Tools & Resources to Assist with Use of CCB Standards

This is a list of references and suggestions which may help project proponents to design and implement projects to conform with the requirements of the CCB Standards. Not all of these references are relevant to all projects, and it is the responsibility of the project proponent to consult these or other resources as needed to satisfy Standards criteria.

GENERAL SECTION

G1. Project Goals, Design and Long term Viability

a) Social and Environmental Safeguards in Multilateral Development Banks

WB Safeguard Policies

a

http://go.worldbank.org/DZDZ9038D0

IFC/MIGA Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability (2006/2007)

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/IFC+Sustainability/Sustainability+Framework/Sustainability+Framework+-+2012/Performance+Standards+and+Guidance+Notes+2012/

EBRD Environmental and Social Policy and Performance Requirements (2008) http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/policies/2008policy.pdf

African Development Bank Group Safeguard Policies

Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policy Statement

(July 2009) http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2009/Safeguard-Policy-Statement-June2009.pdf

Inter-American Development Bank E&S Standards (2006)

E&S PS1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System

PR1: Environmental and Social Appraisal and Management PR 9: Financial Intermediaries

SR4: Special Requirements for Different Financing Modalities

Environmental

4.01Environmental Assessment (1999) 4.04 Natural Habitats (2001) 4.36 Forests (2002) 4.09 Pest Management (1998) 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources (2006) 4..37 Safety of Dams (2001)

PS6: Biodiversity Conversation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management PS3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement PS8: Cultural Heritage

PR6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources PR3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement PR8: Cultural Heritage

Policy on the Environment (2004) http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/10000027-EN-BANK-GROUP-POLICY-ON-THE-ENVIRONMENT.PDF Policy on Integrated Water Resources Management (2000) Agriculture and Rural Development Sector (2000)

SR1: Environment

Environment and Safeguard Compliance Policy (2006) -Policy directive B9 (http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1481950)

Social 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement (2001) 4.10 Indigenous Peoples (2005)

PS5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement PS7: Indigenous Peoples PS2: Labor and Working Conditions PS4: Community Health, Safety and Security

PR5: Land Acquisition, Involuntary Resettlement and Economic Displacement PR7: Indigenous Peoples PR2: Labor and Working Conditions PR4: Community Health, Safety and Security PR 10: Information Disclosure and Stakeholder Engagement

Involuntary Resettlement Policy (November 2003)

SR2: Involuntary resettlement SR3: Indigenous Peoples safeguards

Involuntary Resettlement Policy http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=362003 Operational Policy on Indigenous Peoples (IPP) – (http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35598894) Operational Policy on gender equality http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35428399 Indigenous peoples policy http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35598894

Legal 7.50 International Waterways (2001) 7.60 Disputed Areas (2001)

Source: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTSAFANDSUS/0,,contentMDK:22710879~menuPK:6120534~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:6120524,00.html

b) Project Goals

Tucker et al.’s (2005) guide to biodiversity monitoring in protected areas includes valuable advice on and examples of establishing biodiversity objectives, available online at http://www.forestrynepal.org/images/publications/PA_Guidelines_BMA.pdf

The CMP Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (CMP 2013) include advice on identifying major biodiversity objectives (the term used in that document is “conservation targets”). The CMP standards are available online at http://www.conservationmeasures.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/CMP-OS-V3-0-Final.pdf

Guidance on establishing biodiversity objectives is provided with the Conservation Action Planning tools, which are available online at http://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPlanning/ActionPlanning/Guidance/Pages/guidance-and-resources.aspx

c) Project Design

Stakeholder Analysis

CARE (2002), Annex XIVcontains guidance on stakeholder analysis in project design: http://pqdl.care.org/Practice/HLS%20Assessment%20-%20A%20Toolkit%20for%20Practitioners.pdf.

Colfer (1999) describes the ‘Who Counts First?’ method for assessing human well-being: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/methods/toolbox8.html.

PROFOR (2008) uses the PRA card sorting approach to wealthranking:: http://www.profor.info/profor/node/103.

Evanset al.(2006b) provides guidance on how to develop Venn Diagrams (Page 28) : http://www.planvivo.org/wp-content/uploads/Guidance_on_participatory_tools.pdf

Project design with Community and Environmental Co benefits

ENvironment and COmmunity based framework for designing afFORestation, reforestation and revegetation projects in the CDM (ENCOFOR) toolkit. http://www.joanneum.at/encofor/index.html

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Principles and Criteria for Forest Stewardship. 2002. Forest Stewardship Council. Bonn, Germany: https://ic.fsc.org/principles-and-criteria.34.htm

Sustainable Forestry Initiative. http://www.sfiprogram.org/

IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, 2003. A Guide to Securing Protected Areas in the Face of Global Change: Options and Guidelines. http://pdf.wri.org/miller_wpc_securing_protected_areas.pdf

Cock, M.J.W. 2004. Biosecurity and Forests: An Introduction - with particular emphasis on forest pests. FAO Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/2E.http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/j1467e/j1467e00.htm

Parrotta, J.A., J.W. Turnbull, N. Jones. 1997. Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. Forest Ecology and Management 99 (1-2): 1-7.

Diversified project activities may include: primary or secondary forest conservation; reforestation or re-vegetation; agro-forestry plantations; densification; enrichment planting; introduction of new cultivation practices; introduction of new timber harvesting and/or processing practices (e.g., reduced impact logging); reduced tillage on cropland; improved livestock management; soil conservation; bio-energy production, improved fodder bank for livestock production, etc.

