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![Page 1: Top Level Ontologies Ontologies and Ontology Engineering Ekhiotz Vergara and Maria Vasilevskaya Dept. of Computer & Information Science Linköping University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e6f5503460f94b6cc7d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Top Level OntologiesOntologies and Ontology Engineering
Ekhiotz Vergara and Maria VasilevskayaDept. of Computer & Information Science
Linköping University
14th June 2011
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
14/6/11
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Definition
“An attempt to create an ontology which describes very general concepts that are the same across all domains. The aim is to have a large number on ontologies accessible under this upper ontology” [Wikipedia]
“The very first kind” [Philosophical view]
Similar concepts: Top, Foundation, Upper
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Goals
Semantic interoperability To interpret information properly by the receiving system in
the same sense as intended by the transmitting systems
Ontologies matching/alignment To find correspondence among sets of ontologies
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Ontologies communication
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Main principleOntology communication
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Domain ontology A
Domain ontology B
Domain ontology C
Upper ontologyUpper ontology
CategoriesCategories
refer to refer to refer to
Specific
terms
Abstract
terms
refer to
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Some existing ontologies
DOLCE (Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering)
SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) BFO (Basic Formal Ontology) GFO (General Formal Ontology) Cyc PROTON (PROTo ONtology) Sowa’s ontology
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
14/6/11
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Aristotle’s categories
Influence in the current understanding of ontologies Kategoria
Kinds of predicates/predication
Different interpretations 10 categories:
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Individuals and categories
Individuals: entity that cannot be instantiated Examples:
Category: Dog, Electron, Red… Individual: the red of an apple, my dog Wolfy..
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IndividualIndividualCategoryCategoryInstance-of
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Time and space
Time points and intervals Ontologies based on time points
Ontologies based on intervals Time intervals meet other intervals
Mixed approach, time intervals and boundaries Brentano-time Boundaries can coincide
Spatial point and region
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Time
a b(a,b)
e(a,e) )e,b)
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Objects and processes
Based on a space and time ontology, different categories of individuals can be derived
Ontologies with time points as primitives Continuant / endurant:
Persistence through time Identity condition property assigned to identify it Instance of an continuant at some time point
Occurrants: Temporal, unfold through time E.g. processes
Continuants may participate in continuants
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Objects and processes
Ontologies based on time intervals Temporally extended objects as primitives and derive objects
at time points General Process Theory All entities temporally extended
E.g. properties as layer of processes
Ontologies based on mixed approach Brentano-time/space Presentials in the boundaries Persistance category to define identity criteria over time
Abstract entities Independent of space and time
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Examples
Basic Formal Ontology Non-abstract individuals Real numbers to model time and space Continuants and occurrants
DOLCE Individuals, abstract and concrete Real numbers to model time and space Continuants, occurrants and abstract individuals
General Formal Ontology Categories and individuals Brentano-time/space Processes, presentials and abstract individuals Classification of ontological categories
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
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Cyc
“Formalised representation of facts, rules of thumb and heuristics for reasoning about objects and events of everyday life”
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DOLCEDescription
Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
Semantic Web Cognitive bias
Natural language Human commonsense
Mesoscopic level Descriptive
Assist in making already formed conceptualizations explicit
Particulars (individuals) Distinction between:
Continuants Occurrents
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DOLCETop level
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DOLCERefined top level
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SUMO
Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
The largest formal public ontology
Created by merging several ontologies: Sowa’s upper-level ontology Russell and Norvig’s upper-level ontology James Allen’s temporal axioms Casati and Varzi’s formal theory and holes …
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SUMOHigh Level Distinctions
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SUMO ontology
• Engineering Components• Geography• Government • Military• Finance• …
• Communication, • Distributed Computing• Countries and Regions,• Economy, • North American Industrial
Classification System
MILO (Mid-Level Ontology)
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SUMOHigh Level Distinctions
‘Physical’ (things which have a position in space/time) and ‘Abstract’ (things which don’t)
Partition of ‘Physical’ into ‘Objects’ and ‘Processes’
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Entity
PhysicalAbstract
Physical
Objects Processes
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SUMOTop Level Structure
Physical
Object
SelfConnectedObject
Substance
CorpuscularObject
Region
Collection
Process
DualObjectProcess
InternalChange
ShapeChange
IntentionalProcess
Motion
Abstract
SetOrClass
Relation
Proposition
Quantity
Number
PhysicalQuantity
Attribute
Graph
GraphElement
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SUMOValidation
Mapping to all of WordNet lexicon A check on coverage and completeness (at a given
level of generality) Peer review
Open source since its inception Formal validation with a theorem prover
Free of contradictions (within a generous time bound for search)
Application to dozens of domain ontologies
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
14/6/11
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Applications
Automatic ontology matching Finding correspondences between entities belonging to two
or more ontologies
DOLCE LOIS project SmartWeb Language Technology for eLearning AsIsKnown
SUMO More than 100 papers using it Mostly in linguistics
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
14/6/11
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Merging Upper Level Ontologies
COSMO (COmmon Semantic MOdel) Lattice of ontologies that will serve as a set of basic logically-
specified concepts that can be specified in domain ontologies
Contains: OpenCyc SUMO Some concepts of DOLCE and BFO
MSO (Multi-Source Ontology) Large knowledge server
Lexical ontology
OntoMap Semantic framework on conceptual level No maintenance
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Outline
Introduction Definition Goals Main principle Some existing ontologies
Upper Level Distinctions Selected ontologies
Cyc DOLCE SUMO
Application of Upper Ontologies Merging or Upper Ontologies Results of comparison
14/6/11
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Results of comparison
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Results of comparison
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References
Mascardi, V.; Locoro, A.; Rosso, P.; , "Automatic Ontology Matching via Upper Ontologies: A Systematic Evaluation," Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.5, pp.609-623, May 2010
Ian Niles and Adam Pease. 2001. Towards a standard upper ontology. In Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems - Volume 2001 (FOIS '01), Vol. 2001.
Viviana Mascardi, Valentina Cordì and Paolo Rosso. A comparison of upper ontologies. Technical report. 2006
Aldo Gangemi, Nicola Guarino, Claudio Masolo, Alessandro Oltramari, and Luc Schneider. 2002. Sweetening Ontologies with DOLCE. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Ontologies and the Semantic Web (EKAW '02), Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 166-181.
D. B. Lenat and R. V. Guha. Building large knowledge-based systems: representation and inference in the cyc project. Journal of Artificial Intelligence. 1990.
Pierre Grenon and Barry Smith and Louis Goldberg. Biodynamic Ontology: Applying BFO in the Biomedical Domain. 2004.
Ontogenesis. What is an upper level ontology? 2011. Ludger Jansen. Chapter 8, Categories: The top-level ontology.
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Thanks!
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