Topic #2: Molecular Biology Molecules to Metabolism 2.1.
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Transcript of Topic #2: Molecular Biology Molecules to Metabolism 2.1.
Topic #2: Molecular Biology
Molecules to Metabolism 2.1
What must cells do to stay alive?
Maintain regulation - Get rid of wastes, ingest food and water
Grow & DevelopRespond to changes in their environmentReproduceProcess energyAdaptHow does each cell do this?
Living organisms are collections of elements in the form of atoms, ions, and molecules.
Living things rely on chemical reactions, which take place at the molecular level.
You rely on your cells to perform trillion of chemical reactions every second.
BiochemistryThe study of biologically
important reactions and the molecules and processes involved in them is called biochemistry.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpBAmzQ_pUE
Molecular Biology
Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved
Examples?
Cell MembranePhospholipids = hydrocarbon chains with
phosphate group3nm to 10 nm thickThe cell maintains a sophisticated barrier
between itself and the outside world Prior to knowing what the cell membrane
actually looked like, scientists used chemical knowledge and procedures to make inferences
Metabolism
Web of enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism
Metabolismmetabolic reactions and processes that
take place in the cells of organisms can convert energy from nutrients into ATP
CATABOLISM = the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
MetabolismEach cell uses energy to build the
structures it needs from materials available in its external environment – atoms and molecules.
ANABOLISM = the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
The periodic table for biologists
The Element song! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1TfPDlA1xE
Chemistry Review
Periodic Table Metals and non-metals Element, Ion, Compound Valence electrons Covalent bonds
ElementsThe 4 most common elements found in living
things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Used in the molecular structures of all carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Organic Chemistry
the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms
Hydrocarbons
worksheet
Carbon and Hydrogen
Carbon and hydrogen are the backbone of organic molecules, sugars and carbohydrates, amino acids and
proteins, and lipids (fats and oils) Hydrogen ions (H+) are used in active
transport, photosynthesis and cell respiration
Carbon and Hydrogen
Life is based on carbon compounds Carbon atoms form 4 covalent bonds
Allowing diversity of stable compounds
Oxygen
Main role is to allow aerobic respiration to occur. This is the last stage of cell respiration (much more of this to come!)
Oxygen is also used in oxidation reactions where oxygen is put into ATP to release energy into tissues.
Nitrogen
The main use of nitrogen is in the production of amino acids. Amino acids are transformed into proteins.
Nitrogen is also used in chlorophyll.
Functions of other elements
a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorous, iron, and sodium.
Get out your cell phones…Find one role for each of the elements
above…. Go
Element Example role in plants Example role in animals
Iron In cytochromes In cytochromes and in hemoglobin
Sulfur In some amino acids In some amino acids
Calcium Co-factor in some enzymes Co-factor in some enzymes and component of bones
Phosphorous Phosphate groups in ATP and phospholipids
Phosphate groups in ATP and phospholipids
Sodium In membrane function In membrane function (Na-K pump) and sending nerve impulses
Potassium Provides the necessary environment for metabolic activities
Major cation inside the cell. Used in neurotransmission, muscle contraction, etc