Scott, D.F., L.A. Bruijnzeel, and J. Mackensen. 2004. The hydrological and soil impacts of forestation in the Tropics. In M Bonell & LA Bruijnzeel (eds.) 2004. Forests, water and people in the humid tropics. CUP.

FAO Land and Water Division. http://www.fao.org/nr/aboutnr/nrl/en/

FAO Soils Bulletins. For instance: N°57 ‘Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas’, N°64 ‘A study of the reasons for success or failure of soil conservation projects’, N°68 ‘Field measurement of soil erosion and runoff’, N°50 ‘Keeping the land alive. Soil erosion: its causes and cures.’ http://www.fao.org/documents

R.J. Klein, E.L. Schipper, & S. Dessai. 2003. Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation into Climate and Development Policy: Three Research Questions. Tyndall Centre Research Paper #40. http://filestore.wikiadapt.org/AMCEN/USBResources/Klein_policy.pdf

Stand Management Cooperative, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources. This cooperative is an example of a regional database focused on high quality information on long-term effects of silvicultural treatments, treatment regimes on stand and tree growth and development and wood and product quality. www.cfr.washington.edu/research.smc

The Environmental Evidence Library (EEL), managed by the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence, hosts a small but growing collection of case studies documenting the biodiversity impacts of specific conservation interventions, several of which are relevant to carbon projects. The EEL is available online at http://www.environmentalevidence.org/Library.htm. A similar resource is available at http://www.conservationevidence.com

Pearson, T., S. Walker and S. Brown. 2006. Afforestation and Reforestation under the Clean Development Mechanism: Project Formulation Manual. ITTO and Winrock International. http://www.joanneum.at/encofor/tools/doc/AR%20CDM%20Guidebook%20ITTO.pdf

Walker, S., T. Pearson, S. Petrova and P. Munishi. 2008. Carbon market opportunities for the forestry sector of Africa. Winrock and FAO. Presented at 16th Session of African Forestry and Wildlife Commision, Khartoum, Sudan. http://en.openei.org/wiki/Carbon_Market_Opportunities_for_the_Forestry_Sector_of_Africa

d. Long Term Viability

Madlener, R. Robledo, C. Muys, B. and J. Blanco Freja. 2006. A Sustainability Framework for Enhancing the Long-Term Success of LULUCF Projects. Climatic Change 75(1-2):241-271.

G2. Without-project Land Use Scenario and Additionality

a) Additionality

Various economic and financial tools can be used to prove additionality, including: pay-back period with and without carbon financing; economic analyses showing that, without carbon financing, the project would be less profitable than other competing land-uses; analyses showing that the project would not be realized because of barriers such as lack of financial capital, prevailing practices, lack of capacity or knowledge, and institutional or market barriers. Project proponents can also describe if there are similar projects in the area. If yes, are the projects financed privately or publicly? Is climate change financing used to make the comparable projects viable?

b) Without-project Land Use Scenarios

Use of peer-reviewed programs for predicting future land use trends (GEOMOD1 or FRCA2).

Wollenberg, L., D. Edmunds and L. Buck. 2000. Anticipating Change: Scenarios as a Tool for Adaptive Forest Management. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/methods/fs.html

Remote sensing techniques and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can detect and measure past and current rates of land cover change and project rates and types of change into the future.

Brown, S., M. Hall, K. Andrasko, F. Ruiz, W. Marzoli, G. Guerrero, O. Masera, A. Dushku, B. DeJong, and J. Cornell, 2007. Baselines for land-use change in the tropics: application to avoided deforestation projects. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12 (6):1001-1026.

Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA). Baselines for CDM and JI Projects – Standardisation of Select Baseline Aspects. http://jiq.wiwo.nl/probase/prob_fr.pdf

G3. Stakeholder Engagement

International Labor Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/decl/index.htm

UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) brochure.

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/unpfiibrochure_en07.pdf

G4. Management Capacity

Livernash, Bob (ed). 2002. Closing the Gap: Information, Participation, and Justice in Decision-Making for the Environment. WRI, Washington DC (USA). http://www.wri.org/publication/closing-gap-information-participation-and-justice-decision-making-environment

National Natural Resource Management Capacity Building Framework. Australian Natural Heritage Trust. http://nrmonline.nrm.gov.au/catalog/mql:1324

Walker, B., S. Carpenter, J. Anderies, N. Abel, G. S. Cumming, M. Janssen, L. Lebel, J. Norberg, G. D. Peterson, and R. Pritchard. 2002. Resilience management in social-ecological

1 GEOMOD is now available as a module through IDRISI, www.clarklabs.org

2 For more information on FRCA please contact the Global Climate Change Initiative at The Nature Conservancy,

http://nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/.

systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conservation Ecology 6(1):14. www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art14/

Shames S, Wollenberg E, Buck LE, Kristjanson P, Masiga M and Biryahaho B. 2012. Institutional innovations in African smallholder carbon projects. CCAFS Report no. 8. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).: http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/21222/CCAFS8WEB.pdf?sequence=1

Nonprofit Finance Fund Financial Health Analysis Sample available online at http://www.culturaldata.org/wp-content/uploads/sample-nff-fha.pdf

