William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

William Harvey

William Harvey (previously in

6.2 – A) was interested in how

life was transmitted between

generations.

He was taught that ‘seeds’

formed in the male and

developed into eggs once it

mixed with menstrual blood

inside the mother.

To do this he studied female

deer during their mating

season.

41

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Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

William Harvey

Harvey slaughtered female

deer after mating and observed

their uteri.

Immediately after mating he

observed nothing. After 2-3

months, though, he was able to

see eggs developing.

He regarded this as proof that

the ‘seed and soil’ theory was

false.

He also concluded, though, that

sexual intercourse did not result

in new life.

42

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttp://c8.alamy.com/comp/CYAEJ8/william-harvey-using-a-live-deer-explains-to-charles-i-the-circulatory-CYAEJ8.jpg

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

William Harvey

Although his first conclusion

was correct, the unavailability

of microscopes prevented him

from observing early zygotes.

Had he had one, he likely would

have come to the correct

conclusion about sexual

reproduction.

43

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttp://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/hommedia.ashx?id=8469&size=Large

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.6 1. Outline the role of the Y chromosome in sex

determination.

2. List secondary sexual characteristics that develop

as a result of:

- Testosterone

- Estrogen & Progesterone

3. Outline William Harvey’s investigation of sexual

reproduction in deer.

44

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.6 Identify the following structures and their functions 45

http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/sites/default/files/files/styles/large/public/field/image/male%20side%20blank.jpg

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.6 Identify the location of these structures and describe

their functions:

• Cervix

• Ovaries

• Uterus

• Fallopian Tube

• Vagina

• Endometrium

46

https://humananatomywiki.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/blank-female-reproductive-system-diagram-education-diagrams-sexinfo-online.jpg

VID

EO

SIB BIO – 6.6 • Biology For All – Puberty: The Hormones of All

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1m4Dyr1N18

• CrashCourse – Male Reproductive Systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XQcnO4iX_U

• CrashCourse – Female Reproductive Systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFDatCchpus

47

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1m4Dyr1N18

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XQcnO4iX_U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFDatCchpus

6.6 – C – Menstrual Cycle

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.6 49The menstrual cycle occurs in women from puberty until

menopause. Every cycle, an ovum (egg) is released which gives the

chance for pregnancy to occur.

Control of the cycle

involves several

hormones.

https://www.babyhopes.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ovulation.jpg

Understandings

U8: The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones.

IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Follicular Phase

Luteal Phase

The cycle can divided into two

phases:

• Follicular – a group of follicle

cells develop in the ovary. In

each, an egg is stimulated to

grow.

When developed, the egg is

released into to oviduct

• Luteal – Wall of the follicle

becomes the corpus luteum.

If a fertilized egg does not

embed into the endometrium,

this breaks down.

50

https://www.ovulationcalculator.com/img/uploads/2016/01/ovulation-during-cycle.png

Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Follicular Phase

Luteal Phase

Follicular & Luteal Phases 51

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Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

During menstruation,

hormone levels rise/fall as a

result of positive and negative

feedback.

The primary hormones include:

• Progesterone

• Estrogen

• Follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH)

• Leutenizing hormone (LH)

52

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/MenstrualCycle2.png

VID

EO

SIB BIO – 6.6 • KidsHealth – The Menstrual Cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXrQ_FhZmos

• The Menstrual Cycle: 3D Animationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_wX285vrrU

• TedEd - How Mensturation Workshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayzN5f3qN8g

53



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayzN5f3qN8g

Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

Proliferation

• Egg begins to develop in the

ovary

• Uterus lining repairs

• FSH causes egg to develop

• Developing egg releases

estrogen

• Estrogen inhibits FSH which

prevents more eggs from

developing

• Estrogen starts LH release

• Uterus lining thickens

54


Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

Menstruation (Day 1-6)

• Follicle inside ovary is

immature

• Uterus lining breaks down

• Pituitary gland releases FSH

55


Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

Ovulation

• High LH levels cause the

follicle to burst

• The follicle releases the egg

into the fallopian tube

• Uterus lining remains thick

so that a fertilized egg can

be implanted.

56


Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

Implantation

• LH results in the formation of

corpus luteum

• Corpus luteum secretes

progesterone, which

maintains uterus lining

• Over time, the corpus luteum

breaks down

• If embryo implants into the

uterus, hormone levels

remain high

• Otherwise, hormone levels

drop and uterus lining breaks

down.

57


Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

The secretion of the uterus lining is what is generally referred to as

menstruation.

58

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Understandings


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Menstruation

59

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/x657CaQa0tY/maxresdefault.jpg

HORMONE PRODUCED BY FUNCTION

FSH Pituitary Gland

• Stimulated follicle growth• Stimulated estrogen secretion• Stimulates progesterone

secretion• A surge of FSH stimulates

ovulation

LH Pituitary Gland

• Surge of LH stimulatesovulation

• Stimulates formation of corpus luteum

EstrogenOvary

(Growing Follicle)

• Stimulates endometrium vascularization

Progesterone

Ovary(Corpus Luteum)

• Maintains endometrium• Inhibits FSH/LH

Hormones Overview

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.6 60Menstrual Cycle Hormones

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.6 61Menstrual Cycle Hormones

Applications

A4: The use in IVF of drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial doses of hormones to induce superovulation and establish a pregnancy.

Key Terms

In Vitro Fertilization

IB BIO – 6.6 In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method of fertilizing human eggs

outside of the body. One of the first stages of the process involves

the use of drugs to prevent FSH/LH secretion.

62

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttps://www.skinnymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/in-vitro-fertilization.jpg

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Superovulation

This halts the normal menstrual cycle. Timed injections of FSH and

LH are then used to control the release of an egg. Higher levels of

FSH result in more follicles maturing than normal (superovulation).

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https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttp://www.rockymountainfertility.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ovary.jpg

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

When the follicles are

mature, the eggs inside

are removed and placed

in dishes with sperm

cells.

If fertilization occurs,

then the new embryos

are implanted into a host

uterus where they can

grow.

64

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-1200x800_c.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/In-vitro_fertilization_%28IVF%29.jpg

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

65

https://travel.cab/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jetlag-

1200x800_c.jpghttps://www.ocfertility.com/wp-content/uploads/IVF-graphic-1a.jpg

Applications


IB BIO – 6.6

Key Terms

Since the menstrual cycle was halted, progesterone supplements

are given to help maintain the uterus lining. If the embryos are able

to implant and grow, the pregnancy continues as normal.

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VID

EO

IB BIO – 6.6 • TedEd - How IVF Workshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P27waC05Hdk

67

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P27waC05Hdk

TOPIC 6.6 HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS & REPRODUCTION · Understandings U1: Insulin and glucagon are...

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