Topic 3.2. Full supply chain greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment Imperial College London –...

Topic 3.2. Full supply chain greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment

TSEC Biosys

Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

Carly Whittaker & Dr Richard Murphy, Imperial College London

Dr Nigel Mortimer- North Energy Associates Ltd.

Overview• Task 3.2

• Introduce TSEC-Mini-Tool for Biomass Supply Chains– Major elements– Options and flexibility

• How it can be used

TSEC Biosys


Task 3.2:

GHG Analysis of biomass supply chains in the UKTSEC Biosys

Biomass feedstock production

Conversion to energy

Processing

Transport Storage

On-site Processing

• Step 1: Define supply chains • Step 2: Plug in numbers• Step 3: Make it useful• Step 4: Use it!


Kg CO2 eq.

Kg CO2 eq.

Kg CO2 eq.

Kg CO2eq

MJ Natural Gas

MJ Diesel

MJ Diesel

MJ Grid Electricity

Stuff Construction

ConstructionVehiclesFertilizers

Machines

Kg CO2 eq.

Material Losses

Material Losses

Material Losses

Machines

Introducing: TSEC-Mini-Tool• MS Excel – ‘traffic light system’ for users • Covers :

– 15 Types biomass– 6 Land-use reference systems– 3 Waste reference systems– 10 Transport options– 4 Outputs: Electricity, heat, CHP, or co-fired

electricity.Output:

• Energy requirement and CO2 emissions specific to your supply chain•Breakdown of where all emissions occur

TSEC Biosys


+ BEAT2

Using the TSEC-Mini-Tool TSEC Biosys


1. Biomass Feedstocks:•MJ/Kg CO2 eq. per ODT of:

•Miscanthus•Wheat Straw•Forest Residues •Short Rotation Coppice •Waste Wood•Arboricultural Arisings•Olive Residues/Peanut Shells/generic waste•Sunflower Husk Pellets•Dried DDGS•Dried Rape Meal

Stemtips & BranchesSawdustSlabwoodWhole Tree ThinningsRoundwood

BalesCubes

Pellets

Chips/Billets

Chips/as collected

Imported as collected

Produced Overseas and Imported

Co-products from biofuel production

11 Tree Species

4-6 Yield Class Ranges

28 Regions UK (road construction intensity

Wood Pellets

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Whole Tree Thinnings Chunks from Sawlogs Sawdust from Sawlogs Roundwood Stemtips & Branches

Kg

CO

2 eq

./o

dt/

Ro

tati

on

Site Establishment Road Construction Harvesting Transport Chipping

2a. Land-use Reference System• For ‘Crops’:

– 6 Options: Fallow land (combination of fertilized and mown), rotational set aside land & green manure


TSEC Biosys

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Miscanthus bales SRC

KG

CO

2 eq

./O

DT

Rotational Set Aside Land Fallow LandFallow Land - Fertilized Fallow Land- Mown

* Carbon sequestration gives higher CO2 eq. per tonne

**

*

*

*

*

2b. Waste Reference System

• For ‘Wastes’– Three options

• Mulching/natural decay – forest residues, waste wood, arboricultural arisings, olive residues

• Burnt for onsite heat – sawmill residues• Landfill – waste wood, arboricultural arisings, olive

residues


TSEC Biosys

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Arb. Arisingchips

SlabwoodChips

Arb.Arisings

Sawdust Slabwood

Kg

CO

2 eq

./OD

TWaste Reference System TSEC

Biosys


Production

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Arb.Arisingchips

SlabwoodChips

Arb.Arisings

Sawdust Slabwood

Kg

CO

2 e

q./

OD

T

No Reference Mulching

Waste Reference System: Mulching TSEC Biosys


* Overall saving energy compared to reference system:Collecting, chipping and transport to parks for mulch

