Topic 4 review

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Topic 4, Eukaryotes

Transcript of Topic 4 review

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Topic  4,  Eukaryotes  

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Organelles  

•  Note:    Both  mitochondira  and  chloroplasts  are  semi-­‐  autonomous  –  each  has  their  own  DNA,  ribosomes,  and  transcripAon  machinery  –  can  replicate  independently  of  the  rest  of  the  cell  –  most  of  their  proteins  originate  from  the  DNA  in  the  nucleus  of  the  

cell  

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Plasma  and  Cell  wall  across  Eukarya  

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Cytoskeleton  and  Flagella  

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Four  Main  Categories  of  Eukaryal  Microbes  

Note: highly conserved genes can be used to enhance our understanding of eukaryal phylogeny (e.g. tubulins, heat shock proteins)"

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Fungi  -­‐-­‐  Saccharomyces  cerevisiae  •  heterotrophic;  cell  walls  of  chiAn;  

used  to  make  bread,  beer,  wine!  •  easy,  cheap  tool  to  study  

eukaryoAc  structures/gene  expression  

•  Saccharomyces  can  undergo  meiosis  to  form  an  ascus  

•  Haploid  maAng  types  can  fuse  to  reproduce  sexually  or  be  maintained  by  asexual  mitosis  

•   Saccharomyces  not  limited  to  ascus  formaAo  

•  budding  off  of  smaller  cells  can  occur  or  fission  of  idenAcally  sized  cells  

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Protozoa  

•  As  a  whole,  a  (very)  broad  category  

•  Some  heterotrophic,  some  photosyntheAc  

•  Variable  cell  walls  •  Different  moAlity  strategies  •  Different  reproducAon  strategies  •  Model  Organism  =  Giardia  lamblia  

–  geneAcally  “old”,  lacks  mitochondria  –  causes  human  disease  

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Slime  Moulds  -­‐-­‐  Dictyostelium  discoideum  

•  sAll  protozoan  •  model  for  studying  ecology,  cell  

moAlity,  and  cell-­‐cell  communicaAon  •  Has  three  types  of  cycles:  

–  VegetaAve  cycle:  exists  in  a  haploid  unicellular  form  unAl  condiAons  worsen  then  will  go  to  social  cycle.  

–  Social  Cycle:  mulAcellular  “slug”  is  formed  with  a  stalk  and  a  fruiAng  bodyspores  form  in  the  fruiAng  body,  restarAng  the  life  cycle  as  haploid  cells  

–  Sexual  Cycle:    •  haploid  cells  can  fuse  into  a  diploid  

macrocyst  form  •  macrocyst  form  undergoes  meiosis  to  

generate  more  haploid  cells  

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Algae  -­‐-­‐  Chlamydomonas  •  Many  mulicellular  with  cellulose  cell  walls  •  has  a  two-­‐flagella  form  good  for  studying  eukaryal  flagella  

biogenesis/funcAon  •  durable  and  easy  to  grow  •  Chlamydomonas  maintains  a  moAle  haploidstate  •  haploid  cells  dierenAate  and  fuse  into  a  diploid  form  in  bad  

condiAons–    spore  formaAon  

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EndosymbioAc  Theory  •  one  primiAve  microbe  ingested  another,  

forming  a  symbiosis  •  two  endosymbioAc  events  must  have  

occurred:  –  Mitochondria  –  Chloroplasts  

•  Evidence  for  EndosymbioAc  Theory:  –  mitochondria/chloroplasts  resemble  

bacteria  in  both  size  and  shape.  •   double  membranes  •  “Cell”  division  with  FtsZ  •  each  has  its  own  DNA,  rRNA  more  similar  

tobacterial  sequences  than  eukaryal  ones  •  circular  chromosome  

–  EXCEPTION:  Amitochondriates  lack  mitochondria.  Cells  likely  evolved  out  of  using  them  to  obtain  energy.  Ex)  Giardia  

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Diseases  Caused  by  Eukaryal  Microbes  

•  Protozoa:  –  The  tricky  things  about  these  pathogens  is  that  they  

are  very  similar  to  the  cells  that  they  are  taking  over  so,  tough  to  harm  it  w/out  harming  human.  Includes:  •  Malaria  and  African  Sleeping  Sickness  

•  Fungi:  –  are  less  likely  to  cause  disease,  but  can  do  so  in  

immuno-­‐compromised  individuals  –  Includes:  

•  Candida  albicans,  causes  oral  thrush  •  Epidermophyton  floccosum,  causes  Athlete’s  foot  

•  Protozoa  and  fungi  can  cause  significant  disease  in  plants  but,  must  wait  for  the  cell  wall  to  become  damaged  –  Fungi:    

•  RHYTISMA  -­‐  "tar  spot"  these  are  the  infecAons  on  the  maple  trees.  Means  low  air  polluAon.  

•  Phytophthora  infestans  -­‐  potato  blight  –  Protozoa:  

•  CORDYCEPS  -­‐  are  specific  to  each  arthropod.  Cause  them  to  go  mad  and  then  form  a  fruiAng  body  out  of  their  bodies.  

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Beneficial  Roles  of  Eukaryal  Microbes  

•  primary  producers  provide  energy  

•  some  algae  produce  great  amounts  of  oxygen  through  photosynthesis  in  the  oceans  

•  biodegraders  recycle  nutrients  •  some  eukaryal  microbes  can  degrade  cellulose,  recycling  plant  macer  becer  than  animals  can