TOPIC #4 PEaCE AND COOPERATION INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MULTI-PARTY STATES.
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Transcript of TOPIC #4 PEaCE AND COOPERATION INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MULTI-PARTY STATES.
TOPIC #4
PEaCE AND COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
MULTI-PARTY STATES
POSITIVES OF THE 20TH CENTURY
• MAJOR THEMES– INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND THEIR WORK
– MULTI-PARTY STATES
– DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS:
– NATO and SEATO-STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM
HISTORICAL ORIGINS
– LEAGUE OF NATIONS: TO PREVENT A SECOND WORLD WAR
– YALTA AND POTSDAM GAVE THE LEAGUE A SECOND LIFE.
THE UNITED NATIONS
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• STRUCTURE
UN
GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL SECRETARIAT
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• ORGANIZATION:
EUROPEAN UNION IS ORGANIZED BY REGION TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC TIES.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
THE WARSAW PACT WAS ORGANIZED IN RESPONSE TO NATO.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
– WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
– INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• AIMS: THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AIMED TO DENATIONALIZE THEIR COLONIES?
• WHAT WERE SOME OF THESE COLONIES?– INDIA– SOUTH AFRICA– HONG KONG
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• EFFORTS TO PRESERVE PEACE:– VERSAILLES
AND ETHNIC NATIONALISM
– EUROPEAN UNION AND CIVIC NATIONALISM
ALLIANCES v COLLECTIVE SECURITY
• ALLIANCES– WW I– WW II– COLD War
• COLLECTIVE SECURITY– HAGUE
CONFERENCES– LEAGUE OF
NATIONS– UNITED NATIONS
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• IMPROVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
– WORLD BANK
– UNESCO
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• TO FURTHER TRADE AND REGIONAL COOPERATION– WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
SUCCESSOR TO GATT– NAFTA-NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION– OECD-ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• SUCCESSES– DEBATING SOCIETIES– ALLOWS COUNTRIES TO
VENT– EXPOSURE TO STAID
AND CREATIVE THINKERS
– GREATER PUBLIC SCRUTINY
– FOSTERS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
– DUES BASED ON ABILITY TO PAY
• FAILURES– OPTIONAL MEMBERSHIP– DEBATING SOCIETIES– FACADES– STRONG
PEOPLE/COUNTRIES THAT WANT TO DOMINATE
– INDIVIDUAL VS COLLECTIVE ACTION
– GRIDLOCK
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES
• PARTY ORGANIZATION
– BASIS (IDEOLOGY, ethnicity)– CONSTITUENCY– ELECTABILITY– FLEXIBILITY– INCLUSIVENESS– DOMESTIC v FOREIGN POLICY
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES
• DEMOCRACY– CIVIC NATIONALISM– VARIATIONS AND TYPES OF PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION– IMPORTANCE OF TRADITION– INCLUSION OF MINORITIES– ROLE OF WOMEN– PREPARATION OF YOUNGER
GENERATIONS
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES
• ELECTORAL SYSTEMS– DIRECT OR INDIRECT VOTING– QUALIFICATIONS TO VOTE– INTEGRITY OF VOTING– SAFETY OF VOTERS– SECRET BALLOT– POWER OF MONEY– NEPOTISM– ACCEPTANCE OF OUTCOME
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES
• DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT– REPUBLIC (DEGAULLE AND THE FIFTH
REPUBLIC)– CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY
(ADENAUER AND WESTGERMANY)– CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (GREAT
BRITAIN AND JAPAN POST-WWII )– IMPOSED MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY
(WEIMAR AND POST-WWII JAPAN AND
GERMANY)
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES
• DEMOCRACY– EVOLUTION FROM DICTATORSHIP TO
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY• FRANCO-PRE-WWII TO HIS DEATH IN
1975
FINDING ANOTHER WAY
– EVOLUTION FROM DICTATORSHIP TO MULTI-ETHNIC FEDERATION
• TITO– EXPELLED FROM THE COMMUNIST
INFORMATION BUREAU (COMINFORM)– CENTRALIZED CONTROL TO
DECENTRALIZATION– TRIED TO LEAD NON-ALIGNED STATES
• WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENED AFTER HIS DEATH?
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES
• POWERFUL PRESIDENT– ELECTIONS
DETERMINED BY SET TERMS
– LAME DUCK– RE-ELECTION
EFFORTS CAN PREEMPT THE COUNTRY’S INTERESTS
– DIVIDED GOVERNMENT
• POWERFUL PRIME MINISTER– REQUIRES A
MAJORITY OF REPRESENTATIVE SUPPORT
– RESIGNATION HAS LESS OF A STIGMA
– TENDS TO FAVOR MULTI-LATERALISM IN WORLD AFFAIRS
– COALITIONS
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
• POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS– WORLD DEPRESSION IN THE 1930’S
• TENDS TO WEAKEN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• GERMANY PULLED OUT OF THE LEAGUE• ITALY INVADED ETHIOPIA IN VIOLATION OF
LEAGUE PRINCIPLES• JAPAN INVADED CHINA IN VIOLATION OF MANY
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
• ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AIMS AND POLICIES– LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION
• SPECIAL COMMISSIONS ON HEALTH, SLAVERY, REFUGEES, MINORITIES, WOMEN AND CHILDREN
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
– EUROPEAN UNION• ALLIGN MEMBER COUNTRIES TO
FACILTATE TRADE
SET STANDARDS FOR TECHNOLOGY
COORDINATE INTER-COUNTRY TRAFFIC
STANDARDIZE WAGE AND BENEFIT PAYMENTS
DETERMINE AID FOR WEAKER MEMBERS
COMMON AGRICULTURE POLICY
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
o STATUS OF WOMEN
– UNITED NATIONS
COMMISSION ON STATUS OF WOMEN
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
• FOREIGN POLICYEUROPEAN UNION
STRUGGLING WITH THIS ISSUE FEDERATION v CONFEDERATION
NATO DISSOLUTION, CHANGE MISSION, SCALE-
BACK OR SOMETHING UNDETERMINEDUNITED NATIONS
CHANGES IN SECURITY COUNCIL VALIDITY OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY
• IMPACT OF COLD WAR POLICIES– NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT– MARSHALL PLAN AND COMECON– UNITED NATIONS-ACTION OR GRIDLOCK
• KOREAN WAR AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY
• VIETNAM AND UNILATERALISM
• PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
SAMPLE QUESTION
Compare and contrast the peace keeping aims and methods of the League of Nations and the United
Nations
Comparison• Similarities:
Aims of both were to preserve peace, prevent war and respect national sovereigntyBoth worked to obtain disarmamentBoth organized after a major war to promote peaceBoth dominated by winning powers of major warsBoth could use sanctions to halt aggressionBoth structured to foster debate rather than actionBoth toted the utopian concept of collective actionNeither had a standing armyBoth had some successes in resolving disputes between smaller statesBoth had social and economic agencies to address underlying causes of warBoth looked to consensus rather than mobilization to preserve peace See next slide for contrasts (differences)
Contrast
• Differences
League never attempted to militarily halt invasions of weaker countries, UN only once in the Korean War with mixed results
League never used peacekeeping forces, UN has on many occasions with some success
League required unanimous vote in council, UN gave veto power to permanent members in council, a more confrontational structure