G5. Legal Status and Property Rights

Centro de Derecho Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales (CEDARENA). 2004. Study of Land Tenure and a Conservation Strategy for Private Lands in the Core Area of the Osa Biological Corridot, Costa Rica. Key lessons learned at: http://www.eco-index.org/search/results.cfm?ProjectID=701

March Colchester (ed.). 2001. A Survey of Indigenous Land Tenure. A Report for the Land Tenure Service of the Food and Agricultural Organisation. http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_1177.pdf

Bruce J.W., 1998. Review of Tenure Terminology. Tenure Brief 1, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://pdf.wri.org/ref/bruce_98_review_tenure.pdf (In Spanish ‘Conceptos sobre tenencia de la tierra: http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/22007

Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/ltc/

World Bank. 2004. Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook: Planning and Implementation in Development Projects . Washington. http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product?item_id=2444882

The project design should be flexible enough to accommodate potential modifications required to secure regulatory approval.

UN Environment Programme (UNEP). Legal Issues Guidebook to the Clean Development Mechanism. http://www.cd4cdm.org/Publications/CDM%20Legal%20Issues%20Guidebook.pdf

Certified Emission Reductions Sale and Purchase Agreement (CERSPA). This is a free, open-source contract template for buying and selling Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) generated under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). http://www.cerspa.com/

UN Treaty database. http://untreaty.un.org

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/ga_61-295/ga_61-295.html

Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC)

Patrick Anderson, February 2011 - RECOFTC and GIZ, Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in REDD+ :http://www.forclime.org/images/stories/RECOFTC-GIZ_FPIC_in_REDD_2011.pdf

Christina Hill, Serena Lillywhite and Michael Simon 2010 -, Oxfam, Guide to Free Prior and Informed Consent: http://www.culturalsurvival.org/files/GuideToFreePriorInformedConsent.pdf

Marcus Colchester and Maurizio Farhan Ferrari 2007 - Forest Peoples’ Programme, Making FPIC - Free, Prior and Informed Consent - Work: Challenges and Prospects for Indigenous: http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/fpicsynthesisjun07eng.pdf\

WWF, Free, Prior, Informed Consent and REDD+: Guidelines and Resources: http://wwf.panda.org/?203189/Free-Prior-Informed-Consent-- REDD-Guidelines-and-Resources

Forest Stewardship Council: FSC guidelines for the implementation of the right to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC)

CLIMATE SECTION

CL1. Without-Project Climate Scenario

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2006. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has published approved methodologies for land use baselines:3 http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies

Use of peer-reviewed programs for: calculating changes in carbon stocks (e.g., FullCAM, CO2FIX, GORCAM, CAMFor, TimberCAM):

Other tools may include local models, default baseline factors for the region, analysis of historical data, published deforestation rates, existing development plans, or other peer-reviewed models.

GOFC-GOLD Project Office. 2008. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries: a sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting, GOFC-GOLD Report version COP13-2. Natural Resources Canada. Alberta, Canada. http://www.gofcgold.wur.nl/redd/index.php

CATIE and World Bank BioCarbon Fund. 2008. Tool For Afforestation Reforestation Approved Methodologies (TARAM). https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=DocLib&CatalogID=44969

3 For the CDM and other regulatory schemes, the ‘baseline’ often refers to both the state of an area before the

project and what would likely happen in the absence of the project.

Salinas, Z. and Hernández, P. eds. 2008. A Guide for Forestry and Bioenergy CDM Project Design (In spanish). Guía para el diseño de Proyectos MDL Forestales y de Bioenergía. CATIE. Turrialba Costa Rica. 232 p.

CL2. Net Positive Climate Impacts

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html

Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (especially Chapter 4.3 on LULUCF projects). IPCC. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_contents.htm. Also, see other references therein.

The Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) Guidance for GHG Project Accounting (LULUCF Guidance). http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/lulucf-final.pdf

California Climate Action Registry Protocols for measuring carbon fluxes. http://www.climateregistry.org/tools/protocols.html.

UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) website. http://cdm.unfccc.int

Brown S., 1997. Estimating Biomass and Biomass Change of Tropical Forests: a Primer. FAO Forestry Paper - 134. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/W4095E00.htm

Pearson, T., Walker, S., and Brown, S. 2006. Guidebook for the formulation of afforestation and reforestation projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. http://www.joanneum.at/encofor/tools/doc/AR%20CDM%20Guidebook%20ITTO.pdf

CATIE and World Bank BioCarbon Fund. 2008. Tool For Afforestation Reforestation Approved Methodologies (TARAM). https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=DocLib&CatalogID=44969

CL 3: Offsite Climate Impacts (‘Leakage’)

Control plots can be used to compare carbon stock changes within a project area to those on surrounding lands.

Monitoring changes in areas without fixed plots can also provide insight into potential leakage.

Leakage contracts can be used, e.g., requiring timber concessionaires not to exceed logging quotas on non-project lands and to adopt sustainable harvesting regimes.