* * ** *

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Arb. Arisingchips

SlabwoodChips

Arb. Arisings Sawdust Slabwood

Kg

CO

2 eq

./OD

T

No Reference Mulching Used for Heat

Waste Reference System: Onsite Heat TSEC Biosys


* Higher emissions per tonne – now have to produce heat from natural gas

**

*

* * * *

*

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

Arb. Arisingchips

SlabwoodChips

Arb. Arisings Sawdust Slabwood

Kg

CO

2 eq

./OD

T

No Reference Landfill 35% degrade Mulching

Used for Heat Landfill 50% degrade Landfill 65% degrade

Waste Reference System: Landfill TSEC Biosys

*

*

*

* *

* ** ** * ** * ** **

Emissions from Landfill are highly dependent on degradation rates!

* Higher emissions per tonne – where carbon is sequestered in landfill

* * *

* Lower emissions when methane emissions are avoided

All situations include energy recovery

… ‘per ODT biomass’

• Can depend on many factors– Quantifiable things

• Inputs• Yield• Moisture Content • Material losses

– Decisions on:• Landfill behaviour• Landuse• Reference system


TSEC Biosys

TSEC Mini Tool is flexible

TSEC-Mini-Tool

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

44 40 32 26 18 7.5

5.5

Die

sel

Ele

ctri

c

Road Rail Marine

KG

CO

2 e

q./t

-km

Pellets Bales

TSEC Biosys


Biomass

Volume-based t-km emissions

Road

Rail

Marine

(7 Truck Sizes)

020406080

100120140160180200

ForestryResidues

Waste Wood ArboriculturalArisings

SRC Miscanthus Straw

KG

CO

2 eq

./to

nn

e p

elle

ts

Chips Pellets (fossil) Pellets (green)

TSEC-Mini-Tool TSEC Biosys


Biomass(stored

-transported)Chipped Hammer milled Dried

Condensed

Burn! Burn! Burn!Burn!

Wilton 10 Drax

Fossil-pellets

Green-pellets

Chips

Wood

Miscanthus

Can use fossil fuels or biomass to power each step

Bales

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

KG

CO

2 eq

./to

nn

e

Forestry Pellets (not green) Chips Forestry Pellets (green)

GHG Benefit of Pellets?

Include energy Density!

Pellets:

17 GJ/tonne

Chips:

12 GJ/tonne

300 Km

2550 Km

TSEC Biosys


Road Transport

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Kg

CO

2 eq

/GJ

Forestry Pellets (not green) Chips Forestry Pellets (green)

40 Km

TSEC-Mini-Tool

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Chips Wood Pellets 'Green' WoodPellets

Grid Electricity Coal-Electricity Natural Gas-Electricity

Kg

CO

2 eq

./MW

hTSEC Biosys


Biomass(stored-

transported-processed

-stored again maybe)

Burn!

Dedicated Electricity – Wilton 10

Dedicated Heat - Barnsley

CHP – Not SHP!

Co-fired with Coal - Drax

92%

94%

90%

Quantify % savings and kg CO2 eq. saved

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Biomass Coal Natural Gas

Ammonia

limestone

Ash disposal

Start up fuel

Combustion

Processing fuel

Transporting fuel

Production of fuel

Conclusions

Biomass looks good

…. But what was the question?What does TSEC and stakeholders want to know

about GHG’s?


TSEC Biosys

• Test it• OK? Use it!

Answer questions:

• Run • Scenarios:

– ‘Energy security’- Only UK biomass – ‘Cost effectiveness’ – Only cheap biomass– ‘Super Carbon-Saving’ – Only low-CO2 biomass– ‘Land-limited production’ – Mostly wastes/residues– ‘Energy efficiency’- more efficient technology

– Case Studies – biomass mixes at various scales– Yield Scenarios: future crop yields

• Speculate biomass’ contribution to future GHG savings


TSEC Biosys

+ BEAT2

What now?TSEC

Mini Model

TSEC Biosys

Thank you!


Topic 3.2. Full supply chain greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment Imperial College London –...

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