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Topic 1 Microbial World
Bacteria Archaea
Eukarya
Historical Figures of Microbiology • Robert Hook
– early microscopes allowed first descrip=on of microbes: frui=ng structures of molds
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – improvements in lens construc=on allowed
first descrip=on of bacteria • Louis Pasteur
– 1) discovered that living organisms discriminate between op=cal isomers
– 2) discovered biological nature of alcoholic fermenta=on – 3)developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera and
rabies – 4) disproved spontaneous genera=on and developed
methods for controlling growth of microorganisms. Also developed pasteuriza=on and sanita=on.
– 5) disproved spontaneous genera=on
• Robert Koch – Kocks postulates
• Example: used to discover microbe (Helicobacter pylori) caused stomach ulcers
• Carle Woese – was primarily responsible for iden=fying the domain
Archaea
Basics for life
• Metabolism – Goal is to create ATP to store and use for energy
• growth • reproduc=on • gene=c varia=on/evolu=on • response/adapta=on to the external environment
• homeostasis (maintaining internal organiza=on and order, usually by expending energy)
Macromolecules • Polypep=des (amino acids)
– building blocks for enzymes and other proteins – 50-‐55% dry weight of cell
• Nucleic acids (Ribonucleo=des 2-‐5%; Deoxyribonucleo=des 15-‐20%) – DNA/RNA cri=cal as storehouses of gene=c
informa=on • Lipids
– O\en found forming membranes to separates cell interior from the external environment • o\en embedded with polysaccharides and
polypep=des
– 10% dry weight of cell • Polysacharides
– Sugars that are used for structural or energy storage
– 7% dry weight of cell
The Domains, Basics
• Viruses Not Included – Technically, viruses aren’t considered to be alive – don’t replicate outside of a host cell – lible to no biochemical ac=vity outside of a host cell – inert and nonreac=ve outside of a host cell
Origin of Life • Lible oxygen in the atmosphere
– Cyanobacteria began to oxygenate atmosphere at 3 billion ybt and establised an oxygenated enviro at 2 billion ybt
• Surface of the planet was a soup of chemicals
• Led to the ini=al synthesis of the first forms of macromolecules
• First Microbial Life – In the 1950s, a grad student named Stanley
Miller worked with his mentor, Harold Urey, to simulate the “spark” that might have started forming organic molecules from the primordial soup
Figure 1.12"
Requirements of early life
• gene=c informa=on storage and the ability to catalyze biochemical reac=ons – Solved by Ribozymes • combina=on of RNA and enzymes • reac=on catalyst • gene=c informa=on storage • self-‐replica=ng
• a way of separa=ng the cell interior from the external environment – Use of Micelles may have been an early form of plasma membrane
• Endosymbio=c Theory
Modern Life
• Double Stranded DNA – provides a “backup copy” of the gene=c informa=on
– more stable than RNA • Central Dogma
– DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA – mRNA is translated into proteins – other forms of RNA (tRNA, rRNA) are also important, showing the versa=lity of
RNA molecules for life processes • How to examine Microbial Genomes
– Examining effects of single muta=ons in DNA individually – Studying and comparing pieces of genomes to each other across domains