Projects that incorporate a variety of activities in an integrated and holistic manner may reduce the likelihood of generating negative leakage

Schwarze, R., J. Niles, & J. Olander. 2002. Understanding and Managing Leakage in Forest-Based Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Projects. Prepared for the Nature Conservancy with support from USAID :http://www.greenbiz.com/sites/default/files/document/CustomO16C45F64218.pdf

Auckland, L., P. Moura Costa and S. Brown. 2003. A conceptual framework for addressing leakage on avoided deforestation projects. http://www.winrock.org/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/leakage.pdf

Murray, B.C., McCarl, B.A., and Lee. H. 2004. Estimating Leakage from Forest Carbon Sequestration Programs. Land Economics 80(1):109-124. http://le.uwpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/1/109

Tool For Afforestation Reforestation Approved Methodologies (TARAM). CATIE and World Bank BioCarbon Fund. 2008. https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=DocLib&CatalogID=44969

CL 4: Climate Impact Monitoring

Standard techniques for field measurements of vegetation and soil should be used based on accepted protocols.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry, http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_contents.htm. Also, see other references therein.

Pearson, T., S. Walker and S. Brown. 2006. Sourcebook for Land use, Land use change, and Forestry Projects. BioCarbon Fund, World Bank, http://www.winrock.org/ecosystems/tools.asp?BU=9086

Pearson, T.R.H., S. Brown and R. Birdsey. 2007. Measurement guidelines for the sequestration of forest carbon. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-18. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs18.pdf

The following CDM Executive Board tool can be used to test the significance of emissions sources: http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/031/eb31_repan16.pdf

GL1. Climate Change Adaptation Benefits

Although the magnitude of the impacts of climate change remains speculative, there are several scientific tools that predict regional impacts from likely future climate change. For particular regions, these models may show, for instance, increased flooding or droughts, more extreme weather events, changes in temperature and rainfall, and other stresses to ecosystems. Regional climate projection tools may be available for some areas.

The recommended modeling tool is Maxent because of its ease of implementation and performance. http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~schapire/maxent/

Recommended climatologies are IPCC4 A1 or A2 scenarios, Hadley or Japan high resolution GCM, downscaled to 1km (also available on the internet at http://www.worldclim.org).

Materials on FAO website on climate change adaptation http://www.fao.org/climatechange/home/en/.

Climate Change Knowledge Portal: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=global_map

Climate Change Wizard: http://www.climatewizard.org/

Water World: http://www.policysupport.org/waterworld

Spearman, M. 2011. Making Adaptation Count: Concepts and options for monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation. World Resources Institute: Washington, D.C. Available online at: http://pdf.wri.org/making_adaptation_count.pdf

COMMUNITY SECTION

CM1. Without-project Scenario for Communities

Rapid Rural Assessment methodologies, including:

o Chambers, R. 1992. Rural Appraisal: Rapid, Relaxed, and Participatory. Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper 311. Sussex: HELP;

o McCracken, A., W. Pretty and G. Conway. 1988. An Introduction to Rapid Rural Appraisal For Agricultural Development. International Institute for Environment and Development, London; and

o Food & Agriculture Organization. 1997. Rapid Rural Appraisal. Marketing Research and Information Systems, Chapter 8. Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W3241E/w3241e09.htm

Ravi Jayakaran. 2002. The Ten Seed Technique: a modified participatory learning and action (PLA) technique. http://www.csd-i.org/storage/ol-101-course-documents/Ten-Seed%20Technique-Revised.pdf High Conservation Value Resource Network. http://hcvnetwork.org/ Global HCVF Toolkits. http://hcvnetwork.org/resources/global-hcv-toolkits

Scenario Analysis

o Evans et al. (2006b) present a thorough description of scenario analysis:: http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/Evans-et-al-2006-Field-guide-to-the-future.pdf

o Wollenberg et al. (2000) describe some variants of scenario analysis, notably “projection scenarios” and “alternative scenarios”:http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/methods/fs.html.

CM2. Net Positive Community Impacts

Participatory research methods

o Schreckenberg et al. (2010) provide an overview and discuss differentiation and other key issues: http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/reports/SAPA_IIED_Social_Assessment.pdf.

o Catley et al. (2008) present the suite of PIA methods (also available in Spanish and French): http://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/FIC/Participatory+Impact+Assessment

o The Forests-Poverty Linkages Toolkit (PROFOR 2008) includes a range of methods:: http://www.profor.info/profor/node/103

o Pretty et al. (1996) is the most comprehensive source of ‘participatory learning and action (PLA) tools: http://books.google.com/books?id=uu-BPsudVogC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

o Evans et al. (2006a) summarize some key methods: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BKristen0601.pdf.

o James (2003) describes Quantified Participatory Assessment (QPA) methods: http://projects.nri.org/wss-iwrm/Internal/Final_outputs/6Annexes/Methodologies/QPA_paper.pdf

o James et al.(2002) describe a case study using QPA methods in the journalImpact Assessment and Project Appraisal (not available on line).

o Basic Necessities Survey (BNS)

Davies and Smith (1998) describe Action Aid’s experience of using the BNS: http://www.mande.co.uk/docs/BasicNecessitiesSurveyAAV1998.pdf

The Pro Poor Centre (2006) reports on using the BNS in Vietnam: http://www.mande.co.uk/docs/The%202006%20Basic%20Necessities%20Survey%20Final%20Report%2020%20July%202007.doc

Colfer, C. J. P. (ed.). 2005. The Equitable Forest: Diversity, Community, and Resource Management. RFF, Washington DC (USA).

The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) indicators on community engagement. http://www.icmm.com/

World Resources Institute (WRI). 2003. Assessing Access to Information, Participation, and Justice for the Environment: A Guide. Washington DC, USA, http://www.wri.org/publication/assessing-access-information-participation-and-justice-environment

Stec, S. 2003. Handbook on Access to Justice under The Aarhus Convention. REC, Szentendre (Hungary). http://www.elaw.org/system/files/aarhus.Access.Justice.pdf

Ellis, F. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2000.

Livelihoods Connect: Sustainable Livelihoods ToolBox, Learning Guide, Key Documents. http://www.livelihoods.org/info/info_toolbox.html

The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. www.ifad.org/sla/

Smith, J., Scherr, S.J. 2002. Forest carbon and local livelihoods: assessment of opportunities and policy recommendations. CIFOR Occasional Paper. No. 37. 45p. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-037.pdf

Rezende, D. and S. Merlin. 2002. Social Carbon: Adding value to sustainable development. Instituto Ecológica, Palmas, Brazil. http://ecologica.org.br/en/images/stories/ecologica/pdf/publicacoes/livro_social_carbon.pdf

CARE. 2002. Household Livelihood Security Assessments. A Toolkit for Practitioners. http://pqdl.care.org/Practice/HLS%20Assessment%20-

%20A%20Toolkit%20for%20Practitioners.pdf

PROFOR Program on Forests -The World Bank: The Poverty-Forest Linkages Toolkit.

http://www.profor.info/node/3

CM3. Other Stakeholder Impacts

Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (ed.) 1997. Beyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in Conservation.

IUCN, Gland (Switzerland). http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-

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Also, see references under CM1.

CM 4. Community Impact Monitoring

Jain, S.P. and W. Polman. 2003. A Handbook for Trainers on Participatory Local Development. FAO, RAP publication 2003/07. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ae536e/ae536e00.HTM

Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) toolkit http://www.cbnrm.net/index.html

World Bank. 2003. A Users guide to Poverty and Social Impact Assessment. Annex: Economic and Social Tools for Poverty and Social Analysis. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/3177394-1167940794463/PSIAUsersGuideAnnexEnglishMay_2003.pdf

Also, see references under CM1.

GL2. Exceptional Community Benefits

Pro-poor option

Poverty Mapping: PovertyNet, The World Bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21517522~isCURL:Y~menuPK:336998~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html

Poverty Measurement and Analysis: PovertyNet, The World Bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20177055~pagePK:210058~piPK:216618~theSitePK:384201,00.html

Inter-country Comparisons of Poverty Based on a Capability Approach: An Empirical Exercise. http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper27.pdfhttp://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/Inter_country_comparisons_of_poverty.pdf

Introduction to Poverty Analysis. The World Bank Institute, 2005. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PGLP/Resources/PovertyManual.pdf

World Bank. 2003. A Users guide to Poverty and Social Impact Assessment. Annex: Economic and Social Tools for Poverty and Social Analysis. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/3177394-1167940794463/PSIAUsersGuideAnnexEnglishMay_2003.pdf

Maxwell, S. and T.Frankenberger. 1992. Household Food Security: Concepts, Indicators and Measurement. UNICEF/IFAD, http://www.ifad.org/gender/tools/hfs/hfspub/

Beerlandt, H. and S. Huysman. 1999. Manual for the Bottom-up-Approach in Food Security Interventions: Analysis of Target Groups. IFAD/Belgian Survival Fund. http://www.ifad.org/gender/tools/hfs/bsfpub/manual_toc.htm

CARE. 2002. Household Livelihood Security Assessments. A Toolkit for Practitioners. http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/toolkit/CARE_HLSA_Toolkit.pdf

Maxwell, D., B.Watkins, R. Wheeler and G. Collins. 2003. The Coping Strategies Index: Field Methods ManualCARE/WFP. http://www.fao.org/crisisandhunger/root/pdf/cop_strat.pdf

New Approaches for Measuring Household Food Insecurity and Poverty: Adaptation of US Household Food Security Scale to Developing Country Contexts. Food and Nutrition Analysis (FANTA). http://www.fantaproject.org/publications/hfss.shtml

Food Security Network (Food for the Hungry and USAID) resource page. http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/food-assistance/quick-facts

Community and Smallholder-led option

Agriculture and Climate Change, E. Wollenberg, A. Nihart, M. Tapiobistron, M. Grieg-Gran, eds. Earthscan, London 2012

IFAD’s adaptation for smallholder Agriculture programme: http://www.ifad.org/climate/asap/

Shames S, Wollenberg E, Buck LE, Kristjanson P, Masiga M and Biryahaho B. 2012. Institutional innovations in African smallholder carbon projects. CCAFS Report no. 8. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Available online at: http://cgspace.cgiar.org//bitstream/handle/10568/21222/CCAFS8WEB.pdf?sequence=1

Wollenberg E, Higman S, Seeberg-Elverfeldt C, Neely C, Tapio-Biström ML and Neufeldt H. 2012. Helping smallholder farmers mitigate climate change. CCAFS Policy Brief no. 5. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: http://cgspace.cgiar.org//bitstream/handle/10568/21730/CCAFS_Brief05_Finalamended%2528web%2529_LR.pdf?sequence=1

Havemann T and Muccione V. 2011. Mechanisms for agricultural climate change mitigation incentives for smallholders. CCAFS Report no. 6. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: http://cgspace.cgiar.org//bitstream/handle/10568/12496/ccafsreport6-mechsincentivesmitigation.pdf?sequence=6

Equitable Benefit sharing

Eastman, D. 2012. Implications for a REDD+ Benefit Distribution System in Viet Nam. Benefit Distribution System in Viet Nam. ASB Policy Brief No. 28, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, Nairobi, Kenya. Available online at : http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/ASB%20Policy%20Brief%2028%20cs3%20LQ.pdf

Myers Madeira E, KelleyL, Blockhus J, Ganz D, Cortez R, Fishbein G –Sharing the benefits of REDD+: Lessons from the field. Available online at: http://www.conservationgateway.org/Pages/REDDBenefitsReport.aspx#sthash.chYEgesw.dpuf

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Policy brief number 22, Community-based Forest Monitoring for REDD+: Lessons and reflections from the field, October 2012

BIODIVERSITY SECTION

B1. Biodiversity Without–project Scenario a. Resources for describing biodiversity

The World Wildlife Fund maintains a useful online tool to identify species that are potentially present at any given site on Earth, available at http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildfinder.

Information on global biodiversity hotspots is available online at http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/Pages/default.aspx.

Information on globally important areas for bird conservation is available online at http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/home

Guidance on describing biodiversity and current impacts is provided with the Conservation Action Planning tools, available online at http://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPlanning/ActionPlanning/Guidance/Pages/guidance-and-resources.aspx

Shapefiles and other resources for the global protected areas system are accessible on the online searchable site http://protectedplanet.net.

Appendix II of Langhammer et al. (2007) provides a long list of useful resources for describing biodiversity.

World Agroforestry Centre: Tree Database. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestree

IUCN red list site http://www.iucnredlist.org/

GBIF (global biodiversity information facility) - http://www.gbif.org/

b. Resources for Describing Ecoregions and Vegetation Types

A map of Earth’s terrestrial ecoregions(Olson et al. 2001) is available online at http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/item1267.html.

Several systems for classifying vegetation across continent-sized regions of the planet are available (e.g., NatureServe 2009 for the northernand centralAndes and Josse et al. 2007 for the western Amazon).

The United States Geological Service maintains interactive online mapsto help users identify and download satellite images available for given areas of the world, available at http://glovis.usgs.gov/and http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/NewEarthExplorer/. The University of Maryland’s Global Land Cover Facilitymaintainsa similar site at http://glcfapp.glcf.umd.edu:8080/esdi/index.jsp.

The USGS Land cover Institute (LCI) provides links to resources by continent:http://landcover.usgs.gov/landcoverdata.php

Continental-scale panoramic aerial images are available online at http://130.166.124.2/world_atlas/

Carbon projects in areas with significant wetlands should explore the Ramsar Convention Handbooks, available online at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-handbooks-handbooks4-e/main/ramsar/1-30-33^21323_4000_0__

Information on Earth’s freshwater ecoregions (Abell et al. 2008) is available online at http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/freshwater.html

c. Resources for Assessing Vegetation Condition or Quality

Several countries and regions have developed specific protocols for assessing vegetation quality in different types of landscapes. One example is the United Nations’ Temperate and boreal forest resource assessment(UNECE& FAO2000), available online at http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/fra/pdf/fullrep.pdf

The Global Invasive Species Database and associated resources for assessing the extent to which invasive species have affected the project area are available online at http://www.issg.org/database/welcome

d. Resources for describing High Conservation Values

The High Conservation Value Resource Network maintains a clearinghouse of useful HCV-related tools online at http://www.hcvnetwork.org. Especially helpful for determining whether or not aproject zone contains HCVs are Proforest’s guides Good practice guidelines for High Conservation Value assessments: A practical guide for practitioners and auditors(Stewart et al. 2008) and Assessment, management and monitoring of High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF): A practical guide for forest managers(Rayden 2008).

Information on threatened species relevant to HCV1 is available from the IUCN RedList of Threatened Species, online at http://www.iucnredlist.org. Users of the Red List are

encouraged to consult the Guidelines for appropriate use of Red List data, available online at http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/redlistguidelines.pdf

Additional information on threatened species relevant to HCV1 is available from the World Wildlife Fund’suseful online tool to identify species that are potentially present at any given site on Earth, available at http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildfinder

Information on large, landscape-level forests relevant to HCV2 is available in the Global Forest Watch (http://www.globalforestwatch.org, World Intact Forest Landscapes(http://www.intactforests.org/) and the Last of the Wild (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/wildareas/downloads.jsp) datasets

e. Resources for Describing Threats to Biodiversity

Table 1of SBIA manual provides a list of potential negative biodiversity impacts associated with different types of carbon projects.Available online at : https://s3.amazonaws.com/CCBA/SBIA_Manual/SBIA_Part_3.pdf

Salafsky et al. (2008) provide a comprehensive classificationof threats to biodiversity, which should include most threats in carbon sequestration project areas; their article is available online at http://www.conservationmeasures.org/resources. An updated version of the same schemeis available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/threatsclassification-scheme-ver3.

The CMP Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (CMP 2007), available online at: http://www.conservationmeasures.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/CMP-OS-V3-0-Final.pdf

Rayden (2008) provides specific guidance for identifying threats to HCVs in a report available online at http://www.proforest.netand http://www.hcvnetwork.org.

Global-level trends of environmental impacts are described by Butchart et al. (2010).

National-level trends of environmental impacts are described by Bradshaw et al. (2010).

f. Other tools for without-project scenario

The Global Biodiversity model (GLOBIO; Alkemade et al.2009), which generates some broad-scale predictions for global vegetation, is available online at http://www.globio.info/.

A similar example at the regional scale is Soares Filho et al.(2008) modeling of various deforestation scenarios for the Amazon basin through the year 2050. The data set is available online at http://lba.cptec.inpe.br/.

Nature Serve VISTA is a conservation planning tool that could be used to develop future land use scenarios and then look at impacts.

For projects in Latin America, NatureServe host INFONATURA which collects the IUCN species data and provides a mapping tool to display data based on group or status. : http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/

InVEST is a biodiversity tool kit that can provide a without project projection which can be compared to a “with project scenario” in a spatially explicit way. This is a free program and

there is a good user’s guide and overview video for orientation. Available online at: http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/models/biodiversity.html

Idrisi ia a tool for developing the with vs withour project scenarios and linking this to habitat for target species. Idrisi offers considerably reduced rates for non-profits and users in developing nations. Idrisi is also commonly used to develop the Baseline for REDD projects. Available online at: http://www.clarklabs.org/products/Land-Change-Modeling-IDRISI.cfm

Rapid Biodiversity Assessment methodologies, including:

o Ramsar. 2005. Resolution IX.1 Annex E i Guidelines for the rapid assessment of inland, coastal and marine wetland biodiversity. Kampala. http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol-resolution-ix-1-annex-e/main/ramsar/1-31-107%5E23497_4000_0__

o Biodiversity Survey Network https://learning.conservation.org/biosurvey/Pages/default.aspx.

B2. Net Positive Biodiversity Impacts

D. B. Lindenmayer and J. F. Franklin (eds.). 2002.Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach. Island Press, Washington DC.

G. K. Meffe and C. R. Carroll. 1997. Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA.

B. G. Savistsky and T. E. Lacher, Jr. (eds.). 1998. GIS Methodologies for Developing Conservation Strategies. Colombia University Press, NY.

G.M. Mace, A. Balmford, J.R. Ginsberg, 1999. Conservation in a Changing World. Cambridge University Press.

IUCN. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1

IUCN Red List (searchable by country). http://www.iucnredlist.org

CITES (searchable by country for species threatened through international trade). http://www.cites.org

Talk to appropriate regulatory groups and consult national databases for additional lists of threatened species.

Center for Invasive Plant Management http://weedcenter.org/index.html

Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Hiebert, and S. Lu. 2004. An Invasive Species Assessment Protocol: Evaluating Non-Native Plants for Their Impact on Biodiversity. Version 1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. http://www.natureserve.org/getData/plantData.jsp

US Geological Survey – invasive species reports and links: http://biology.usgs.gov/cro/invasive.htm

The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) provides several resources relevant to biodiversity impact assessments, available online at http://www.iaia.org. Of particular interest is the website’s‘Resources and Networking’ page, whichhosts a large

number of documentsthat offer guidanceon biodiversity impact assessmentsin different countries, regions, and biomes.

The Environmental Evidence Library (EEL), managed by the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence, hosts a small but growing collection of case studies documenting the biodiversity impacts of specific conservation interventions, several of which are relevant to carbon projects. The EEL is available online at http://www.environmentalevidence.org/Library.htm. A similar resource is available at http://www.conservationevidence.com

The Sustainable Agriculture Network, a coalition of several conservation groups, maintains a set of social and environmental standards for certifying conservation-friendly farming and ranchingprojects, and these provide a broad framework for addressing the impacts on biodiversity of reduced-impact agriculture. More information is available online at http://sanstandards.org/sitio/.

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) maintains a series of online interactive tools concerning REDD+and biodiversity. While these are currently limitedto a few regions of the world, coverage is expected to improve. More information is available online at : http://www.carbon-biodiversity.net/

Salafsky et al. (2008) provide a comprehensive list of and classification system for conservation actions; the article is available online at http://www.conservationmeasures.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Classification-of-threats-and-actions.pdf

The Global Invasive Species Database and associated resources areavailable online at http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/. See Morse et al. (2004) for a protocol to evaluate the biodiversity impacts of non-native plants.

The Biosafety Clearing-House distributes information regarding GMOs online at http://bch.cbd.int/

Measure to conserve HCVs

o Assessment, management and monitoring of High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF): A practical guide for forest managers(Rayden 2008), available online at Main Sources and Further Guidance http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/folder.2006-09-29.6584228415/hcvf%20-%20practical%20guide%20for%20forest%20managers.pdf

o Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) can be used as a starting point in HCV assessments. Guidance for the use of IBAT and related conservation datasets in High Conservation Value assessments is available online at : http://www.conservation.org/global/celb/Documents/2011.IBAT.in.HCV.Assessments.pdf

B3. Offsite Biodiversity Impacts

Lambeck, R. and Hobbs, R.J. 2002. Landscape and regional planning for conservation: Issues and practicalities, in Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, pp.360-380.

Van der Sluis, T., M. Bloemmen, I.M. Bouwma, 2004. European Corridors: Strategies for corridor development for target species. Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Netherlands. http://www2.alterra.wur.nl/webdocs/internet/corporate/prodpubl/boekjesbrochures/ecnc_compleet.pdf

Opdam P., Foppen R., Vos C, 2002. Bridging the gap between ecology and spatial planning in landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology 16: 767–779, 2002. http://www.springerlink.com/content/bubk9bk4v5208dvd/

D. B. Lindenmayer and J. F. Franklin (eds.). 2002. Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach. Island Press, Washington DC.

B4. Biodiversity Impact Monitoring

NHM. Biodiversity: measuring the variety of nature and selecting priority areas for conservation. Natural History Museum (NHM), UK, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/science/projects/worldmap/index.html

NCASI. 2004. Managing Elements of Biodiversity in Sustainable Forestry Programs: Status and Utility of NatureServe's Information Resources to Forest Managers. NCASI Tech. Bull. 0885. Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2603

Biodiversity Monitoring Program

o One of the most helpfulstep-by-steptexts for establishing a biodiversity monitoring program in general isTucker et al.’s (2005) guide to monitoring in protected areas, available at/: http://www.forestrynepal.org/images/publications/PA_Guidelines_BMA.pdf

o The Monitoring Matters Network maintains a helpful website with a variety of monitoring tools and case studiesat http://www.monitoringmatters.org/.

o Chapter 14 of Gardner (2010) provides a detailed discussion of the steps required to ensure efficient sampling design and data collection in biodiversity monitoring programs; Chapter 15 explores strategies to optimize the analysis and interpretation of data from such programs.

o General texts on biodiversity monitoring includeSutherland (1996), Feinsinger (2001), Hill et al. (2005), Spellerberg (2005), Newton (2007) and Lindenmayer andLikens (2010).

o Helpful texts on monitoring specific taxonomic groups are available for a broad range of taxa, including amphibians (Heyer et al. 1994),ants (Agosti et al. 2000), birds (Sutherland et al.2004), fungi (Mueller et al. 2004), invertebrates (New 1998), mammals (Wilson et al. 1996), andsoil fauna (Moreira et al. 2008).

o Carbon projects in areas with significant wetlands should explore the Ramsar Convention Handbooks, several of which discuss wetland monitoring indetail (e.g., Handbook 13). They are available online at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-handbooks-handbooks4-e/main/ramsar/1-30-33^21323_4000_0__

Table 7of the SBIA Manuel lists several variables that are commonly used to monitor vegetation condition or quality: https://s3.amazonaws.com/CCBA/SBIA_Manual/SBIA_Part_3.pdf

The CMP Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (CMP 2007), available online at http://www.conservationmeasures.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/CMP-OS-V3-0-Final.pdf , include advice on selecting appropriate biodiversity indicators.

The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) has published severaltoolboxes regarding indicators for reduced-impact forestry projects at http://www.cifor.org/acm/pub/toolbox.html. The Ecology section of Toolbox 2 includesa list of biodiversity indicators that are potentially useful in other types of forest-related carbon projects.Other valuable resources for reduced-impact forestry include Noss (1999), Lindenmayer et al. (2000), Duinker (2001), Franc et al. (2001), Whitman and Hagan (2003), NCASI (2003), Dudley et al. (2005), and Hagan and Whitman (2006).

Manyof the oldest and best-developed sets of biodiversity indicators focus on streams and rivers, and several stream monitoring protocols have been developed for non-scientists. See oneexampleathttp://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/.

Reed et al. (2008) discuss the importanceof involving local communities in the process of selecting biodiversity indicators.

It is worth noting that the indicators established by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (http://www.bipindicators.net) arenot typically applicable to individual carbon projects. Rather, those indicators measure individual countries’ progress towards biodiversity targetsestablished by international agreements.

GL3. Exceptional Biodiversity Benefits

Langhammer, P.F., Bakarr, M.I., Bennun, L.A., Brooks, T.M., Clay, R.P., Darwall, W., De Silva, N., Edgar, G.J., Eken, G., Fishpool, L.D.C., Fonseca, G.A.B. da, Foster, M.N., Knox, D.H., Matiku, P., Radford, E.A., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Salaman, P., Sechrest, W., and Tordoff, A.W. 2007. Identification and gap analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for comprehensive protected area systems. Best Practice Protected Areas Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, http://www.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/PAG-015.pdf

Ricketts, T.H., Dinerstein, E., Boucher, T., Brooks, T.M., Butchart, S.H.M., Hoffmann, M., Lamoreux, J., Morrison, J., Parr, M., Pilgrim, J.D., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Sechrest, W., Wallace, G.E., Berlin, K., Bielby, J., Burgess, N.D., Church, D.R., Cox, N., Knox, D., Loucks, C., Luck, G.W., Master, L.L., Moore, R., Naidoo, R., Ridgely, R., Schatz, G.E., Shire, G., Strand, H., Wettengel, W. and Wikramanayake, E. 2005. Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 51: 18497-1850

Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) : Online tool that provides globally recognized biodiversity information and a user-friendly mapping application to inform decision-making processes and address any potential biodiversity impacts. IBAT for Business is available to companies on a subscription basis. For more information on how to obtain access please visit the website at http://www.ibatforbusiness.org. The data in IBAT is also offered through another platform “IBAT for Research and Conservation Planning” to NGOs, universities,and researchers at no cost at the following site: https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/

A list of Important Bird Areas is available online at http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/index.html.

A list of Important Plant Areas is available online at http://www.plantlife.org.uk/

Alliance for Zero Extinction. http://www.zeroextinction.org/